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Shannon JG, Hinnebusch BJ. Characterization and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic manipulation of neutrophils derived from Hoxb8-ER-immortalized myeloid progenitors. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:42-52. [PMID: 36992528 PMCID: PMC10376455 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent a first line of defense against a wide variety of microbial pathogens. Transduction with an estrogen receptor-Hoxb8 transcription factor fusion construct conditionally immortalizes myeloid progenitor cells (NeutPro) capable of differentiation into neutrophils. This system has been very useful for generating large numbers of murine neutrophils for in vitro and in vivo studies. However, some questions remain as to how closely neutrophils derived from these immortalized progenitors reflect primary neutrophils. Here we describe our experience with NeutPro-derived neutrophils as it relates to our studies of Yersinia pestis pathogenesis. NeutPro neutrophils have circular or multilobed nuclei, similar to primary bone marrow neutrophils. Differentiation of neutrophils from NeutPro cells leads to increased expression of CD11b, GR1, CD62L, and Ly6G. However, the NeutPro neutrophils expressed lower levels of Ly6G than bone marrow neutrophils. NeutPro neutrophils produced reactive oxygen species at slightly lower levels than bone marrow neutrophils, and the 2 cell types phagocytosed and killed Y. pestis in vitro to a similar degree. To further demonstrate their utility, we used a nonviral method for nuclear delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA complexes to delete genes of interest in NeutPro cells. In summary, we have found these cells to be morphologically and functionally equivalent to primary neutrophils and useful for in vitro assays related to studies of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Shannon
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - B Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840
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2
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Lail SS, Arnold CR, de Almeida LGN, McKenna N, Chiriboga JA, Dufour A, Warren AL, Yates RM. Hox-driven conditional immortalization of myeloid and lymphoid progenitors: Uses, advantages, and future potential. Traffic 2022; 23:538-553. [PMID: 36117140 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Those who study macrophage biology struggle with the decision whether to utilize primary macrophages derived directly from mice or opt for the convenience and genetic tractability of immortalized macrophage-like cell lines in in vitro studies. Particularly when it comes to studying phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation-a signature cellular process of the macrophage-many commonly used cell lines are not representative of what occurs in primary macrophages. A system developed by Mark Kamps' group, that utilizes conditionally constitutive activity of Hox transcription factors (Hoxb8 and Hoxa9) to immortalize differentiation-competent myeloid cell progenitors of mice, offers an alternative to the macrophage/macrophage-like dichotomy. In this resource, we will review the use of Hoxb8 and Hoxa9 as hematopoietic regulators to conditionally immortalize murine hematopoietic progenitor cells which retain their ability to differentiate into many functional immune cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, osteoclasts, eosinophils, dendritic cells, as well as limited potential for the generation of lymphocytes. We further demonstrate that the use of macrophages derived from Hoxb8/Hoxa9 immortalized progenitors and their similarities to bone marrow-derived macrophages. To supplement the existing data, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, flow cytometry, cytology, and in vitro phagosomal assays were conducted on macrophages derived from Hoxb8 immortalized progenitors and compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages and the macrophage-like cell line J774. We additionally propose the use of a standardized nomenclature to describe cells derived from the Hoxb8/Hoxa9 system in anticipation of their expanded use in the study of leukocyte cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shranjit S Lail
- Department of Medical Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Corey R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luiz G N de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil McKenna
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose A Chiriboga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy L Warren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin Michael Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Abstract
The β common chain (βc) cytokine family includes granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5, all of which use βc as key signaling receptor subunit. GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 have specific roles as hematopoietic growth factors. IL-3 binds with high affinity to the IL-3 receptor α (IL-3Rα/CD123) and then associates with the βc subunit. IL-3 is mainly synthesized by different subsets of T cells, but is also produced by several other immune [basophils, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, etc.] and non-immune cells (microglia and astrocytes). The IL-3Rα is also expressed by immune (basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, DCs, monocytes, and megacaryocytes) and non-immune cells (endothelial cells and neuronal cells). IL-3 is the most important growth and activating factor for human and mouse basophils, primary effector cells of allergic disorders. IL-3-activated basophils and mast cells are also involved in different chronic inflammatory disorders, infections, and several types of cancer. IL-3 induces the release of cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-13, CXCL8) from human basophils and preincubation of basophils with IL-3 potentiates the release of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines from IgE- and C5a-activated basophils. IL-3 synergistically potentiates IL-33-induced mediator release from human basophils. IL-3 plays a pathogenic role in several hematologic cancers and may contribute to autoimmune and cardiac disorders. Several IL-3Rα/CD123 targeting molecules have shown some efficacy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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4
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Zbären N, Brigger D, Bachmann D, Helbling A, Jörg L, Horn MP, Schmid JM, Hoffmann HJ, Kinet JP, Kaufmann T, Eggel A. A novel functional mast cell assay for the detection of allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1018-1030.e11. [PMID: 34418424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical management of allergic diseases has been hampered by the lack of safe and convenient tests to reliably identify culprit allergens and to closely follow changes in disease activity over time. Because allergy diagnosis is a complex and laborious multistep procedure, there is an urgent need for simpler but still functionally accurate ex vivo assays allowing objective diagnosis, substantiating treatment choices, and quantifying therapeutic responses. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to develop a novel functional cell-based assay that relies on passive sensitization of allergic effector cells with patient serum, circumventing current limitations in allergy diagnosis. METHODS We genetically engineered a conditional homeobox B8 (Hoxb8)-immortalized progenitor line from the bone marrow of mice that are transgenic for the human high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRIα). These cells can be reproducibly differentiated into mature Hoxb8 mast cells within 5 days of culture in virtually unlimited numbers. RESULTS We demonstrate that the established Hoxb8 mast cell assay can be used to accurately measure total IgE levels, identify culprit allergens, longitudinally monitor allergen-specific immunotherapy, and potentially determine the time point of tolerance induction upon allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with allergy. To facilitate the analysis of large testing volumes, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept for a high-throughput screening application based on fluorescent cell barcoding using the engineered Hoxb8 mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that this novel mast cell assay could represent a valuable tool to support clinicians in the identification of IgE-mediated allergies and in the quantification of treatment efficacy as well as duration of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Zbären
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brigger
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Helbling
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Jörg
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Horn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes M Schmid
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Kinet
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Orosz A, Walzog B, Mócsai A. In Vivo Functions of Mouse Neutrophils Derived from HoxB8-Transduced Conditionally Immortalized Myeloid Progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:432-445. [PMID: 33310871 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although neutrophils play important roles in immunity and inflammation, their analysis is strongly hindered by their short-lived and terminally differentiated nature. Prior studies reported conditional immortalization of myeloid progenitors using retroviral expression of an estrogen-dependent fusion protein of the HoxB8 transcription factor. This approach allowed the long-term culture of mouse myeloid progenitors (HoxB8 progenitors) in estrogen-containing media, followed by differentiation toward neutrophils upon estrogen withdrawal. Although several reports confirmed the in vitro functional responsiveness of the resulting differentiated cells (HoxB8 neutrophils), little is known about their capacity to perform in vivo neutrophil functions. We have addressed this issue by an in vivo transplantation approach. In vitro-generated HoxB8 neutrophils showed a neutrophil-like phenotype and were able to perform conventional neutrophil functions, like respiratory burst, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. The i.v. injection of HoxB8 progenitors into lethally irradiated recipients resulted in the appearance of circulating donor-derived HoxB8 neutrophils. In vivo-differentiated HoxB8 neutrophils were able to migrate to the inflamed peritoneum and to phagocytose heat-killed Candida particles. The reverse passive Arthus reaction could be induced in HoxB8 chimeras but not in irradiated, nontransplanted control animals. Repeated injection of HoxB8 progenitors also allowed us to maintain stable circulating HoxB8 neutrophil counts for several days. Injection of arthritogenic K/B×N serum triggered robust arthritis in HoxB8 chimeras, but not in irradiated, nontransplanted control mice. Taken together, our results indicate that HoxB8 progenitor-derived neutrophils are capable of performing various in vivo neutrophil functions, providing a framework for using the HoxB8 system for the in vivo analysis of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Orosz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; and.,Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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6
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Accarias S, Sanchez T, Labrousse A, Ben-Neji M, Boyance A, Poincloux R, Maridonneau-Parini I, Le Cabec V. Genetic engineering of Hoxb8-immortalized hematopoietic progenitors - a potent tool to study macrophage tissue migration. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs236703. [PMID: 31964707 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are detrimental in most cancers. Controlling their recruitment is thus potentially therapeutic. We previously found that TAMs perform protease-dependent mesenchymal migration in cancer, while macrophages perform amoeboid migration in other tissues. Inhibition of mesenchymal migration correlates with decreased TAM infiltration and tumor growth, providing rationale for a new cancer immunotherapy specifically targeting TAM motility. To identify new effectors of mesenchymal migration, we produced ER-Hoxb8-immortalized hematopoietic progenitors (cells with estrogen receptor-regulated Hoxb8 expression), which show unlimited proliferative ability in the presence of estrogen. The functionality of macrophages differentiated from ER-Hoxb8 progenitors was compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). They polarized into M1- and M2-orientated macrophages, generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), ingested particles, formed podosomes, degraded the extracellular matrix, adopted amoeboid and mesenchymal migration in 3D, and infiltrated tumor explants ex vivo using mesenchymal migration. We also used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt gene expression of a known effector of mesenchymal migration, WASP (also known as WAS), to provide a proof of concept. We observed impaired podosome formation and mesenchymal migration capacity, thus recapitulating the phenotype of BMDM isolated from Wasp-knockout mice. Thus, we validate the use of ER-Hoxb8-immortalized macrophages as a potent tool to investigate macrophage functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solene Accarias
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Thibaut Sanchez
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Arnaud Labrousse
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Myriam Ben-Neji
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Aurélien Boyance
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
| | - Véronique Le Cabec
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31290, France
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7
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Context-Dependent Role of Vinculin in Neutrophil Adhesion, Motility and Trafficking. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2142. [PMID: 32034208 PMCID: PMC7005776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune effector cells that traffic from the circulation to extravascular sites of inflammation. β2 integrins are important mediators of the processes involved in neutrophil recruitment. Although neutrophils express the cytoskeletal protein vinculin, they do not form mature focal adhesions. Here, we characterize the role of vinculin in β2 integrin-dependent neutrophil adhesion, migration, mechanosensing, and recruitment. We observe that knockout of vinculin attenuates, but does not completely abrogate, neutrophil adhesion, spreading, and crawling under static conditions. However, we also found that vinculin deficiency does not affect these behaviors in the presence of forces from fluid flow. In addition, we identify a role for vinculin in mechanosensing, as vinculin-deficient neutrophils exhibit attenuated spreading on stiff, but not soft, substrates. Consistent with these findings, we observe that in vivo neutrophil recruitment into the inflamed peritoneum of mice remains intact in the absence of vinculin. Together, these data suggest that while vinculin regulates some aspects of neutrophil adhesion and spreading, it may be dispensable for β2 integrin-dependent neutrophil recruitment in vivo.
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8
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Chu JY, McCormick B, Mazelyte G, Michael M, Vermeren S. HoxB8 neutrophils replicate Fcγ receptor and integrin-induced neutrophil signaling and functions. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:93-100. [PMID: 30211955 PMCID: PMC6348421 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0618-232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are short‐lived, terminally differentiated leukocytes that form an essential part of host immunity and play a key role in acute and chronic inflammation. The analysis of these important cells is hindered by the fact that neutrophils are not amenable to culture, transfection, or transduction. Conditionally HoxB8‐immortalized mouse hematopoietic progenitors are suitable for in vitro differentiation of a range of myeloid cells, including neutrophils. Integrins and FcγRs are cell surface receptors, the ligation of which is required for a range of neutrophil functions that are important in health and disease. We show here that HoxB8 neutrophils express major neutrophil integrins and FcγRs. They respond to FcγR and integrin stimulation in a manner that is comparable with primary neutrophils, in terms of intracellular signaling. HoxB8 neutrophils also perform a range of FcγR/integrin‐dependent neutrophil functions, including, generation of reactive oxygen species, degranulation, and chemotaxis. Our findings suggest that HoxB8 neutrophils represent a faithful experimental model system for the analysis of Fc and integrin receptor‐dependent neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Chu
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barry McCormick
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Mazelyte
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Michael
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Reinhart R, Kaufmann T. IL-4 enhances survival of in vitro-differentiated mouse basophils through transcription-independent signaling downstream of PI3K. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 29915306 PMCID: PMC6006176 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a critical cytokine implicated with TH2 immune reactions, which are linked to pathologic conditions of allergic diseases. In that context, the initiation of TH2 responses can critically depend on early basophil-derived IL-4 to activate T-cell responses, which then amplify IL-4 secretion. As a pleiotropic cytokine, IL-4 acts on a broad variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. However, the effect of IL-4 on basophils themselves, which are emerging as relevant players in allergic as well as autoimmune diseases, was only scarcely addressed so far. Here we used in vitro-differentiated mouse basophils to investigate the direct effects of IL-4 on cellular viability and surface expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE, FcεRI. We observed that IL-4 elicits pronounced pro-survival signaling in basophils, delaying spontaneous apoptosis in vitro to a degree comparable to the known pro-survival effects of IL-3. Our data indicate that IL-4-mediated survival depends on PI3K/AKT signaling and—in contrast to IL-3—seems to be largely independent of transcriptional changes but effectuated by post-translational mechanisms affecting BCL-2 family members among others. Additionally, we found that IL-4 signaling has a stabilizing effect on the surface expression levels of the critical basophil activation receptor FcεRI. In summary, our findings indicate an important regulatory role of IL-4 on in vitro-differentiated mouse basophils enhancing their survival and stabilizing FcεRI receptor expression through PI3K-dependent signaling. A better understanding of the regulation of basophil survival will help to define promising targets and consequently treatment strategies in basophil-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Reinhart
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Korošec P, Gibbs BF, Rijavec M, Custovic A, Turner PJ. Important and specific role for basophils in acute allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:502-512. [PMID: 29431885 PMCID: PMC5947573 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgE‐mediated allergic reactions involve the activation of effector cells, predominantly through the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis. We review the evidence for a role of basophils in contributing to clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis and discuss the possibility that basophil trafficking during anaphylaxis might be a pathogenic (to target organs) or protective (preventing degranulation in circulation) response. Finally, we examine the potential role of basophils in asthma exacerbations. Understanding the factors that regulate basophil trafficking and activation might lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in anaphylaxis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - B F Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - A Custovic
- Section of Paediatrics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Turner
- Section of Paediatrics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
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11
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Demaurex N, Saul S. The role of STIM proteins in neutrophil functions. J Physiol 2018; 596:2699-2708. [PMID: 29441588 PMCID: PMC6046061 DOI: 10.1113/jp275639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins regulate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in innate and adaptive immune cells and participate in the Ca2+ signals that control the functions of neutrophils, the first line of host defence against bacterial and fungal infections. Loss-of-function experiments in animal and cellular models indicate that both STIM1 and STIM2 regulate neutrophil functions, but the complexity of the SOCE machinery and the versatility of neutrophils complicate the evaluation of the results. This review aims to summarize the latest progress in the field, with special attention to the details of the experimental designs. Future study design should aim to improve the standardization of experimental procedures and to provide a more holistic understanding of the role of STIM proteins in neutrophils function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Saul
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
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12
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Loss of BID Delays FASL-Induced Cell Death of Mouse Neutrophils and Aggravates DSS-Induced Weight Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030684. [PMID: 29495595 PMCID: PMC5877545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key players in the early defense against invading pathogens. Due to their potent effector functions, programmed cell death of activated neutrophils has to be tightly controlled; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Fas ligand (FASL/CD95L) has been shown to induce neutrophil apoptosis, which is accelerated by the processing of the BH3-only protein BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) to trigger mitochondrial apoptotic events, and been attributed a regulatory role during viral and bacterial infections. Here, we show that, in accordance with previous works, mouse neutrophils underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis in response to FASL, and that this cell death was significantly delayed upon loss of BID. However, pan-caspase inhibition failed to protect mouse neutrophils from FASL-induced apoptosis and caused a switch to RIPK3-dependent necroptotic cell death. Intriguingly, such a switch was less evident in the absence of BID, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis has been implicated in several auto-inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. We show that neutrophil and macrophage driven acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis was slightly more aggravated in BID-deficient mice, based on significantly increased weight loss compared to wild-type controls. Taken together, our data support a central role for FASL > FAS and BID in mouse neutrophil cell death and further underline the anti-inflammatory role of BID.
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13
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Reinhart R, Rohner L, Wicki S, Fux M, Kaufmann T. BH3 mimetics efficiently induce apoptosis in mouse basophils and mast cells. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:204-216. [PMID: 28960207 PMCID: PMC5729523 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophil granulocytes and mast cells are recognized for their roles in immunity and are central effectors of diverse immunological disorders. Despite their similarities, there is emerging evidence for non-redundant roles of the circulating yet scarce basophils and tissue-resident mast cells, respectively. Because of their importance in allergic pathogenesis, specific induction of apoptosis in basophils and mast cells may represent an interesting novel treatment strategy. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-3 serves as a key factor for basophil and mouse mast cell survival. Interleukin-3 increases the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members, such as BCL-2, BCL-XL or MCL-1; however, little is known how strongly these individual proteins contribute to basophil survival. Here, we were applying small molecule inhibitors called BH3 mimetics, some of which show remarkable success in cancer treatments, to neutralize the function of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. We observed that expression levels of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins do not necessarily correlate with their respective importance for basophil survival. Whereas naive in vitro-differentiated mouse basophils efficiently died upon BCL-2 or BCL-XL inhibition, interleukin-3 priming rendered the cells highly resistant toward apoptosis, and this could only be overcome upon combined targeting of BCL-2 and BCL-XL. Of note, human basophils differed from mouse basophils as they depended on BCL-2 and MCL-1, but not on BCL-XL, for their survival at steady state. On the other hand, and in contrast to mouse basophils, MCL-1 proved critical in mediating survival of interleukin-3 stimulated mouse mast cells, whereas BCL-XL seemed dispensable. Taken together, our results indicate that by choosing the right combination of BH3 mimetic compounds, basophils and mast cells can be efficiently killed, even after stimulation with potent pro-survival cytokines such as interleukin-3. Because of the tolerable side effects of BH3 mimetics, targeting basophils or mast cells for apoptosis opens interesting possibilities for novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Reinhart
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Rohner
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Wicki
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Fux
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Moravcikova E, Krepela E, Donnenberg VS, Donnenberg AD, Benkova K, Rabachini T, Fernandez-Marrero Y, Bachmann D, Kaufmann T. BOK displays cell death-independent tumor suppressor activity in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2050-2061. [PMID: 28744854 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the genomic region containing the Bcl-2-related ovarian killer (BOK) locus is frequently deleted in certain human cancers, BOK is hypothesized to have a tumor suppressor function. In the present study, we analyzed primary non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tumors and matched lung tissues from 102 surgically treated patients. We show that BOK protein levels are significantly downregulated in NSCLC tumors as compared to lung tissues (p < 0.001). In particular, we found BOK downregulation in NSCLC tumors of grades two (p = 0.004, n = 35) and three (p = 0.031, n = 39) as well as in tumors with metastases to hilar (pN1) (p = 0.047, n = 31) and mediastinal/subcarinal lymph nodes (pN2) (p = 0.021, n = 18) as opposed to grade one tumors (p = 0.688, n = 7) and tumors without lymph node metastases (p = 0.112, n = 51). Importantly, in lymph node-positive patients, BOK expression greater than the median value was associated with longer survival (p = 0.002, Mantel test). Using in vitro approaches, we provide evidence that BOK overexpression is inefficient in inducing apoptosis but that it inhibits TGFβ-induced migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma-derived A549 cells. We have identified epigenetic mechanisms, in particular BOK promoter methylation, as an important means to silence BOK expression in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our data point toward a novel mechanism by which BOK acts as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC by inhibiting EMT. Consequently, the restoration of BOK levels in low-BOK-expressing tumors might favor the overall survival of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moravcikova
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Evzen Krepela
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera S Donnenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Kamila Benkova
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Rabachini
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Loss of XIAP facilitates switch to TNFα-induced necroptosis in mouse neutrophils. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2422. [PMID: 27735938 PMCID: PMC5133978 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential players in the first-line defense against invading bacteria and fungi. Besides its antiapoptotic role, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member X-linked IAP (XIAP) has been shown to regulate innate immune signaling. Whereas the role of XIAP in innate signaling pathways is derived mostly from work in macrophages and dendritic cells, it is not known if and how XIAP contributes to these pathways in neutrophils. Here we show that in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), mouse neutrophils secreted considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and, in accordance with earlier reports, XIAP prevented LPS-induced hypersecretion of IL-1β also in neutrophils. Interestingly, and in contrast to macrophages or dendritic cells, Xiap-deficient neutrophils were insensitive to LPS-induced cell death. However, combined loss of function of XIAP and cIAP1/-2 resulted in rapid neutrophil cell death in response to LPS. This cell death occurred by classical apoptosis initiated by a TNFα- and RIPK1-dependent, but RIPK3- and MLKL-independent, pathway. Inhibition of caspases under the same experimental conditions caused a shift to RIPK3-dependent cell death. Accordingly, we demonstrate that treatment of neutrophils with high concentrations of TNFα induced apoptotic cell death, which was fully blockable by pancaspase inhibition in wild-type neutrophils. However, in the absence of XIAP, caspase inhibition resulted in a shift from apoptosis to RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Loss of XIAP further sensitized granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-primed neutrophils to TNFα-induced killing. These data suggest that XIAP antagonizes the switch from TNFα-induced apoptosis to necroptosis in mouse neutrophils. Moreover, our data may implicate an important role of neutrophils in the development of hyperinflammation and disease progression of patients diagnosed with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, which are deficient in XIAP.
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16
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Huang H, Li Y, Liu B. Transcriptional regulation of mast cell and basophil lineage commitment. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:539-48. [PMID: 27126100 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basophils and mast cells have long been known to play critical roles in allergic disease and in immunity against parasitic infection. Accumulated evidence also supports that basophils and mast cells have important roles in immune regulations, host defense against bacteria and viruses, and autoimmune diseases. However, origin and molecular regulation of basophil and mast cell differentiation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of origin and molecular regulation of mouse and human basophil and mast cell development. A more complete understanding of how basophils and mast cells develop at the molecular level will lead to development of interventions that are more effective in achieving long-term success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
| | - Yapeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
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17
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Abstract
Granulocytes are central players of the immune system and, once activated, a tightly controlled balance between effector functions and cell removal by apoptosis guarantees maximal host benefit with least possible collateral damage to healthy tissue.Granulocytes are terminally differentiated cells that cannot be maintained in culture for prolonged times. Isolating primary granulocytes is inefficient and challenging when working with mice, and especially so for the lowly abundant eosinophil and basophil subtypes. Here we describe an in vitro protocol to massively expand mouse derived myeloid progenitors and to differentiate them "on demand" and in large numbers into mature neutrophils or basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Reinhart
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Wicki
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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18
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Yousefi S, Morshed M, Amini P, Stojkov D, Simon D, von Gunten S, Kaufmann T, Simon HU. Basophils exhibit antibacterial activity through extracellular trap formation. Allergy 2015; 70:1184-8. [PMID: 26043360 DOI: 10.1111/all.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Basophils are primarily associated with immunomodulatory functions in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Recently, it has been demonstrated that both activated human and mouse basophils can form extracellular DNA traps (BETs) containing mitochondrial DNA and granule proteins. In this report, we provide evidence that, in spite of an apparent lack of phagocytic activity, basophils can kill bacteria through BET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Morshed
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - P. Amini
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - D. Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - D. Simon
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital, Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - S. von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - T. Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - H.-U. Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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19
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20
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21
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Siebenhaar F, Falcone FH, Tiligada E, Hammel I, Maurer M, Sagi-Eisenberg R, Levi-Schaffer F. The search for mast cell and basophil models--are we getting closer to pathophysiological relevance? Allergy 2015; 70:1-5. [PMID: 25155287 DOI: 10.1111/all.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - F. H. Falcone
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - E. Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical School University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - I. Hammel
- Department of Pathology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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22
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Rožman S, Yousefi S, Oberson K, Kaufmann T, Benarafa C, Simon HU. The generation of neutrophils in the bone marrow is controlled by autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:445-56. [PMID: 25323583 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been demonstrated to have an essential function in several cellular hematopoietic differentiation processes, for example, the differentiation of reticulocytes. To investigate the role of autophagy in neutrophil granulopoiesis, we studied neutrophils lacking autophagy-related (Atg) 5, a gene encoding a protein essential for autophagosome formation. Using Cre-recombinase mediated gene deletion, Atg5-deficient neutrophils showed no evidence of abnormalities in morphology, granule protein content, apoptosis regulation, migration, or effector functions. In such mice, however, we observed an increased proliferation rate in the neutrophil precursor cells of the bone marrow as well as an accelerated process of neutrophil differentiation, resulting in an accumulation of mature neutrophils in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. To directly study the role of autophagy in neutrophils, we employed an in vitro model of differentiating neutrophils that allowed modulating the levels of ATG5 expression, or, alternatively, intervening pharmacologically with autophagy-regulating drugs. We could show that autophagic activity correlated inversely with the rate of neutrophil differentiation. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK or mTORC1 induced autophagy in neutrophilic precursor cells and blocked their differentiation, suggesting that autophagy is negatively controlled by the p38 MAPK-mTORC1 signaling pathway. On the other hand, we obtained no evidence for an involvement of the PI3K-AKT or ERK1/2 signaling pathways in the regulation of neutrophil differentiation. Taken together, these findings show that, in contrast to erythropoiesis, autophagy is not essential for neutrophil granulopoiesis, having instead a negative impact on the generation of neutrophils. Thus, autophagy and differentiation exhibit a reciprocal regulation by the p38-mTORC1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rožman
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - S Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - K Oberson
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - T Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - C Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - H U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
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23
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Morshed M, Hlushchuk R, Simon D, Walls AF, Obata-Ninomiya K, Karasuyama H, Djonov V, Eggel A, Kaufmann T, Simon HU, Yousefi S. NADPH oxidase-independent formation of extracellular DNA traps by basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5314-23. [PMID: 24771850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are primarily associated with a proinflammatory and immunoregulatory role in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Recent studies have shown that basophils can also bind various bacteria both in the presence and the absence of opsonizing Abs. In this report, we show that both human and mouse basophils are able to produce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and to form extracellular DNA traps upon IL-3 priming and subsequent activation of the complement factor 5 a receptor or FcεRI. Such basophil extracellular traps (BETs) contain mitochondrial, but not nuclear DNA, as well as the granule proteins basogranulin and mouse mast cell protease 8. BET formation occurs despite the absence of any functional NADPH oxidase in basophils. BETs can be found in both human and mouse inflamed tissues, suggesting that they also play a role under in vivo inflammatory conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that basophils exert direct innate immune effector functions in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubul Morshed
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Hlushchuk
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew F Walls
- Immunopharmacology Group, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kazushige Obata-Ninomiya
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo 113-8518, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo 113-8518, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 113-8518, Japan; and
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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24
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Humbert M, Federzoni EA, Britschgi A, Schläfli AM, Valk PJM, Kaufmann T, Haferlach T, Behre G, Simon HU, Torbett BE, Fey MF, Tschan MP. The tumor suppressor gene DAPK2 is induced by the myeloid transcription factors PU.1 and C/EBPα during granulocytic differentiation but repressed by PML-RARα in APL. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:83-93. [PMID: 24038216 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DAPK2 is a proapoptotic protein that is mostly expressed in the hematopoietic tissue. A detailed DAPK2 expression analysis in two large AML patient cohorts revealed particularly low DAPK2 mRNA levels in APL. DAPK2 levels were restored in APL patients undergoing ATRA therapy. PML-RARA is the predominant lesion in APL causing transcriptional repression of genes important for neutrophil differentiation. We found binding of PML-RARA and PU.1, a myeloid master regulator, to RARA and PU.1 binding sites in the DAPK2 promoter. Ectopic expression of PML-RARA in non-APL, as well as knocking down PU.1 in APL cells, resulted in a significant reduction of DAPK2 expression. Restoring DAPK2 expression in PU.1 knockdown APL cells partially rescued neutrophil differentiation, thereby identifying DAPK2 as a relevant PU.1 downstream effector. Moreover, low DAPK2 expression is also associated with C/EBPα-mutated AML patients, and we found C/EBPα-dependent regulation of DAPK2 during APL differentiation. In conclusion, we identified first inhibitory mechanisms responsible for the low DAPK2 expression in particular AML subtypes, and the regulation of DAPK2 by two myeloid transcription factors underlines its importance in neutrophil development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Humbert
- 1.Division of Experimental Pathology, TP2, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, P.O. Box 62, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- B. F. Gibbs
- Medway School of Pharmacy; University of Kent; Chatham Maritime; Kent; UK
| | - G. P. Nilsson
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
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