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Wu T, Zhu J. Recent development and optimization of pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin immunotoxins in cancer therapeutic applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107759. [PMID: 34162138 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins are fusion proteins composed of a peptide toxin and a specific targeting domain through genetic recombination. They are engineered to recognize disease-specific target receptors and kill the cell upon internalization. Full-sized monoclonal antibodies, smaller antibody fragments and ligands, such as a cytokine or a growth factor, have been commonly used as the targeting domain, while bacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE) is the usual toxin fusion partner, due to its natural cytotoxicity and other unique advantages. PE-based recombinant immunotoxins have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases. At the same time, efforts are underway to address major challenges, including immunogenicity, nonspecific cytotoxicity and poor penetration, which limit their clinical applications. Recent strategies for structural optimization of PE-based immunotoxins, combined with mutagenesis approaches, have reduced the immunogenicity and non-specific cytotoxicity, thus increasing both their safety and efficacy. This review highlights novel insights and design concepts that were used to advance immunotoxins for the treatment of hematological and solid tumors and also presents future development prospect of PE-based recombinant immunotoxins that are expected to play an important role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
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2
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Ball AL, Edge RJ, Amin K, Critchley WR, Howell GJ, Yonan N, Stone JP, Fildes JE. A post-preservation vascular flush removes significant populations of donor leukocytes prior to lung transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2020; 64:101356. [PMID: 33264679 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor leukocytes are intrinsically involved in acute lung allograft rejection, via self-presentation of donor antigens to recipient leukocytes. Therapeutic modalities to remove donor leukocytes are currently unavailable. We evaluated if a vascular flush immediately following preservation can be used for this purpose. METHODS A post-preservation flush was performed with STEEN solution in n = 6 porcine lungs following static cold storage. The first 500 ml effluent from the left atrium was collected and an inflammatory profile performed. RESULTS A total of 1.17 billion (±2.8 × 108) viable leukocytes were identified within the effluent. T cells were the dominant cell population, representing 82% of the total mobilised leukocytes, of which <0.01% were regulatory T cells. IL-18 was the most abundant cytokine, with a mean concentration of 84,216 pg (±153,552 pg). In addition, there was a mean concentration of 8819 ng (±4415) cell-free mitochondrial DNA. CONCLUSION There is an immediate transfer of donor leukocytes, cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns following reperfusion. Such a pro-inflammatory donor load may enhance alloantigen presentation and drive recipient alloimmune responses. A post-preservation flush may therefore be an effective method for reducing the immune burden of the donor lung prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Ball
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Edge
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Kavit Amin
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - William R Critchley
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Howell
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Nizar Yonan
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - John P Stone
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - James E Fildes
- The Transplant Centre, University of Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom; The Ex-Vivo Lab, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
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3
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Jiang Y, Que W, Zhu P, Li XK. The Role of Diverse Liver Cells in Liver Transplantation Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1203. [PMID: 32595648 PMCID: PMC7304488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the ideal treatment approach for a variety of end-stage liver diseases. However, life-long, systemic immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation is required to prevent rejection and graft loss, which is associated with severe side effects, although liver allograft is considered more tolerogenic. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the unique immunologically privileged liver organ is valuable for transplantation management and autoimmune disease treatment. The unique hepatic acinus anatomy and a complex cellular network constitute the immunosuppressive hepatic microenvironment, which are responsible for the tolerogenic properties of the liver. The hepatic microenvironment contains a variety of hepatic-resident immobile non-professional antigen-presenting cells, including hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, that are insufficient to optimally prime T cells locally and lead to the removal of alloreactive T cells due to the low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines but a rather high expression of coinhibitory molecules and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatic dendritic cells (DCs) are generally immature and less immunogenic than splenic DCs and are also ineffective in priming naïve allogeneic T cells via the direct recognition pathway in recipient secondary lymphoid organs. Although natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are reportedly associated with liver tolerance, their roles in liver transplantation are multifaceted and need to be further clarified. Under these circumstances, T cells are prone to clonal deletion, clonal anergy and exhaustion, eventually leading to tolerance. Other proposed liver tolerance mechanisms, such as soluble donor MHC class I molecules, passenger leukocytes theory and a high-load antigen effect, have also been addressed. We herein comprehensively review the current evidence implicating the tolerogenic properties of diverse liver cells in liver transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Jiang
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weitao Que
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Brown K, Meader L, Nowocin A, Edwards LA, Cheung LH, Smith RA, Rosenblum MG, Wong W. A novel in vivo model using immunotoxin in the absence of p-glycoprotein to achieve ultra selective depletion of target cells: Applications in trogocytosis and beyond. J Immunol Methods 2020; 483:112794. [PMID: 32428450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A commonly employed method to determine the function of a particular cell population and to assess its contribution to the overall system in vivo is to selectively deplete that population and observe the effects. Using monoclonal antibodies to deliver toxins to target cells can achieve this with a high degree of efficiency. Here, we describe an in vivo model combining the use of immunotoxins and multidrug resistant (MDR) gene deficient mice so that only MDR deficient cells expressing the target molecule would be depleted while target molecule expressing, but MDR sufficient, cells are spared. This allows targeted depletion at a higher degree of specificity than has been previously achieved. We have applied this technique to study trogocytosis, the intercellular transfer of cell surface molecules, but this principle could also be adapted using technology already available for use in other fields of study.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- Animals
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Genes, MDR/physiology
- Graft Survival/drug effects
- Heart Transplantation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/toxicity
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/toxicity
- Immunotoxins/toxicity
- Kidney Transplantation
- Lymphocyte Depletion/methods
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/toxicity
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Transplantation Tolerance/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Brown
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Lucy Meader
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Anna Nowocin
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Lindsey A Edwards
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Lawrence H Cheung
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Richard A Smith
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilson Wong
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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Abstract
Direct allorecognition is the process by which donor-derived major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes, typically presented by donor-derived ‘passenger’ dendritic cells, are recognised directly by recipient T cells. In this review, we discuss the two principle theories which have been proposed to explain why individuals possess a high-precursor frequency of T cells with direct allospecificity and how self-restricted T cells recognise allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes. These theories, both of which are supported by functional and structural data, suggest that T cells recognising allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes focus either on the allopeptides bound to the allo-MHC molecules or the allo-MHC molecules themselves. We discuss how direct alloimmune responses may be sustained long term, the consequences of this for graft outcome and highlight novel strategies which are currently being investigated as a potential means of reducing rejection mediated through this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Jacinta Jacob
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Lesley A Smyth
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK ; School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, Stratford Campus, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT UK
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6
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Brown K, Nowocin AK, Meader L, Edwards LA, Smith RA, Wong W. Immunotoxin Against a Donor MHC Class II Molecule Induces Indefinite Survival of Murine Kidney Allografts. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1129-38. [PMID: 26799449 PMCID: PMC4988511 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rejection of donor organs depends on the trafficking of donor passenger leukocytes to the secondary lymphoid organs of the recipient to elicit an immune response via the direct antigen presentation pathway. Therefore, the depletion of passenger leukocytes may be clinically applicable as a strategy to improve graft survival. Because major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) cells are most efficient at inducing immune responses, selective depletion of this population from donor grafts may dampen the alloimmune response and prolong graft survival. In a fully MHC mismatched mouse kidney allograft model, we describe the synthesis of an immunotoxin, consisting of the F(ab')2 fragment of a monoclonal antibody against the donor MHC class II molecule I-A(k) conjugated with the plant-derived ribosomal inactivating protein gelonin. This anti-I-A(k) gelonin immunotoxin depletes I-A(k) expressing cells specifically in vitro and in vivo. When given to recipients of kidney allografts, it resulted in indefinite graft survival with normal graft function, presence of Foxp3(+) cells within donor grafts, diminished donor-specific antibody formation, and delayed rejection of subsequent donor-type skin grafts. Strategies aimed at the donor arm of the immune system using agents such as immunotoxins may be a useful adjuvant to existing recipient-orientated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Brown
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationSchool of Medicine at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' HospitalsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. K. Nowocin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationSchool of Medicine at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' HospitalsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - L. A. Edwards
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationSchool of Medicine at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' HospitalsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - R. A. Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationSchool of Medicine at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' HospitalsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - W. Wong
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationSchool of Medicine at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' HospitalsKing's College LondonLondonUK
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