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Muñoz M, Siebenhaar F. [Mastocytosis-a frequently unrecognized disease]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:75-86. [PMID: 38085334 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by clonal expansion and accumulation of mast cells (MC) in various organs. Mastocytosis results from an activating mutation of the KIT surface receptor leading to an increased proliferation of MC. There are significant differences between children and adult patients with mastocytosis. Children mainly present the cutaneous form, whereas adults more often exhibit the systemic form of mastocytosis. Patients with mastocytosis may be asymptomatic or affected by a variety of symptoms. Treatment is primarily supportive and aims at symptom control. New approved targeted therapies such as midostaurin and avapritinib changed the treatment paradigm in advanced forms of the disease, and next-generation inhibitors currently in clinical trials are expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Muñoz
- Institut für Allergieforschung, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27 | Paul-Ehrlich-Haus/IFA, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Fraunhofer Institut für Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP, Allergologie und Immunologie, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institut für Allergieforschung, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27 | Paul-Ehrlich-Haus/IFA, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Institut für Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP, Allergologie und Immunologie, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland
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2
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Costa A, Scalzulli E, Carmosino I, Capriata M, Ielo C, Masucci C, Passucci M, Martelli M, Breccia M. Systemic mastocytosis: 2023 update on diagnosis and management in adults. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2023; 28:153-165. [PMID: 37256917 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2023.2221028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, characterized by the clonal accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs. In 2022 both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC) modified the diagnostic and classification criteria of SM. Moreover, the identification of new clinical and molecular variables has improved prognostic tools and led to increasingly individualized therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to present the updates introduced by the International Consensus Classification in diagnostic criteria of SM. In addition, we report the latest data available from the most important clinical trials in patients both with non-advanced and advanced disease, including elenestinib and bezuclastinib. EXPERT OPINION Diagnosis and classification of SM has evolved over years. The most recent WHO and ICC classification improved SM diagnostic work-up, providing clinicians with a clear and simplified diagnostic scheme. New approved targeted therapies such as midostaurin and avapritinib modified the treatment paradigm in patients in advanced stage, and next-generation inhibitors actually investigated in clinical trials are expected in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Costa
- Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emilia Scalzulli
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Carmosino
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Capriata
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ielo
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Masucci
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Passucci
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martelli
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Breccia
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Az. Policlinico Umberto I-Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis is associated with KIT D816V mutation in more than 90% of cases. Patients with non-advanced forms of mastocytosis (indolent systemic mastocytosis, bone marrow mastocytosis, and smoldering systenic mastocytosis) have a low rate of progession to advanced variants and generally have a comparable life expectancy to age-matched general population. Symptomatology in non-advanced mastocytosis is variable and is related to mast cell mediator release. While some patients require no or minimal symptomatic therapy with antimediator drugs, other may suffer from refractory symptoms impacting the quality of life despite being on multiple anti-mediator drugs. KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been approved for advanced SM, and avapritinib has also been recently approved as the first such inhibitor for indolent systemic mastocytosis. Other TKIs are currently in clinical trials for patients with non-advanced SM who have persistent and severe symptoms despite optimized antimediator therapy. This article will review the current state of the science and available clinical data from trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-advanced systemic mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, PO Box 442, Suite H-2100, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0442, USA.
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Valent P, Sotlar K, Horny HP, Arock M, Akin C. World Health Organization Classification and Diagnosis of Mastocytosis: Update 2023 and Future Perspectives. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:627-649. [PMID: 37758403 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Experts of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) and the American Initiative on Mast Cell Disorders have discussed and updated diagnostic criteria and the classification of mastocytosis, based on new insights in the field and data collected in recent years, mostly within ECNM registry projects in which studies on several thousand cases have been performed. Based on this proposal, the World Health Organization has updated its classification of mastocytosis. This article discusses the revised classification of mastocytosis in light of a rapidly moving field and the advent of new diagnostic parameters, new prognostication tools, and new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Wäheringer Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Platform of Molecular Analysis for Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Syndromes (MCAS), Saint-Antoine Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ellingwood SS, Kovalszki A. Effect of Gender and Special Considerations for Women in Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:763-776. [PMID: 37758412 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the effects of gender on anaphylaxis in general and focuses on mastocytosis-specific issues. Incidence of anaphylaxis is increased in female compared with male patients during the pubertal years through the fifth decade of life, in which these disparities decrease. Estrogen is thought to increase the severity of anaphylaxis through increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase release. Despite this, all-cause fatal anaphylaxis does not appear to show a gender predilection. Systemic mastocytosis incidence is higher in women; however, mortality is increased in men owing to increased molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Ellingwood
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Suite H-2100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA
| | - Anna Kovalszki
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Suite H-2100, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA.
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Pardanani A. Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:1097-1116. [PMID: 37309222 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from clonal proliferation of mast cells (MC) in extracutaneous organs. DIAGNOSIS The major criterion is presence of multifocal MC clusters in the bone marrow and/or extracutaneous organs. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, MC CD25/CD2/CD30 expression, and presence of activating KIT mutations. RISK STRATIFICATION Establishing SM subtype as per the International Consensus Classification/World Health Organization classification systems is an important first step. Patients either have indolent/smoldering SM (ISM/SSM) or advanced SM, including aggressive SM (ASM), SM with associated myeloid neoplasm (SM-AMN), and mast cell leukemia. Identification of poor-risk mutations (i.e., ASXL1, RUNX1, SRSF2, NRAS) further refines the risk stratification. Several risk models are available to help assign prognosis in SM patients. MANAGEMENT Treatment goals for ISM patients are primarily directed toward anaphylaxis prevention/symptom control/osteoporosis treatment. Patients with advanced SM frequently need MC cytoreductive therapy to reverse disease-related organ dysfunction. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (midostaurin, avapritinib) have changed the treatment landscape in SM. While deep biochemical, histological and molecular responses have been documented with avapritinib treatment, its efficacy as monotherapy against a multimutated AMN disease component in SM-AMN patients remains unclear. Cladribine continues to have a role for MC debulking, whereas interferon-α has a diminishing role in the TKI era. Treatment of SM-AMN primarily targets the AMN component, particularly if an aggressive disease such as acute leukemia is present. Allogeneic stem cell transplant has a role in such patients. Imatinib has a therapeutic role only in the rare patient with an imatinib-sensitive KIT mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Pardanani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Valent P, Hartmann K, Bonadonna P, Sperr WR, Niedoszytko M, Hermine O, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Sotlar K, Hoermann G, Nedoszytko B, Broesby-Olsen S, Zanotti R, Lange M, Doubek M, Brockow K, Alvarez-Twose I, Varkonyi J, Yavuz S, Nilsson G, Radia D, Grattan C, Schwaab J, Gülen T, Oude Elberink HNG, Hägglund H, Siebenhaar F, Hadzijusufovic E, Sabato V, Mayer J, Reiter A, Orfao A, Horny HP, Triggiani M, Arock M. European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM): 20-Year Jubilee, Updates, and Future Perspectives. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:1706-1717. [PMID: 36868470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) was launched as a multidisciplinary collaborative initiative to increase the awareness and to improve diagnosis and management of patients with mast cell (MC) disorders. The ECNM consists of a net of specialized centers, expert physicians, and scientists who dedicate their work to MC diseases. One essential aim of the ECNM is to timely distribute all available information about the disease to patients, doctors, and scientists. In the past 20 years, the ECNM has expanded substantially and contributed successfully to the development of new diagnostic concepts, and to the classification, prognostication, and treatments of patients with mastocytosis and MC activation disorders. The ECNM also organized annual meetings and several working conferences, thereby supporting the development of the World Health Organization classification between 2002 and 2022. In addition, the ECNM established a robust and rapidly expanding patient registry and supported the development of new prognostic scoring systems and new treatment approaches. In all projects, ECNM representatives collaborated closely with their U.S. colleagues, various patient organizations, and other scientific networks. Finally, ECNM members have started several collaborations with industrial partners, leading to the preclinical development and clinical testing of KIT-targeting drugs in systemic mastocytosis, and some of these drugs received licensing approval in recent years. All these networking activities and collaborations have strengthened the ECNM and supported our efforts to increase awareness of MC disorders and to improve diagnosis, prognostication, and therapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Service d'Hématologie, Imagine Institute Université de Paris, INSERM U1163, Centre National de Référence des Mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hanneke C Kluin-Nelemans
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - Boguslaw Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, and Invicta Fertility and Reproductive Center, Molecular Laboratory, Sopot, Poland
| | - Sigurd Broesby-Olsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Zanotti
- Section of Hematology, Multidisciplinary Outpatients Clinics for Mastocytosis, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Twose
- Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha (CLMast) and CIBERONC, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Selim Yavuz
- Division of Hematology, Istanbul Medical School, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Department of Medicine Solna & Mastocytosis Centre, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Deepti Radia
- Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Clive Grattan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Theo Gülen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanneke N G Oude Elberink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergology, University Medical Center, Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Hägglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department/University Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito Sabato
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio Central de Citometria, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (IBMCC, CSIC/USAL) Instituto Biosanitario de Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERONC and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University (UPMC), Paris, France
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Lee HJ. Recent advances in diagnosis and therapy in systemic mastocytosis. Blood Res 2023; 58:96-108. [PMID: 37105564 PMCID: PMC10133845 DOI: 10.5045/br.2023.2023024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous neoplasm characterized by accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in various organs. There are three main types: cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), systemic mastocytosis (SM), and mast cell sarcoma. CM mainly affects children and is confined to the skin, whereas SM affects adults and is characterized by extracutaneous involvement, with or without cutaneous involvement. Most cases of SM have an indolent clinical course; however, some types of SM have aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular changes in SM have changed the diagnosis and treatment of aggressive and advanced SM subtypes. The International Consensus Classification and World Health Organization refined the diagnostic criteria and classification of SM as a result of accumulation of clinical experience and advances in molecular diagnostics. Somatic mutations in the KIT gene, most frequently KIT D816V, are detected in 90% of patients with SM. Expression of CD30 and any KIT mutation were introduced as minor diagnostic criteria after the introduction of highly sensitive screening methods. SM has a wide spectrum of clinical features, and only a few drugs are effective at treating advanced SM. Currently, the mainstay of SM treatment is limited to the management of chronic symptoms related to release of mast cell mediators. Small-molecule kinase inhibitors targeting the KIT-downstream and KIT-independent pathways were recently approved for treating advanced SM. I describe recent advances in diagnosis of SM, and review the currently available and emerging therapeutic options for SM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parente R, Giudice V, Cardamone C, Serio B, Selleri C, Triggiani M. Secretory and Membrane-Associated Biomarkers of Mast Cell Activation and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087071. [PMID: 37108232 PMCID: PMC10139107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells distributed in many organs and tissues and involved in the pathogenesis of allergic and inflammatory diseases as a major source of pro-inflammatory and vasoactive mediators. MC-related disorders are heterogeneous conditions characterized by the proliferation of MC within tissues and/or MC hyper-reactivity that leads to the uncontrolled release of mediators. MC disorders include mastocytosis, a clonal disease characterized by tissue MC proliferation, and MC activation syndromes that can be primary (clonal), secondary (related to allergic disorders), or idiopathic. Diagnosis of MC disorders is difficult because symptoms are transient, unpredictable, and unspecific, and because these conditions mimic many other diseases. Validation of markers of MC activation in vivo will be useful to allow faster diagnosis and better management of MC disorders. Tryptase, being the most specific MC product, is a widely used biomarker of proliferation and activation. Other mediators, such as histamine, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2, are unstable molecules and have limitations in their assays. Surface MC markers, detected by flow cytometry, are useful for the identification of neoplastic MC in mastocytosis but, so far, none of them has been validated as a biomarker of MC activation. Further studies are needed to identify useful biomarkers of MC activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Parente
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Division of Hematology and Transplant Center, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Chiara Cardamone
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Bianca Serio
- Division of Hematology and Transplant Center, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Division of Hematology and Transplant Center, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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10
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Mannelli F, Gesullo F, Mannarelli C, Vanderwert F, Lazzi S, Mungai F, Berti V, Santi R, Guglielmelli P, Vannucchi AM. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in mast cell sarcoma. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:529-532. [PMID: 36464921 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Gesullo
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmela Mannarelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Vanderwert
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Sezione di Patologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Mungai
- SOD Radiodiagnostica di Emergenza-Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Berti
- SOD Medicina Nucleare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella Santi
- Sezione di Patologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, SOD Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
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11
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Boukouris AE, Michelakis I, Metaxas D, Karapati G, Kanellis G, Lioni A, Tzavara V. Case report: The devil was hidden in the mastocytes - an unusually fulminant case of indolent systemic mastocytosis in a 45-year-old patient, missed for almost 20 years. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134587. [PMID: 36845114 PMCID: PMC9950552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) represents the most common form of SM, typically following a slow clinical course. While anaphylactic reactions may come up in the life course of an ISM patient, these are often moderate and do not pose a threat to patient's health. Here, we present an undiagnosed case of ISM with recurrent severe anaphylactic episodes following consumption of food and emotional stress. One of these episodes led to anaphylactic shock, necessitating temporary mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) support. Besides hypotension, a diffuse, itchy, red rash was the only notable clinical finding. Upon recovery, we found abnormally high baseline serum tryptase level as well as 10% bone marrow (BM) infiltration by multifocal, dense clusters of CD117+/mast cell tryptase+/CD25+ mast cells (MCs), consolidating the diagnosis of ISM. Prophylactic treatment with a histamine receptor antagonist was initiated, resulting in milder episodes thereafter. Diagnosis of ISM requires a high level of suspicion; its prompt recognition and treatment are important in preventing potentially life-threatening anaphylactic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis E. Boukouris
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michelakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Metaxas
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gianna Karapati
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kanellis
- Hematopathology Department, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Lioni
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Tzavara
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Korgialenio-Benakio Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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12
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Sordi B, Vanderwert F, Crupi F, Gesullo F, Zanotti R, Bonadonna P, Crosera L, Elena C, Fiorelli N, Ferrari J, Grifoni F, Sciumè M, Parente R, Triggiani M, Palterer B, Mecheri V, Almerigogna F, Santi R, Di Medio L, Brandi ML, Iorno ML, Ciardetti I, Bencini S, Annunziato F, Mannarelli C, Pieri L, Guglielmelli P, Mannelli F, Vannucchi AM. Disease correlates and clinical relevance of hereditary α-tryptasemia in patients with systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:485-493.e11. [PMID: 36309122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic mastocytosis (SM) encompasses a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders characterized by abnormal expansion of mast cells (MCs). Beyond KIT and other genes recurrently mutated in myeloid neoplasms, several genetic variants have been described as predisposing to the development of the disease and influencing its clinical phenotype. Increased copy number variants of the TPSAB1 gene were identified as a cause of nonclonal elevated tryptasemia and defined as hereditary α-tryptasemia (HαT). Moreover, HαT is enriched in patients with SM, where it can affect the incidence of mediator-related symptoms. OBJECTIVE In a multicenter data set of 444 patients with MC disorders, we aimed to investigate the clinical correlates of germline TPSAB1 copy number gains. METHODS Droplet digital PCR was performed in all cases to ascertain the presence of HαT. Clinical history along with blood values and bone marrow examination were analyzed. RESULTS We confirmed a higher incidence of HαT+ cases (n = 59, 13.3%) in patients diagnosed with mastocytosis with respect to the general population (approximately 5%). HαT+ patients were characterized by a lower MC-associated disease burden and higher levels of tryptase. Several disease variables were coherent with this pattern, from bone marrow MC infiltration to MC-related histopathologic traits, which also accounted for a significantly higher incidence of clonal MC activation syndrome in HαT+ (10.2%) compared to HαT- (3.4%, P = .029) patients. We also confirmed that HαT+ carriers had a significantly higher frequency of anaphylaxis, without relevant differences for other clinical manifestations. CONCLUSION These findings on a large patient series support and extend previous data, and suggest that knowledge of HαT status may be useful for personalized management of patients with SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Sordi
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Vanderwert
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Crupi
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Gesullo
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanotti
- UO Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bonadonna
- UO Allergologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Crosera
- UO Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Elena
- Divisione di Ematologia, IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicolas Fiorelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Federica Grifoni
- UOC Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Sciumè
- UOC Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Parente
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Divisione di Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Divisione di Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Centro di Diagnostica Citofluorimetrica e Immunoterapia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Mecheri
- SOD Immunoallergologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Almerigogna
- SOD Immunoallergologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella Santi
- Sezione di Patologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Di Medio
- SOD Malattie del Metabolismo Minerale e Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- SOD Malattie del Metabolismo Minerale e Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy; FirmoLab, Fondazione FIRMO, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Loredana Iorno
- Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica Azienda Toscana Centro Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Florence, Italy
| | - Isabella Ciardetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, sezione Dermatologia, Università degli Studi di Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Bencini
- Centro di Diagnostica Citofluorimetrica e Immunoterapia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Centro di Diagnostica Citofluorimetrica e Immunoterapia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmela Mannarelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Pieri
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannelli
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Denothe Excellence Center, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Tiryaki TO, Özkan SG, Erdem S, Aday AD, Hindilerden İY, Gelincik A, Baykal C, Yegen G, Doğan İÖ, Büyükbabani N, Nalçacı M, Yavuz AS. Comprehensive mastocytosis data analysis from a single center. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:82. [PMID: 36694141 PMCID: PMC9875486 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a very rare disorder and is divided into three prognostically distinct variants by World Health Organization: Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), systemic mastocytosis (SM), and mast cell sarcoma or localized mast cell (MC) tumors. The wide range of complaints may cause patients to consult various clinics, with resulting mis- or underdiagnosis. Therefore, cooperation between different subspecialties is of paramount importance. In this article, we have compiled 104 adult mastocytosis cases diagnosed and followed in our Hematology and other clinics. 86 (82.7%) of 104 patients had systemic mastocytosis. Osteoporosis, disease-related complications, and secondary malignancies are important topics in this group. We know that indolent form has great survival. But smoldering or aggressive mastocytosis has a poor prognosis. CM and indolent SM have a significantly better prognosis compared to aggressive SM (p < 0.001). We found that the presence of more than 25% of mast cells in the bone marrow, the presence of concomitant marrow dysplasia, and the presence of disease-related complications affect survival (p < 0.001). In addition to the WHO classification, the IPSM scoring system is indicative of the prognosis in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Onur Tiryaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sıdıka Gülkan Özkan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simge Erdem
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aynur Dağlar Aday
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İpek Yönal Hindilerden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Gelincik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Baykal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Yegen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Öner Doğan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesimi Büyükbabani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meliha Nalçacı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Selim Yavuz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Valent P, Akin C, Sperr WR, Horny HP, Arock M, Metcalfe DD, Galli SJ. New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Mastocytosis: Emerging Concepts in Diagnosis and Therapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:361-386. [PMID: 36270293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms defined by a numerical increase and accumulation of clonal mast cells (MCs) in various organ systems. The disease may present as cutaneous mastocytosis or systemic mastocytosis (SM). On the basis of histopathological and molecular features, clinical variables, and organ involvement, SM is divided into indolent SM, smoldering SM, SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm, aggressive SM, and MC leukemia. Each variant is defined by unique diagnostic criteria and a unique spectrum of clinical presentations. A key driver of MC expansion and disease evolution is the oncogenic machinery triggered by mutant forms of KIT. The genetic background, additional somatic mutations, and comorbidities also contribute to the course and prognosis. Patients with SM may also suffer from mediator-related symptoms or even an MC activation syndrome. This article provides an update of concepts on the genetics, etiology, and pathology of mastocytosis, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and new treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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15
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Leguit RJ, Wang SA, George TI, Tzankov A, Orazi A. The international consensus classification of mastocytosis and related entities. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:99-112. [PMID: 36214901 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a neoplasm characterized by a clonal proliferation of mast cells, which accumulate in one or multiple organs, associated with an extremely heterogeneous clinical presentation. The disease can be limited to the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis) that is mostly seen in childhood and usually behaves in a benign fashion. Adult patients most often present with systemic disease with or without skin lesions. This includes indolent forms such as indolent systemic mastocytosis and its subvariant bone marrow mastocytosis, and smoldering systemic mastocytosis as well as aggressive forms including aggressive systemic mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis with an associated myeloid neoplasm (previously called systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic neoplasm), and mast cell leukemia. In addition, mast cell sarcoma is a rare aggressive form of mastocytosis that can present in the skin as well as at extracutaneous sites. This review article focuses on the updates in mastocytosis of the 2022 international consensus classification (ICC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J Leguit
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04-312, POB 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology, PL Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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16
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Degenfeld-Schonburg L, Gamperl S, Stefanzl G, Schruef AK, Sadovnik I, Bauer K, Smiljkovic D, Eisenwort G, Peter B, Greiner G, Hadzijusufovic E, Schwaab J, Sperr WR, Hoermann G, Kopanja S, Szépfalusi Z, Hoetzenecker K, Jaksch P, Reiter A, Arock M, Valent P. Antineoplastic efficacy profiles of avapritinib and nintedanib in KIT D816V + systemic mastocytosis: a preclinical study. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:355-378. [PMID: 36895976 PMCID: PMC9989615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a hematopoietic neoplasm with a complex pathology and a variable clinical course. Clinical symptoms result from organ infiltration by mast cells (MC) and the effects of pro-inflammatory mediators released during MC activation. In SM, growth and survival of MC are triggered by various oncogenic mutant-forms of the tyrosine kinase KIT. The most prevalent variant, D816V, confers resistance against various KIT-targeting drugs, including imatinib. We examined the effects of two novel promising KIT D816V-targeting drugs, avapritinib and nintedanib, on growth, survival, and activation of neoplastic MC and compared their activity profiles with that of midostaurin. Avapritinib was found to suppress growth of HMC-1.1 cells (KIT V560G) and HMC-1.2 cells (KIT V560G + KIT D816V) with comparable IC50 values (0.1-0.25 µM). In addition, avapritinib was found to inhibit the proliferation of ROSAKIT WT cells, (IC50: 0.1-0.25 µM), ROSAKIT D816V cells (IC50: 1-5 µM), and ROSAKIT K509I cells (IC50: 0.1-0.25 µM). Nintedanib exerted even stronger growth-inhibitory effects in these cells (IC50 in HMC-1.1: 0.001-0.01 µM; HMC-1.2: 0.25-0.5 µM; ROSAKIT WT: 0.01-0.1 µM; ROSAKIT D816V: 0.5-1 µM; ROSAKIT K509I: 0.01-0.1 µM). Avapritinib and nintedanib also suppressed the growth of primary neoplastic cells in most patients with SM examined (avapritinib IC50: 0.5-5 µM; nintedanib IC50: 0.1-5 µM). Growth-inhibitory effects of avapritinib and nintedanib were accompanied by signs of apoptosis and decreased surface expression of the transferrin receptor CD71 in neoplastic MC. Finally, we were able to show that avapritinib counteracts IgE-dependent histamine secretion in basophils and MC in patients with SM. These effects of avapritinib may explain the rapid clinical improvement seen during treatment with this KIT inhibitor in patients with SM. In conclusion, avapritinib and nintedanib are new potent inhibitors of growth and survival of neoplastic MC expressing various KIT mutant forms, including D816V, V560G, and K509I, which favors the clinical development and application of these new drugs in advanced SM. Avapritinib is of particular interest as it also blocks mediator secretion in neoplastic MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Degenfeld-Schonburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Gamperl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Anna-Katharina Schruef
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Dubravka Smiljkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ihr Labor, Medical Diagnostic Laboratories Vienna, Austria
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Hospital for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Kopanja
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Zsolt Szépfalusi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University (UPMC) Paris, France
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna Austria
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17
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Alshurafa A, Abu-Tineh M, Ibrahim FA, Petkar M, Yassin MA. Delayed Diagnosis of Indolent Systemic Mastocytosis as the Cause of Unexplained Skin Rash: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:62-68. [PMID: 36785740 PMCID: PMC9918867 DOI: 10.1159/000529347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders in which mast cells exhibit clonal proliferation that infiltrates one or more organs. In cutaneous mastocytosis, the mast cells infiltrate the skin only, whereas systemic mastocytosis is diagnosed when at least one extra-cutaneous site is involved, with or without the skin being affected. Given the rarity of mastocytosis and the fact that skin rash can be a manifestation of different conditions and many clinicians are not familiar with this disorder, an accurate diagnosis may be delayed. We report a delayed diagnosis of indolent systemic mastocytosis in a 40-year-old gentleman who had been complaining of an unexplained skin rash for 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awni Alshurafa
- Hematology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Feryal A. Ibrahim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology/Haematopathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahir Petkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Mesa RA, Sullivan EM, Dubinski D, Carroll B, Slee VM, Jennings SV, Finnerty CC, Bohannon LS, Mathias SD, Lahue BJ, Castells MC. Perceptions of patient disease burden and management approaches in systemic mastocytosis: Results of the TouchStone Healthcare Provider Survey. Cancer 2022; 128:3700-3708. [PMID: 35996871 PMCID: PMC9804550 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare clonal neoplasm driven by the KIT D816V mutation and has a broad range of debilitating symptoms. In this study, the authors evaluated SM disease perceptions and management strategies among US health care providers (HCPs). METHODS Hematologist/oncologist (H/O) HCPs and allergist/immunologist (A/I) HCPs who were treating four or more patients with SM completed an online, 51-item TouchStone HCP Survey, which queried provider characteristics, perceptions of disease burden, and current management. Descriptive analyses by specialty and SM subtype were performed. RESULTS Of 304 HCPs contacted, 111 (37%) met eligibility criteria, including 51% A/I specialists and 49% H/O specialists. On average, the HCPs had 14 years of practice experience and cared for 20 patients with SM. A/I HCPs saw more patients with nonadvanced SM (78%) compared with H/O HCPs, who saw similar proportions of patients with nonadvanced SM (54%) and advanced SM (46%). HCPs reported testing 75% of patients for the KIT D816V mutation and found an estimated prevalence of 47%. On average, HCPs estimated 8 months between symptom onset and SM diagnosis. HCPs reported that 62% of patients with indolent SM felt depressed or discouraged because of symptoms. In terms of treatment goals for SM, both types of specialists prioritized symptom improvement for nonadvanced SM and improved survival for advanced SM while also prioritizing improving patient quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Both A/I and H/O specialists highlighted unmet needs for patients with SM. The HCPs surveyed reported a lower rate of KIT D816V mutations and a perceived shorter time between symptom onset and SM diagnosis compared with published estimates. LAY SUMMARY Specialists treating systemic mastocytosis (SM) completed a 51-item questionnaire about their clinical practices and perceptions of disease impact. The study included 111 hematology, oncology, allergy, and immunology physicians. Physicians reported that most patients had nonadvanced disease, yet SM symptoms significantly disrupted their patients' lives. Physicians estimated that SM is diagnosed within months of symptom onset, in contrast with published reports of years' long delays reported by patients with SM. This study identified unmet needs that can inform educational and patient management priorities in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A. Mesa
- Mays Cancer Center at The University of Texas Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | - David Dubinski
- Blueprint Medicines CorporationCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariana C. Castells
- Division of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
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19
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How persons with systemic mastocytosis describe the time between symptom onset and receiving diagnosis. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2022; 23:e54. [PMID: 36069067 PMCID: PMC9472238 DOI: 10.1017/s146342362200024x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to explore how persons with systemic mastocytosis (SM) described the time between the onset of symptoms and signs and getting the diagnosis. BACKGROUND SM is a rare disease caused by the accumulation of clonal mast cells with abnormal function. The symptoms and signs of the disease are varied, often diffuse and affect individuals differently. Due to this complexity, a multi-disciplinary diagnostic approach is required, in which general practitioners play an important part in identifying and referring patients relevant for such investigations. METHODS Sixteen persons with SM were interviewed about their experiences of the time before the diagnosis was received. Systematic text condensation was used in the analysis process. FINDINGS The time between symptom and signs onset and diagnosis was perceived as difficult. SM often had a complex and unpredictable effect on a person's daily life, long before diagnosis. In the analysis, three themes were found. Having symptoms and signs with an unknown cause included the participants' descriptions of numerous symptoms and signs, often years before diagnosis. These could be severe and result in worries for both participants and their next-of-kin. Dealing with the symptoms and signs encompassed the different ways in which the participants coped with the symptoms and signs, and sought relief. Being a patient without a diagnosis underlined the lack of information and knowledge within healthcare, often resulting in a delayed or incorrect diagnosis. The study highlighted the importance of a person-centred approach and the need to increase knowledge of the disease within primary care, to shorten this stressful and vulnerable time.
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Ungerstedt J, Ljung C, Klimkowska M, Gülen T. Clinical Outcomes of Adults with Systemic Mastocytosis: A 15-Year Multidisciplinary Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163942. [PMID: 36010937 PMCID: PMC9405903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare, clonal, clinically heterogeneous disorder of the mast cells (MCs), and mainly affects adults. The present study aims to describe the clinical and laboratory features as well as the outcomes of SM. A 15-year retrospective study was conducted on 195 consecutive SM patients (aged ≥ 18 years) diagnosed in 2006−2020 at the Multidisciplinary Mastocytosis Center at Karolinska University Hospital. Patients with indolent SM (ISM) represented the most common SM variant (88.2%). Furthermore, the frequencies of aggressive SM and SM with associated non-mast-cell hematological neoplasm were 4.1% and 7.7%, respectively. The prevalence of SM in the adult population of the Stockholm region was estimated to be 10.6/100,000 inhabitants, and the mean incidence of SM cases in the Stockholm region was 0.77/100,000 people per year. In this series, tryptase levels were below 20 ng/mL in 51 patients (26%). Osteoporosis was present in 21.9% of all cases. Interestingly, there was no progression from ISM to advanced SM variants in our study. Furthermore, overall survival was significantly better in ISM patients compared to advanced SM patients (p < 0.0001). Our data suggest that the early recognition and correct diagnosis of SM has prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ungerstedt
- HERM Hematology and Regenerative Center, Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet, SE-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
- ME Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Ljung
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Klimkowska
- Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Theo Gülen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: or
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Pyatilova P, Akin C, Alvarez-Twose I, Arock M, Bonadonna P, Brockow K, Butterfield JH, Broesby-Olsen S, Carter MC, Castells M, George TI, Gotlib J, Greiner G, Gülen T, Hartmann K, Hermine O, Horny HP, Jawhar M, Lange M, Lyons JJ, Maurer M, Metcalfe DD, Nedoszytko B, Niedoszytko M, Orfao A, Reiter A, Schwaab J, Sotlar K, Sperr WR, Triggiani M, Valent P, Siebenhaar F. Refined Treatment Response Criteria for Indolent Systemic Mastocytosis Proposed by the ECNM-AIM Consortium. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2015-2024. [PMID: 35724950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) has a favorable prognosis and normal life expectancy. However, many patients suffer from mast cell (MC) mediator-related symptoms, which significantly affect quality of life (QoL). Cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and neurological complaints, musculoskeletal pain, and the presence of skin lesions, anaphylaxis, and osteoporosis are the main symptoms and signs in ISM and must be assessed in all patients before and during treatment. Validated mastocytosis-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) should be used for this purpose. Serum tryptase and KIT D816V allele burden are recommended as secondary outcome parameters, noting that they do not reflect the severity of signs, symptoms, and related QoL impairment, but indirectly express MC burden. Changes from baseline of 90%, 60%, and 30% indicate complete response >90%, major response 60% to 90%, partial response 30% to 60%, and no response <30% to treatment. To conclude, we recommend the use of PROMs as primary outcome parameters to define treatment response in patients with ISM in clinical trials and in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Pyatilova
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Iván Alvarez-Twose
- Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha (CLMast) and CIBERONC, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sigurd Broesby-Olsen
- Mastocytosis Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melody C Carter
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Mariana Castells
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, Calif
| | - Georg Greiner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ihr Labor, Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theo Gülen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute Université de Paris, Sorbonne, INSERM U1163, Centre national de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Jawhar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Boguslaw Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Invicta Fertility and Reproductive Centre, Molecular Laboratory, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio General de Citometria, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (IBMCC CSIC/USAL) Instituto Biosanitario de Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERONC and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Levedahl KH, Nilsson A, Ungerstedt J, Hedström M. Living with systemic mastocytosis: Balancing between vulnerability and resilience: A qualitative study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2022; 60:102172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Akin C, Arock M, Valent P. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of indolent systemic mastocytosis: are we there yet? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1912-1918. [PMID: 35487307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) is the most prevalent form of systemic mastocytosis. Many patients with ISM suffer from mast cell (MC) mediator-related symptoms In a small number of patients, hematologic progression is seen in the follow up. In some patients with ISM, symptoms arising from MC-derived mediators including gastrointestinal symptoms, anaphylaxis, neuropsychiatric symptoms are kept under control with conventional mediator-targeting drugs or MC-stabilizing agents. However, in a substantial number of patients, the symptoms are refractory to such conventional therapy. For these patients, novel drugs and targeted approaches are considered. One reasonable approach may be to apply tyrosine kinase inhibitors directed against KIT and other key kinase targets expressed in neoplastic MC in ISM. Since MC in over 90% of all patients with typical ISM display the KIT D816V mutant receptor, clinically effective KIT-targeting drugs have to be active against this mutant form of KIT. The two such most effective and well-studied agents currently available are midostaurin and avapritinib. Other KIT-targeting drugs, such as imatinib or masitinib, are less effective or even non-effective against KIT D816V and are thus only recommended for use in patients with other KIT mutant forms (non codon 816 mutations) or with wild type KIT. In the present article, we review the current state in the treatment of ISM with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with special emphasis on treatment responses and potential adverse effects. In fact, all of these agents also have unique and common adverse effects, and their use to treat ISM patients should be balanced against their toxicity and short and long term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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24
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Pharm.D. MA, Hoermann G, Sotlar K, Hermine O, Sperr WR, Hartmann K, Brockow K, Akin C, Triggiani M, Broesby-Olsen S, Reiter A, Gotlib J, Horny HP, Orfao A, Metcalfe DD, Valent P. Clinical Impact and Proposed Application of Molecular Markers, Genetic Variants and Cytogenetic Analysis in Mast Cell Neoplasms: Status 2022. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1855-1865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Valent P, Hartmann K, Schwaab J, Alvarez-Twose I, Brockow K, Bonadonna P, Hermine O, Niedoszytko M, Carter MC, Hoermann G, Sperr WR, Butterfield JH, Ustun C, Zanotti R, Radia DH, Castells M, Triggiani M, Schwartz LB, Orfao A, George TI, Sotlar K, Gotlib J, Reiter A, Horny HP, Arock M, Akin C, Metcalfe DD. Personalized Management Strategies in Mast Cell Disorders: ECNM-AIM User's Guide for Daily Clinical Practice. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1999-2012.e6. [PMID: 35342031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a myeloid neoplasm defined by expansion and focal accumulation of clonal mast cells (MCs) in one or more organs. The disease exhibits a complex pathology and may be complicated by MC activation, bone abnormalities, neurological problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or hematologic progression. The World Health Organization divides mastocytosis into cutaneous forms, systemic mastocytosis (SM) and MC sarcoma. In most patients with SM, somatic mutations in KIT are detected. Patients with indolent SM have a normal to near-normal life expectancy, whereas patients with advanced SM, including aggressive SM and MC leukemia, have a poor prognosis. In those with advanced SM, multiple somatic mutations and an associated hematologic neoplasm may be detected. Mediator-related symptoms can occur in any type of mastocytosis. Symptoms may be mild, severe, or even life-threatening. In patients with severe acute symptoms, an MC activation syndrome may be diagnosed. In these patients, relevant comorbidities include IgE-dependent and IgE-independent allergies. Management of patients with SM is an emerging challenge in daily practice and requires in-depth knowledge and a multidisciplinary and personalized approach with selection of appropriate procedures and interventions. In this article, we review the current knowledge on SM and MC activation syndrome, with emphasis on multidisciplinary aspects in diagnosis and patient-specific management. In addition, we provide a user's guide for application of markers, algorithms, prognostic scores, and treatments for use in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Twose
- Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha (CLMast), Toledo, Spain; CIBERONC, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute Université de Paris, Sorbonne, INSERM U1163, Centre national de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Melody C Carter
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Celalettin Ustun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, The Coleman Foundation Blood and Marrow Transplant Center at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Roberta Zanotti
- Section of Hematology, Multidisciplinary Outpatients Clinics for Mastocytosis, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Deepti H Radia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Castells
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio Central de Citometria (NUCLEUS), Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (IBMCC; CSIC/USAL), Instituto Biosanitario de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Institute/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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Lübke J, Schwaab J, Naumann N, Horny HP, Weiß C, Metzgeroth G, Kreil S, Cross NCP, Sotlar K, Fabarius A, Hofmann WK, Valent P, Gotlib J, Jawhar M, Reiter A. Superior Efficacy of Midostaurin Over Cladribine in Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis: A Registry-Based Analysis. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:1783-1794. [PMID: 35235417 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE On the basis of data from the German Registry on Disorders of Eosinophils and Mast Cells, we compared the efficacy of midostaurin and cladribine in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis (AdvSM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with AdvSM (n = 139) were treated with midostaurin only (n = 63, 45%), cladribine only (n = 23, 17%), or sequentially (midostaurin-cladribine, n = 30, 57%; cladribine-midostaurin, n = 23, 43%). Prognosis was assessed through the Mutation-Adjusted Risk Score (MARS). Besides the comparison of efficacy between midostaurin and cladribine on response (eg, organ dysfunction, bone marrow mast cell [MC] infiltration, and tryptase), overall survival (OS), and leukemia-free survival, we focused on the impact of treatment on involved non-MC lineages, for example, monocytes or eosinophils, and the KIT D816V expressed allele burden. RESULTS Midostaurin only was superior to cladribine only with effects from responses on MC and non-MC lineages conferring on a significantly improved OS (median 4.2 v 1.9 years, P = .033) and leukemia-free survival (2.7 v 1.3 years, P = .044) on the basis of a propensity score-weighted analysis of parameters included in MARS. Midostaurin compensated the inferior efficacy of cladribine in first- and second-line treatment. On midostaurin in any line, response of eosinophilia did not improve its baseline adverse prognostic impact, whereas response of monocytosis proved to be a positive on-treatment parameter. Multivariable analysis allowed to establish three risk categories (low/intermediate/high) through the combination of MARS and the reduction of the KIT D816V expressed allele burden of ≥ 25% at month 6 (median OS not reached v 3.0 years v 1.0 year; P < .001). CONCLUSION In this registry-based analysis, midostaurin revealed superior efficacy over cladribine in patients with AdvSM. In midostaurin-treated patients, the combination of baseline MARS and molecular response provided a compelling three-tier risk categorization (MARSv2.0) for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lübke
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Naumann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christel Weiß
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georgia Metzgeroth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreil
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicholas C P Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Hematology Division, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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27
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Zanotti R, Bonifacio M, Lucchini G, Sperr WR, Scaffidi L, van Anrooij B, Oude Elberink HN, Rossignol J, Hermine O, Gorska A, Lange M, Hadzijusufovic E, Miething C, Müller S, Perkins C, Shomali W, Elena C, Illerhaus A, Jawhar M, Parente R, Caroppo F, Solomianyi O, Zink A, Mattsson M, Yavuz AS, Panse J, Varkonyi J, Doubek M, Sabato V, Breynaert C, Vucinic V, Schug T, Hägglund H, Wortmann F, Brockow K, Angelova-Fischer I, Belloni Fortina A, Triggiani M, Reiter A, Hartmann K, Malcovati L, Gotlib J, Shoumariyeh K, Niedoszytko M, Arock M, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Bonadonna P, Valent P. Refined diagnostic criteria for bone marrow mastocytosis: a proposal of the European competence network on mastocytosis. Leukemia 2022; 36:516-524. [PMID: 34545185 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), bone marrow mastocytosis (BMM) is a provisional variant of indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) defined by bone marrow involvement and absence of skin lesions. However, no additional diagnostic criteria for BMM have been proposed. Within the registry dataset of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis, we compared characteristics and outcomes of 390 patients with BMM and 1175 patients with typical ISM. BMM patients were significantly older, predominantly male, had lower tryptase and lower burden of neoplastic mast cells, and displayed a higher frequency of allergic reactions, mainly triggered by Hymenoptera, than patients with typical ISM. The estimated 10-year progression-free survival of BMM and typical ISM was 95.9% and 92.6%, respectively. In BMM patients defined by WHO-based criteria, the presence of one B-Finding and tryptase level ≥125 ng/mL were identified as risk factors for progression in multivariate analyses. BMM patients without any of these risk factors were found to have better progression-free survival (p < 0.05) and better overall survival (p < 0.05) than other ISM patients. These data support the proposal to define BMM as a separate SM variant characterized by SM criteria, absence of skin lesions, absence of B-Findings, and tryptase levels <125 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zanotti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Scaffidi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Björn van Anrooij
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Nc Oude Elberink
- Department of Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Institut Imagine INSERM Unité 1163 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8654, Centre de Reference des Mastocytoses, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Institut Imagine INSERM Unité 1163 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8654, Centre de Reference des Mastocytoses, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Hospital for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelius Miething
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cecelia Perkins
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William Shomali
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Elena
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- Hämatologie und Onkologie, III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberta Parente
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Caroppo
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oleksii Solomianyi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Hematology and Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mattias Mattsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akif Selim Yavuz
- Division of Hematology, Istanbul Medical School, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judit Varkonyi
- Department of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Doubek
- University Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, and Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vito Sabato
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group and MASTeL, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vladan Vucinic
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Schug
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Hägglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Friederike Wortmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Irena Angelova-Fischer
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology (AK), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Hämatologie und Onkologie, III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Malcovati
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hanneke C Kluin-Nelemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hermans MAW, Heeringa JJ, Swagemakers SGA, Schrijver B, van Daele PLA, van der Spek PJ, van Hagen PM, van Zelm MC, Dik WA. Altered leukocyte subsets and immune proteome indicate pro-inflammatory mechanisms in mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:146-156.e10. [PMID: 35026208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) is characterized by pathological accumulation of mast cells. The mechanism behind its phenotypic heterogeneity is not well understood. Interaction of mast cells with other immune cells might cause systemic inflammation and thereby associated symptoms. OBJECTIVE To investigate peripheral leukocyte compartments and serum immune proteome in ISM. METHODS Peripheral blood leukocyte phenotyping using flowcytometry in a cohort of 18 adults with ISM and 12 healthy controls. Targeted proteomics was performed to measure 169 proteins associated with inflammation on serum of another 20 ISM patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS Proportions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and monocytes were significantly decreased while T-helper 2 cells were increased in peripheral blood of ISM patients. Furthermore, a shift from naïve to memory T-cells was observed. Hierarchical clustering of the serum proteome revealed two distinct subgroups within ISM patients. In subgroup A (n=8), 62 proteins were significantly overexpressed, whereas subgroup B (n=12) was comparable to healthy controls. Patients in subgroup A displayed upregulated signaling pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor 4, TNF-α and interferon-γFatigue was more often present in subgroup A compared to B (75% vs. 33% respectively, p 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Altered distribution of leukocyte subsets and a pro-inflammatory proteome were observed in subsequent two cohorts of ISM patients. We hypothesize that neoplastic mast cells recruit and activate pDC, monocytes and T-cells leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Characterization of inflammatory mechanisms in ISM might uncover additional targets for treatment, in particular for constitutional symptoms such as fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A W Hermans
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J J Heeringa
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S G A Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Schrijver
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P L A van Daele
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - W A Dik
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zanotti R, Tanasi I, Crosera L, Bonifacio M, Schena D, Orsolini G, Mastropaolo F, Tebaldi M, Olivieri E, Bonadonna P. Systemic Mastocytosis: Multidisciplinary Approach. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021068. [PMID: 34804442 PMCID: PMC8577553 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect almost exclusively adults and are defined by the proliferation and accumulation of clonal mast cells (MC) in various tissues. Disease subtypes range from indolent to rare aggressive forms. Although SM is classified as a rare disease, it is believed to be likely underdiagnosed. Major signs and symptoms mainly depend on MC activation and less frequent organ infiltration, typical of more aggressive variants. Diagnosis may be challenging, and symptoms can be aspecific and involve several organs. Therefore, it is advisable to refer patients to specialized centers, having sufficient knowledge of the disease, sensitive diagnostic procedures, offering a personalized and multidisciplinary diagnostic approach, including at least hematological, allergological, dermatological, and rheumatological evaluations. A precise and timely diagnosis is required for: a) adequate counseling of patients and their physicians; b) beginning of symptomatic treatment (anti-mediator therapy); c) prevention of severe manifestations of the disease (i.e., recurrent anaphylaxis, osteoporosis, and bone fractures); d) cytoreductive treatment of advanced SM variants. This review summarizes the disease's main manifestations and describes the ideal diagnostic approach for adult patients with suspected SM, giving physicians the main notions for correct patient diagnosis and management. This review also highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this very complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zanotti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tanasi
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lara Crosera
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonifacio
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donatella Schena
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Orsolini
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mastropaolo
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Morena Tebaldi
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Olivieri
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Allergy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bonadonna
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Mastocytosis (GISM), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
- Allergy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloid neoplasm driven in ≈95% of cases by activating KIT mutations, usually D816V. SM can be indolent (ISM), smoldering (SSM) and advanced (AdvSM), the latter characterized by organ damage resulting from infiltrating neoplastic mast cells. The vast majority of cases are indolent, with near-normal life expectancy, although symptoms can be severe. AdvSM, comprising aggressive SM, SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm and mast cell leukemia, however, carries a poor prognosis. Avapritinib is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of mutant KIT. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of SM, including the current therapeutic landscape, and discuss avapritinib in detail: its chemistry and discovery, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data, current approval status and safety and efficacy profiles in both advanced and non-advanced SM. EXPERT OPINION With a response rate of 75% amongst evaluable patients with AdvSM and marked reductions observed in measures of mast cell and disease burden, avapritinib stands out as a highly effective targeted therapy for this mutant KIT-driven disease. Cognitive impairment may occur, and intracranial hemorrhage has been reported, particularly in association with severe thrombocytopenia. Early results in patients with ISM/SSM are encouraging. Avapritinib is now approved in the US for AdvSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithviraj Bose
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Systemic Mastocytosis: Molecular Landscape and Implications for Treatment. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021046. [PMID: 34276915 PMCID: PMC8265368 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, we have witnessed significant advances in the molecular characterization of systemic mastocytosis (SM). This has provided important information for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease but has also practically impacted the way we diagnose and manage it. Advances in molecular testing have run in parallel with advances in therapeutic targeting of constitutive active KIT, the major driver of the disease. Therefore, assessing the molecular landscape in each SM patient is essential for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring. This is facilitated by the routine availability of novel technologies like digital PCR and NGS. This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis of the disease, discuss the value of molecular diagnostic testing and how it should be performed, and provide an overview of present and future therapeutic concepts based on fine molecular characterization of SM patients.
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Pulfer S, Ziehfreund S, Gebhard J, Hindelang B, Biedermann T, Brockow K, Zink A. Health-Related Quality of Life and Influencing Factors in Adults with Nonadvanced Mastocytosis-A Cross-Sectional Study and Qualitative Approach. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3166-3175.e2. [PMID: 33965596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytosis comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an accumulation of mast cells in 1 or more organs. Symptoms range from mild complaints to severe and life-threatening events. Impact on quality of life seems to vary widely, but influencing factors are poorly understood so far. OBJECTIVE To examine impairments, psychological burden, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and possible influencing factors in patients with mastocytosis. METHODS In semistructured telephone interviews, patients provided information on impairments in everyday life and psychological burden caused by mastocytosis. HRQOL was measured using the Mastocytosis Quality of Life (MC-QoL) questionnaire. Clinical data were collected from patient files. RESULTS A total of 101 adult patients with mastocytosis (74.3% women; mean age, 47.7 ± 13.5 years) were included. Half of the interviewed patients (50.6%) reported disease-related impairments in everyday life, and 42.4% stated a psychological burden. MC-QoL questionnaire scores showed a broad distribution, with a mean total score at a "mild" impairment level (mean total score, 34.7 ± 22.5). One-third of patients felt moderately (22.8%) or severely (13.9%) impaired, whereas one-third reported no impairment at all (30.7%). Symptoms of mast cell activation and perceived food intolerance had the highest impact on HRQOL. Higher age, higher body mass index, higher tryptase level, and longer duration of symptoms, as well as current drug therapy and pathological bone density, were each associated with reduced HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS A high level of suffering and strong associations between impairments and symptom-related factors indicate the importance of addressing patients' concerns and adequate symptom management in mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pulfer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ziehfreund
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Gebhard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hindelang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
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Pardanani A. Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2021 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:508-525. [PMID: 33524167 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in extra-cutaneous organs. DIAGNOSIS The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of spindled MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC CD25 expression, and presence of KITD816V mutation. RISK STRATIFICATION Establishing SM subtype as per the World Health Organization classification system is an important first step. Broadly, patients either have indolent/smoldering SM (ISM/SSM) or advanced SM, the latter includes aggressive SM (ASM), SM with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN), and mast cell leukemia (MCL). Identification of poor-risk mutations (ie, ASXL1, RUNX1, SRSF2, NRAS) further refines the risk stratification. Recently, clinical and hybrid clinical-molecular risk models have been developed to more accurately assign prognosis in SM patients. MANAGEMENT Treatment goals for ISM patients are primarily directed towards anaphylaxis prevention/symptom control/osteoporosis treatment. Patients with advanced SM frequently need MC cytoreductive therapy to ameliorate disease-related organ dysfunction. High response rates have been seen with small-molecule inhibitors that target mutant-KIT, including midostaurin (Food and Drug Administration approved) or avapritinib (investigational). Other options for MC cytoreduction include cladribine or interferon-α, although head-to-head comparisons are lacking. Treatment of SM-AHN primarily targets the AHN component, particularly if an aggressive disease such as acute myeloid leukemia is present. Allogeneic stem cell transplant can be considered in such patients, or in those with relapsed/refractory advanced SM. Imatinib has a limited therapeutic role in SM; effective cytoreduction is limited to those with imatinib-sensitive KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Pardanani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
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34
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Gotlib J, George TI, Carter MC, Austen KF, Bochner B, Dwyer DF, Lyons JJ, Hamilton MJ, Butterfield J, Bonadonna P, Weiler C, Galli SJ, Schwartz LB, Elberink HO, Maitland A, Theoharides T, Ustun C, Horny HP, Orfao A, Deininger M, Radia D, Jawhar M, Kluin-Nelemans H, Metcalfe DD, Arock M, Sperr WR, Valent P, Castells M, Akin C. Proceedings from the Inaugural American Initiative in Mast Cell Diseases (AIM) Investigator Conference. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:2043-2052. [PMID: 33745886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The American Initiative in Mast Cell Diseases (AIM) held its inaugural investigator conference at Stanford University School of Medicine in May 2019. The overarching goal of this meeting was to establish a Pan-American organization of physicians and scientists with multidisciplinary expertise in mast cell disease. To serve this unmet need, AIM envisions a network where basic, translational, and clinical researchers could establish collaborations with both academia and biopharma to support the development of new diagnostic methods, enhanced understanding of the biology of mast cells in human health and disease, and the testing of novel therapies. In these AIM proceedings, we highlight selected topics relevant to mast cell biology and provide updates regarding the recently described hereditary alpha-tryptasemia. In addition, we discuss the evaluation and treatment of mast cell activation (syndromes), allergy and anaphylaxis in mast cell disorders, and the clinical and biologic heterogeneity of the more indolent forms of mastocytosis. Because mast cell disorders are relatively rare, AIM hopes to achieve a coordination of scientific efforts not only in the Americas but also in Europe by collaborating with the well-established European Competence Network on Mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Tracy I George
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Melody C Carter
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - K Frank Austen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Bruce Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Matthew J Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va
| | - Hanneke Oude Elberink
- Internal Medicine, Section Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Maitland
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Celalettin Ustun
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio Central de Citometria, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (IBMCC, CSIC/USAL), IBSAL, CIBERONC and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Germany
| | - Michael Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Deepti Radia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamad Jawhar
- University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hanneke Kluin-Nelemans
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Haematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Castells
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Clinical Impact of Skin Lesions in Mastocytosis: A Multicenter Study of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1719-1727. [PMID: 33581142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare neoplasm characterized by the expansion and accumulation of mast cells in various organ systems. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) may or may not present with cutaneous lesions. To examine the frequency and clinical impact of cutaneous involvement, data on 1,510 patients with mastocytosis collected in the registry of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis were analyzed. Cutaneous involvement was found in 1,195 of 1,510 patients (79.1%). Of these, 286 had cutaneous mastocytosis, and 721 had SM with skin involvement. Adult patients with skin involvement who did not have a bone marrow examination (n = 188) were defined as having mastocytosis in the skin. In 315 patients, SM without skin involvement was found. The percentage of cases with cutaneous involvement was higher in indolent SM (100%) and smoldering SM (87.9%) compared to aggressive SM (46.8%) or mast cell leukemia (38.5%). After a median follow-up of 5.6 years, no patient with cutaneous mastocytosis had died, but 2.6% of the patients with mastocytosis in the skin, 5.7% of the patients with SM with skin involvement, and 28.95% of the patients with SM without skin involvement had died. Overall survival was longer in patients with skin involvement (cutaneous mastocytosis and/or mastocytosis in the skin and/or SM with skin involvement) than in patients with SM without skin involvement (P < 0.0001). These data argue for a thorough examination of both the skin and bone marrow in adult patients with mastocytosis.
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Fuchs D, Kilbertus A, Kofler K, von Bubnoff N, Shoumariyeh K, Zanotti R, Bonadonna P, Scaffidi L, Doubek M, Elberink HO, Span LFR, Hermine O, Elena C, Benvenuti P, Yavuz AS, Brockow K, Zink A, Aberer E, Gorska A, Romantowski J, Hadzijusufovic E, Fortina AB, Caroppo F, Perkins C, Illerhaus A, Panse J, Vucinic V, Jawhar M, Sabato V, Triggiani M, Parente R, Bergström A, Breynaert C, Gotlib J, Reiter A, Hartmann K, Niedoszytko M, Arock M, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Sperr WR, Greul R, Valent P. Scoring the Risk of Having Systemic Mastocytosis in Adult Patients with Mastocytosis in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:1705-1712.e4. [PMID: 33346151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytosis in adults often presents with skin lesions. A bone marrow biopsy is necessary to confirm or exclude the presence of systemic mastocytosis (SM) in these cases. When a bone marrow biopsy is not performed, the provisional diagnosis is mastocytosis in the skin (MIS). No generally accepted scoring system has been established to estimate the risk of SM in these patients. OBJECTIVE To develop a risk score to predict SM in adults with MIS. METHODS We examined 1145 patients with MIS from the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis Registry who underwent a bone marrow biopsy. A total of 944 patients had SM and 201 patients had cutaneous mastocytosis; 63.7% were female, and 36.3% were male. Median age was 44 ± 13.3 years. The median serum tryptase level amounted to 29.3 ± 81.9 ng/mL. We established a multivariate regression model using the whole population of patients as a training and validation set (bootstrapping). A risk score was developed and validated with receiver-operating curves. RESULTS In the multivariate model, the tryptase level (P < .001), constitutional/cardiovascular symptoms (P = .014), and bone symptoms/osteoporosis (P < .001) were independent predictors of SM (P < .001; sensitivity, 90.7%; specificity, 69.1%). A 6-point risk score was established (risk, 10.7%-98.0%) and validated. CONCLUSIONS Using a large data set of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis Registry, we created a risk score to predict the presence of SM in patients with MIS. Although the score will need further validation in independent cohorts, our score seems to discriminate safely between patients with SM and with pure cutaneous mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuchs
- Department for Hematology and Internal Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Alex Kilbertus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Karin Kofler
- Department for Hematology and Internal Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Nikolas von Bubnoff
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Zanotti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Scaffidi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Hanneke Oude Elberink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lambert F R Span
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Centre national de référence des mastocytoses, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Elena
- Department of Hematology Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Benvenuti
- Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Hematology, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Akif Selim Yavuz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Aberer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Romantowski
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Caroppo
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cecelia Perkins
- Stanford Cancer Institute/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Mohamad Jawhar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vito Sabato
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Parente
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Bergström
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, and Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of General Internal Medicine - Allergy and Clinical Immunology (MASTEL), University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Institute/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Hematological Biology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Hanneke C Kluin-Nelemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosemarie Greul
- Department for Hematology and Internal Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Catching the clinical and biological diversity for an appropriate therapeutic approach in systemic mastocytosis. Ann Hematol 2020; 100:337-344. [PMID: 33156374 PMCID: PMC7646220 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare disease calling for integrated approaches involving onco-hematologic competences for appropriate clinical management and treatment. The wide variability of manifestations and disease course claims for an accurate risk stratification, currently relying on the appraisal of the benefit/risk ratio of treatment modalities within indolent and advanced variants according to WHO classification. More objective parameters are progressively incorporated and integrated into comprehensive models, on which to support the adoption of therapeutic strategies, since the mere clinical distinction between mediator-related signs/symptoms and “true” organ damage can sometimes be complicated. The development of novel targeted drugs is progressively extending the therapeutic alternatives available, which ranges from conventional agents such as interferon and cladribine, to the more modern approach based on KIT inhibition. Ultimately, the choice of the most appropriate therapy should be rationalized on the basis of the clinical picture and molecular data. The focus of the present review is on the areas still open in the current evaluation of SM patients, particularly when considering the need of a treatment.
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Di Raimondo C, Del Duca E, Silvaggio D, Di Prete M, Lombardo P, Mazzeo M, Spallone G, Campione E, Botti E, Bianchi L. Cutaneous mastocytosis: A dermatological perspective. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:e1-e7. [PMID: 33040350 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterised by expansion and collection of clonal mast cells in various organs including the skin, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of mastocytosis has been estimated to be one in 10 000, while the estimated incidence is one per 100 000 people per year. Cutaneous mastocytosis is classified into (i) maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, also known as urticaria pigmentosa; (ii) diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; and (iii) mastocytoma of the skin. In adults, cutaneous lesions are usually associated with indolent systemic mastocytosis and have a chronic evolution. Paediatric patients, on the contrary, have often cutaneous manifestations without systemic involvement and usually experience a spontaneous regression. Diagnosis of cutaneous mastocytosis may be challenging due to the rarity of the disease and the overlap of cutaneous manifestations. This short review describes pathogenesis and clinical aspects of cutaneous mastocytosis with a focus on diagnosis and currently available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monia Di Prete
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lombardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Spallone
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Botti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Weiler CR, Akin C. Accurate Diagnosis and Prognosis in Systemic Mastocytosis: The Role of Mutational Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:3128-3129. [PMID: 33039016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Weiler
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Recent Advances in the Molecular Biology of Systemic Mastocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113987. [PMID: 32498255 PMCID: PMC7312790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, molecular characterization and management of patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM) have greatly benefited from the application of advanced technologies. Highly sensitive and accurate assays for KIT D816V mutation detection and quantification have allowed the switch to non-invasive peripheral blood testing for patient screening; allele burden has prognostic implications and may be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy. Progress in genetic profiling of KIT, together with the use of next-generation sequencing panels for the characterization of associated gene mutations, have allowed the stratification of patients into three subgroups differing in terms of pathogenesis and prognosis: i) patients with mast cell-restricted KIT D816V; ii) patients with multilineage KIT D816V-involvement; iii) patients with "multi-mutated disease". Thanks to these findings, new prognostic scoring systems combining clinical and molecular data have been developed. Finally, non-genetic SETD2 histone methyltransferase loss of function has recently been identified in advanced SM. Assessment of SETD2 protein levels and activity might provide prognostic information and has opened new research avenues exploring alternative targeted therapeutic strategies. This review discusses how progress in recent years has rapidly complemented previous knowledge improving the molecular characterization of SM, and how this has the potential to impact on patient diagnosis and management.
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