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Hasan N, Nadaf A, Imran M, Jiba U, Sheikh A, Almalki WH, Almujri SS, Mohammed YH, Kesharwani P, Ahmad FJ. Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:168. [PMID: 37803407 PMCID: PMC10559482 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a global threat to the healthcare system and is estimated to incline tremendously in the next 20 years, if not diagnosed at an early stage. Even though it is curable at an early stage, novel drug identification, clinical success, and drug resistance is another major challenge. To bridge the gap and bring effective treatment, it is important to understand the etiology of skin carcinoma, the mechanism of cell proliferation, factors affecting cell growth, and the mechanism of drug resistance. The current article focusses on understanding the structural diversity of skin cancers, treatments available till date including phytocompounds, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, surgery, combination therapy, molecular targets associated with cancer growth and metastasis, and special emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches for downregulating the deleterious disease. A detailed analysis with respect to types of nanoparticles and their scope in overcoming multidrug resistance as well as associated clinical trials has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Arif Nadaf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Umme Jiba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 24381, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, 61421, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Kuthambakkam, India.
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Cañueto J, Nagore E. [Translated article] Tumor Doubling Time in Skin Cancer: Can It Be Estimated and Is It Useful? ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:T247-T252. [PMID: 36717070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, like other cancers, is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of transformed cells. Tumor growth has been studied for decades. We review different methods for measuring skin tumor growth and propose a new system for estimating tumor doubling time that could be useful in the management of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tejera-Vaquerizo
- Unidad de Oncología Cutánea, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río (Córdoba), Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J Cañueto
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - E Nagore
- Unidad de Oncología Cutánea, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río (Córdoba), Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Cañueto J, Nagore E. Tumor Doubling Time in Skin Cancer: Can It Be Estimated and Is it Useful? ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:247-252. [PMID: 36273551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, like other cancers, is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of transformed cells. Tumor growth has been studied for decades. We review different methods for measuring skin tumor growth and propose a new system for estimating tumor doubling time that could be useful in the management of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tejera-Vaquerizo
- Unidad de Oncología Cutánea, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Córdoba, España; Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río (Córdoba), España; Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España.
| | - J Cañueto
- Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
| | - E Nagore
- Unidad de Oncología Cutánea, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Córdoba, España; Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río (Córdoba), España; Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
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Treatment of skin tumors with intratumoral interleukin 12 gene electrotransfer in the head and neck region: a first-in-human clinical trial protocol. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:398-408. [PMID: 35535423 PMCID: PMC9400442 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune therapies are currently under intensive investigation providing in many cases excellent responses in different tumors. Other possible approach for immunotherapy is a targeted intratumoral delivery of interleukin 12 (IL-12), a cytokine with anti-tumor effectiveness. Due to its immunomodulatory action, it can be used as an imunostimulating component to in situ vaccinating effect of local ablative therapies. We have developed a phIL12 plasmid devoid of antibiotic resistance marker with a transgene for human IL-12 p70 protein. The plasmid can be delivered intratumorally by gene electrotransfer (GET). PATIENTS AND METHODS Here we present a first-in-human clinical trial protocol for phIL12 GET (ISRCTN15479959, ClinicalTrials NCT05077033). The study is aimed at evaluating the safety and tolerability of phIL12 GET in treatment of basal cell carcinomas in patients with operable tumors in the head and neck region. The study is designed as an exploratory, dose escalating study with the aim to determine the safety and tolerability of the treatment and to identify the dose of plasmid phIL12 that is safe and elicits its biological activity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trail protocol will therefore provide the basis for the use of phIL12 GET as an adjuvant treatment to local ablative therapies, to potentially increase their local and elicit a systemic response.
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Collier NJ, Rhodes LE. Photodynamic Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Clinical Context for Future Research Priorities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225398. [PMID: 33218174 PMCID: PMC7698957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment option for low-risk basal cell carcinoma (BCC). BCC is the most common human cancer and also a convenient cancer in which to study PDT treatment. This review clarifies challenges to researchers evident from the clinical use of PDT in BCC treatment. It outlines the context of PDT and how PDT treatments for BCC have been developed hitherto. The sections examine the development of systemic and subsequently topical photosensitizers, light delivery regimens, and the use of PDT in different patient populations and subtypes of BCC. The outcomes of topical PDT are discussed in comparison with alternative treatments, and topical PDT applications in combination and adjuvant therapy are considered. The intention is to summarize the clinical relevance and expose areas of research need in the BCC context, ultimately to facilitate improvements in PDT treatment.
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