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Burgis-Kasthala S, Bain-Donohue S, Tailby E, Stonestreet K, Moore M. Developing interconnectedness is critical in retaining rural general practitioners: A qualitative thematic analysis of recently recruited general practitioners to South East New South Wales, Australia. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002860. [PMID: 38498567 PMCID: PMC10947638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Australia, in common with many countries globally, has a shortage of doctors working rurally. Whilst strategies and current research focus on recruitment, attrition from rural practice is a significant determinant of such shortages. Understanding doctors' decisions to stay or leave, once recruited, may provide further insights on how to address this rural differential. This study comprises a qualitative study of 21 recently recruited nationally-trained doctors and international medical graduates to a rural area of New South Wales, Australia. Interviews focused on their experiences prior to and within rural practice, and how these influenced their future career intentions. We used reflexive thematic analysis with each interview coded by two researchers to build an explanatory framework. Our findings comprise five themes which applied differentially to nationally-trained doctors and international medical graduates: connectedness across professional, personal and geographic domains, how multi-faceted connectedness was, and dissonance between participants' expectations and experiences. Amongst nationally-trained doctors, connectedness stemmed from prior rural experiences which engendered expectations founded upon their ability to develop community-level relationships. Experiences were mixed; some described difficulties maintaining a boundary between their personal and professional lives, which encroached upon their ability to embed within the community. International medical graduates' expectations were cultivated by their pre-conceptions of Australian postgraduate training but they lamented a lack of professional opportunities once in practice. Moreover, they described a lack of professional relationships with local, nationally-trained, doctors that could help them embed into rural practice. This study highlighted that when connectedness occurs across professional, geographic and personal domains doctors are more likely to continue rural practice, whilst illustrating how the importance of each domain may differ amongst different cadres of doctor. Supporting such cadres develop supportive interrelationships may be a low hanging fruit to maximise retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Burgis-Kasthala
- ANU Rural Clinical School, Acton, Australia Capital Territory, Australia
- University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland
| | | | - Ellen Tailby
- ANU Rural Clinical School, Acton, Australia Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm Moore
- ANU Rural Clinical School, Acton, Australia Capital Territory, Australia
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Louwen C, Reidlinger D, Milne N. Profiling health professionals' personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence: a systematic review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 36803372 PMCID: PMC9938999 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-cognitive traits have been theorised to predict characteristics, career choice and outcomes of health professionals and could represent a homogenous group. This study aims to profile and compare personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence of health practitioners across a variety of professions. METHODS Empirical literature was systematically reviewed. A two-concept search strategy was applied to four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, ProQuest). Title/abstract and full text articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data was synthesised narratively and meta-aggregated where feasible. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-one studies representing 153 assessment tools of personality (n = 83 studies), behaviour (n = 8), and emotional intelligence (n = 62) were included. Most studies (n = 171) explored personality (medicine, nursing, nursing assistants, dentistry, allied health, paramedics), revealing variation in traits across professions. Behaviour styles were least measured with only ten studies exploring these across four health professions (nursing, medicine, occupational therapy, psychology). Emotional intelligence (n = 146 studies) varied amongst professions (medicine, nursing, dentistry, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, radiology) with all exhibiting average to above-average scores. CONCLUSION Personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence are all key characteristics of health professionals reported in the literature. There is both heterogeneity and homogeneity within and between professional groups. The characterisation and understanding of these non-cognitive traits will aid health professionals to understand their own non-cognitive features and how these might be useful in predicting performance with potential to adapt these to enhance success within their chosen profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Louwen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226 Australia
| | - D. Reidlinger
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226 Australia
| | - N. Milne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226 Australia
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Ge B, Ma Z, Li M, Chi X, Khan HSUD, Yang L. Exploring the Nexus of Healthcare Employees' Professional Quality, Health Psychology and Service Value: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12462. [PMID: 36231762 PMCID: PMC9566179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While the implementation of the "graded diagnosis and treatment" system highlights the important role of general practitioners as "residents' health gatekeepers", it brings the problem of insufficient service capacity and difficulty in realizing the service value. At present, the service value of general practitioners is a relatively new topic in the field of general medicine. Therefore, few studies discuss the specific path that affects the realization of their service value. According to literature analysis, the professional quality of general practitioners plays a positive role in improving their service quality. So it can be inferred that the main reason for this phenomenon is that the professional quality level of general practitioners as the service subject is low and they have not been trusted and recognized by the residents of the service object. So far, it is difficult for most residents to change their willingness to go to large hospitals. Training is the most critical link to improving the professional quality of general practitioners. Therefore, how to enhance the professional quality of general practitioners through effective training so as to realize the service value is a problem worth discussing. Our study took 37 general practitioners from 12 Community Health Service hospitals as the interviewees and used grounded theory to mine the internal correlation between variables. The results show that: (1) the professional quality of general practitioners mainly includes three dimensions: professional ethics, theoretical knowledge, and professional skills; (2) through training, the professional quality of general practitioners has been effectively improved; (3) the improvement of general practitioners' professional quality directly affects the realization of their technical value, environmental value and information value; (4) the professional quality of general practitioners can be improved through training, which will affect the realization of their service value. Our research contribution is to break through the previous research paradigm of analyzing the relationship between variables based on the existing literature. This paper uses the procedural grounded theory method to analyze the concept of general practitioners' professional quality from scratch through continuous refinement and summary and constructs a theoretical model of the training path from general practitioners' professional quality to service value. On the one hand, the research results can realize their service value by improving the professional quality of general practitioners. On the other hand, the realization of the service value of general practitioners can provide effective support for patients to create a good medical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Ge
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chi
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Ling Yang
- Jingkou District Jiankang Road Community Health Service Center, Zhenjiang 212001, China
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Vayro C, Narayanan A, Greco M, Spike N, Hanson J, Mitchell B, Hanson D, Stewart R. Colleague appraisal of Australian general practitioners in training: an analysis of multisource feedback data. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:494. [PMID: 35751119 PMCID: PMC9233327 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisource feedback is an evidence-based and validated tool used to provide clinicians, including those in training, feedback on their professional and interpersonal skills. Multisource feedback is mandatory for participants in the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Practice Experience Program and for some Australian General Practice Training Registrars. Given the recency of the Practice Experience Program, there are currently no benchmarks available for comparison within the program and to other comparable cohorts including doctors in the Australian General Practice Training program. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare colleague feedback within and across General Practice trainee cohorts. METHODS Colleague feedback, from multisource feedback of Practice Experience Program participants and Australian General Practice Training Registrars, collected between January 2018 and April 2020, was compared to identify similarities and differences. Analyses entailed descriptive statistics, between and within groups rater consistency and agreement measures, principal component analysis, t-tests, analysis of variance, and psychometric network analysis. RESULTS Colleague ratings of Practice Experience Program participants (overall average 88.58%) were lower than for Registrars (89.08%), although this difference was not significant. 'Communication with patients' was rated significantly lower for Practice Experience Program participants (2.13%) while this group was rated significantly better for their 'Ability to say no' (1.78%). Psychometric network analyses showed stronger linkages between items making up the behavioural component (compared to the items of the performance and self-management components, as found by principal component analysis) for Practice Experience Program participants as compared to Registrars. Practice Experience Program participants were stronger in clinical knowledge and skills as well as confidentiality, while Registrars were stronger in communicating with patients, managing their own stress, and in their management and leadership skills. CONCLUSIONS The multisource feedback scores of doctors undertaking the Practice Experience Program suggests that, while all mean values are 'very good' to 'excellent', there are areas for improvement. The linkages between skills suggests that Practice Experience Program doctors' skills are somewhat isolated and have yet to fully synthesise. We now have a better understanding of how different groups of General Practitioners in training compare with respect to professional and interpersonal skills. Based on the demonstrated differences, the Practice Experience Program might benefit from the addition of educational activities to target the less developed skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vayro
- General Practice Training Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Ajit Narayanan
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Greco
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- CFEP Surveys, Everton Park, QLD Australia
| | - Neil Spike
- Eastern Victoria General Practice Training, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC Australia
- School of Rural Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Hanson
- General Practice Training Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Northern Territory General Practice Education, Darwin, NT Australia
| | - Ben Mitchell
- General Practice Training Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale Hanson
- General Practice Training Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
| | - Rebecca Stewart
- General Practice Training Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Melbourne, Australia
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Ge B, Ma Z, Li M, Li Z, Yang L, Liu T. Influential Pathways of Employees' Career Growth: Linkage of Psychological and Organizational Factors Based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 12:796454. [PMID: 35058856 PMCID: PMC8763967 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing the “hierarchical diagnosis and treatment” system highlights the important role of general practitioners as “residents’ health gatekeepers.” Still, the low level of career growth always limits the realization of their service value. Inertial thinking uses a single factor to explain the complexity of career growth in previous studies; in fact, it isn’t easy to assess whether the factor is a sufficient and necessary condition for a high level of career growth. Herein, we have used a set theory perspective to analyze the mechanism of influencing high-level career growth by combining psychological and organizational factors. This research aims to analyze causal complexity relationship between these conditions and results is analyzed in detail. We choose fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with a sample of 407 GPs to test 5 antecedent conditional variables that can affect their career growth. The variables include professional identity, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, training mechanism, and incentive mechanism. To ensure the universality and diversity of data, the samples were selected from community medical institutions in different regions of China. The results show that three pathways can affect the high career growth of GPs, and the optimal pathway A2 is the linkage matching of high incentive mechanism, high professional identity, high achievement motivation, and high self-efficacy. At the same time, we find that professional identity plays an alternative role in the three pathways. When professional identity is at a high level, as long as achievement motivation and self-efficacy are superior, or achievement motivation, self-efficacy, and achievement motivation are superior, a high level of career growth can be achieved. We broke the shackles of previous studies that only focused on the impact of single factors on the career growth of GPs. From the perspective of set theory, we use configurational thinking to construct Influential pathways of high career growth of GPs by integrating antecedents. The results can provide effective support for improving GPs’ service ability and realizing their service value to protect residents’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Ge
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Xinjiang Enterprise Development Research Center, School of Business Administration, Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Jingjiang College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Huashanwan Community Health Service Station, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Office of Academic Affairs, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, China
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Najeeb U, Wong B, Hollenberg E, Stroud L, Edwards S, Kuper A. Moving beyond orientations: a multiple case study of the residency experiences of Canadian-born and immigrant international medical graduates. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:103-123. [PMID: 30259266 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-018-9852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many international medical graduates (IMGs) enter North American residency programs every year. The Canadian IMG physician pool increasingly includes Canadian-born IMGs (C-IMGs) along with Immigrant-IMGs (I-IMGs). Similar trends exist in the United States. Our objective was to understand the similarities and differences in the challenges faced by both I-IMGs and C-IMGs during residency to identify actionable recommendations to support them during this critical time. We performed a multiple case study of IMGs' experiences at a large Canadian university. Within our two descriptive cases (I-IMGs, C-IMGs) we iteratively conducted twenty-two semi-structured interviews; we thematically analyzed our data within, between, and across both cases to understand challenges to IMGs' integration and opportunities for curricular innovations to facilitate their adaptation process. Research team members with different perspectives contributed reflexively to the thematic analysis. Participants identified key differences between medical culture and knowledge expected in Canada and the health systems and curricula in which they originally trained. I-IMG and C-IMG participants perceived two major challenges: discrimination because of negative labelling as IMGs and difficulties navigating their initial residency months. C-IMGs described a third challenge: frustration around the focus on the needs of I-IMGs. Participants from both groups identified two major opportunities: their desire to help other IMGs and a need for mentorship. I-IMGs and C-IMGs face diverse challenges during their training, including disorientation and discrimination. We identified specific objectives to inform the design of curriculum and support services that residency programs can offer trainees as well as important targets for resident education and faculty development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberin Najeeb
- Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, M4N3M5, ON, Canada.
- Faculty Lead R4 Internal Medicine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Faculty Lead IMG/IFT Mentorship Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Wong
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, M4N3M5, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre of Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lynfa Stroud
- Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, M4N3M5, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Core Internal Medicine Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Edwards
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Urban Family Health Team, St. Joseph Health Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Resident Wellness, Postgraduate Medical Education Office, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayelet Kuper
- Wilson Centre for Research in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, M4N3M5, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Massey College, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cooke G, Tapley A, Holliday E, Morgan S, Henderson K, Ball J, van Driel M, Spike N, Kerr R, Magin P. Responses to clinical uncertainty in Australian general practice trainees: a cross-sectional analysis. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 51:1277-1288. [PMID: 29124801 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tolerance for ambiguity is essential for optimal learning and professional competence. General practice trainees must be, or must learn to be, adept at managing clinical uncertainty. However, few studies have examined associations of intolerance of uncertainty in this group. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish levels of tolerance of uncertainty in Australian general practice trainees and associations of uncertainty with demographic, educational and training practice factors. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed on the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training (ReCEnT) project, an ongoing multi-site cohort study. Scores on three of the four independent subscales of the Physicians' Reaction to Uncertainty (PRU) instrument were analysed as outcome variables in linear regression models with trainee and practice factors as independent variables. RESULTS A total of 594 trainees contributed data on a total of 1209 occasions. Trainees in earlier training terms had higher scores for 'Anxiety due to uncertainty', 'Concern about bad outcomes' and 'Reluctance to disclose diagnosis/treatment uncertainty to patients'. Beyond this, findings suggest two distinct sets of associations regarding reaction to uncertainty. Firstly, affective aspects of uncertainty (the 'Anxiety' and 'Concern' subscales) were associated with female gender, less experience in hospital prior to commencing general practice training, and graduation overseas. Secondly, a maladaptive response to uncertainty (the 'Reluctance to disclose' subscale) was associated with urban practice, health qualifications prior to studying medicine, practice in an area of higher socio-economic status, and being Australian-trained. CONCLUSIONS This study has established levels of three measures of trainees' responses to uncertainty and associations with these responses. The current findings suggest differing 'phenotypes' of trainees with high 'affective' responses to uncertainty and those reluctant to disclose uncertainty to patients. More research is needed to examine the relationship between clinical uncertainty and clinical outcomes, temporal changes in tolerance for uncertainty, and strategies that might assist physicians in developing adaptive responses to clinical uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georga Cooke
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Morgan
- GP Synergy Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jean Ball
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mieke van Driel
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil Spike
- Eastern Victoria GP Training, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rohan Kerr
- General Practice Training Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Parker Magin
- GP Synergy Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Delavari S, Arab M, Rashidian A, Nedjat S, Souteh RG. A Qualitative Inquiry Into the Challenges of Medical Education for Retention of General Practitioners in Rural and Underserved Areas of Iran. J Prev Med Public Health 2016; 49:386-393. [PMID: 27951631 PMCID: PMC5160132 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES General practitioners (GPs) retention in rural and underserved areas highly effects on accessibility of healthcare facilities across the country. Education seems to be a critical factor that affects GPs retention. Thus, the present study aimed at inquiry into medical education challenges that limit their retention in rural and underserved areas. METHODS A qualitative approach was applied for the aim of this study. Data were gathered via 28 semi-structured interviews with experts at different levels of Iran's health system as well as GPs who retained and refused to retain working in rural settings. Interviews mainly were performed face-to-face and in some cases via telephone during 2015 and then coded and analyzed using content analysis approach. RESULTS Iran's medical education is faced with several challenges that were categorized in four main themes including student selection, medical students' perception about their field of study, education setting and approach, curriculum of medical education. According to experts this challenges could results in making GP graduates disinterested for practicing in rural and underserved areas. CONCLUSIONS Challenges that were found could have negative effects on retention. Modification in student's perception about rural practice could be done via changing education setting and approach and curriculum. These modifications could improve GPs retention in rural and underserved areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Delavari
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arab
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Rashidian
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saharnaz Nedjat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rashid A. Yonder: Advance care planning, osteopathy, HPV vaccination, and international medical graduates. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 66:316. [PMID: 27231296 PMCID: PMC4871293 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp16x685441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rashid
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge. E-mail: @Dr_A_Rashid
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