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Karami Hezarcheshmeh F, Yaghmaei P, Hayati Roodbari N, Yari K. Methylation Status of cAMP-responsive Element Modulator (CREM) Gene in Infertile Men and Its Association with Sperm Parameters. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:2001-2008. [PMID: 38499948 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The methylation pattern of non-imprinting genes was little studied, although it is widely known that the abnormal methylation levels of imprinting genes are associated with different forms of male infertility. The purpose of this research was to assess the CREM gene's methylation status and seminal characteristics in infertile individuals who were potential intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) candidates. A total of 45 semen samples (15 normospermia, 15 asthenospermia, and 15 oligoasthenoteratospermia) were examined. Using aniline blue (AB) staining, we carried out conventional semen analysis, chromatin quality, and sperm maturity testing. DNA was taken from semen samples, and all isolated DNA was assessed using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. A quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (Q-MSP) approach was used to quantify the methylation at the DMRs of the CREM gene. According to our findings, sperm count (P=0.012), concentration (P= 0.019), motility (P=0.006), progression (P=0.006), and normal morphology (P=0.004) were all inversely correlated with abnormal sperm chromatin condensation. Additionally, we noted that the methylation level of the CREM gene was considerably more significant in the oligoasthenoteratospermia group compared to the asthenospermia and normospermia groups (P<0.05). Additionally, sperm count (P=0.043), progression (P=0.026), and normal morphology (P=0.024) were all inversely linked with CREM methylation. Overall, the abnormal CREM methylation patterns have a negative impact on sperm parameters. Additionally, the CREM gene's DNA methylation status may serve as an epigenetic indicator of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Hayati Roodbari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kheirollah Yari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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2
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Amor H, Juhasz-Böss I, Bibi R, Hammadeh ME, Jankowski PM. H2BFWT Variations in Sperm DNA and Its Correlation to Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6048. [PMID: 38892236 PMCID: PMC11172515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in sperm nuclei and chromatin can interfere with normal fertilization, embryonic development, implantation, and pregnancy. We aimed to study the impact of H2BFWT gene variants in sperm DNA on ICSI outcomes in couples undergoing ART treatment. One hundred and nineteen partners were divided into pregnant (G1) and non-pregnant (G2) groups. After semen analysis, complete DNA was extracted from purified sperm samples. The sequence of the H2BFWT gene was amplified by PCR and then subjected to Sanger sequencing. The results showed that there are three mutations in this gene: rs7885967, rs553509, and rs578953. Significant differences were shown in the distribution of alternative and reference alleles between G1 and G2 (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0020, respectively) for rs553509 and rs578953. However, there was no association between these SNPs and the studied parameters. This study is the first to shed light on the connection between H2BFWT gene variants in sperm DNA and pregnancy after ICSI therapy. This is a pilot study, so further investigations about these gene variants at the transcriptional and translational levels will help to determine its functional consequences and to clarify the mechanism of how pregnancy can be affected by sperm DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Amor
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Saarland University Clinic, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.E.H.)
- Departement of Obstertics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Freiburg University Clinic, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Juhasz-Böss
- Departement of Obstertics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Freiburg University Clinic, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Riffat Bibi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mohamad Eid Hammadeh
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Saarland University Clinic, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.E.H.)
- Departement of Obstertics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Freiburg University Clinic, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Michael Jankowski
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Laboratory, Saarland University Clinic, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (M.E.H.)
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Meseguer F, Giménez Rodríguez C, Rivera Egea R, Carrión Sisternas L, Remohí JA, Meseguer M. Can Microfluidics Improve Sperm Quality? A Prospective Functional Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1131. [PMID: 38791093 PMCID: PMC11118748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The same sperm selection techniques in assisted reproduction clinics have remained largely unchanged despite their weaknesses. Recently, microfluidic devices have emerged as a novel methodology that facilitates the sperm selection process with promising results. A prospective case-control study was conducted in two phases: 100 samples were used to compare the microfluidic device with Density Gradient, and another 100 samples were used to compare the device with the Swim-up. In the initial phase, a significant enhancement in progressive motility, total progressive motile sperm count, vitality, morphology, and sperm DNA fragmentation were obtained for the microfluidic group compared to Density Gradient. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were observed in sperm concentration and chromatin structure stability. In the subsequent phase, the microfluidic group exhibited significant increases in sperm concentration, total progressive motile sperm count, and vitality compared to Swim-up. However, non-significant differences were seen for progressive motility, morphology, DNA structure stability, and DNA fragmentation. Similar trends were observed when results were stratified into quartiles. In conclusion, in a comparison of microfluidics with standard techniques, an improvement in sperm quality parameters was observed for the microfluidic group. However, this improvement was not significant for all parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Meseguer
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA Valencia, Plaza de la Policía Local 3, 46015 Valencia, Spain; (R.R.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Carla Giménez Rodríguez
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.R.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Rocío Rivera Egea
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA Valencia, Plaza de la Policía Local 3, 46015 Valencia, Spain; (R.R.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Laura Carrión Sisternas
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.R.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Jose A. Remohí
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA Valencia, Plaza de la Policía Local 3, 46015 Valencia, Spain; (R.R.E.); (M.M.)
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.R.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Marcos Meseguer
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA Valencia, Plaza de la Policía Local 3, 46015 Valencia, Spain; (R.R.E.); (M.M.)
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.R.); (L.C.S.)
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Jumeau F, Rives N, Lechevallier P, Boniou C, Letailleur M, Réal-Lhommet A, Feraille A. Sperm Chromatin Condensation Defect Accelerates the Kinetics of Early Embryonic Development but Does Not Modify ICSI Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010393. [PMID: 36613835 PMCID: PMC9820555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and quality of gametes are likely to influence the kinetics of embryonic development. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of sperm nuclear quality, and in particular sperm chromatin condensation, on the kinetics of early embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Our study included 157 couples who benefitted from ICSI for male factor infertility. Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were assessed in spermatozoa prior to ICSI. Above the 20% threshold of sperm condensation defect, patients were included in the abnormal sperm chromatin condensation (ASCC) group; below the 20% threshold, patients were included in the normal sperm chromatin condensation (NSCC) group. After ICSI, the oocytes were placed in the time-lapse incubator. The kinetics of the cohort's embryonic development have been modeled. The fading times of pronuclei and the time to two blastomeres (t2, first cleavage) and four blastomeres (t4, third cleavage) differed significantly between the NSCC and ASCC groups, with earlier events occurring in the ASCC group. On the other hand, the state of sperm chromatin condensation did not seem to have an impact on live birth rates or the occurrence of miscarriages. The kinetics of early embryonic development was accelerated in males with a sperm chromatin condensation defect without compromising the chances of pregnancy or promoting miscarriage. However, our study highlights the paternal contribution to early embryonic events and potentially to the future health of the conceptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Jumeau
- Team Adrenal and Gonadal Pathophysiology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory—CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, University Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239 NorDIC, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Rives
- Team Adrenal and Gonadal Pathophysiology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory—CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, University Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239 NorDIC, F-76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-02-32-88-82-25
| | - Pauline Lechevallier
- Team Adrenal and Gonadal Pathophysiology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory—CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, University Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239 NorDIC, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Coline Boniou
- Team Adrenal and Gonadal Pathophysiology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory—CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, University Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239 NorDIC, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Maria Letailleur
- Assisted Reproductive Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rouen Normandy University Hospital, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Audrey Réal-Lhommet
- Assisted Reproductive Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rouen Normandy University Hospital, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Feraille
- Team Adrenal and Gonadal Pathophysiology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory—CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, University Rouen Normandie, Inserm, U1239 NorDIC, F-76000 Rouen, France
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5
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Comparison of sperm preparation methods to improve the recovery of mature spermatozoa in sub-fertile males. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:664-673. [PMID: 35799417 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199422000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of chromatin in the spermatozoon is essential for reproductive outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most effective and cost-effective method to reduce the percentage of spermatozoa with defects in chromatin decondensation for use in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures. Sperm samples from 15 sub-fertile males were examined at CFA Naples to determine the sperm decondensation index (SDI), using the aniline blue test, before and after preparation, comparing density gradients with two different swim-up approaches. All three techniques led to a reduction in decondensed spermatozoa with no statistical difference (P > 0.05) between the control and the treated sperm. In contrast, we found a highly significant decrease in SDI (P < 0.01) after the two swim-up methods in all the samples, confirming the efficacy of these methods in lowering the percentage of chromatin compaction damage. There was no statistical difference between the two swim-up methods, however swim-up from the pellet led to improved count, motility and the percentage of normal condensed spermatozoa. We suggest that swim-up from the pellet be used in ART on sub-fertile males, both to reduce cell stress by multiple centrifugation and improve the recovery rate of mature spermatozoa.
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Tremellen K, Woodman R, Hill A, Shehadeh H, Lane M, Zander-Fox D. Use of a male antioxidant nutraceutical is associated with superior live birth rates during IVF treatment. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:16-23. [PMID: 32769234 PMCID: PMC7831842 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_41_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is prevalent among infertile men and is a significant cause of sperm DNA damage. Since sperm DNA damage may reduce embryo quality and increase miscarriage rates, it is possible that untreated sperm oxidative stress may impair in vitro fertilization (IVF) live birth rates. Given that the antioxidant Menevit is reported to reduce sperm DNA damage, it was hypothesized that men's consumption of this supplement may alter IVF outcomes. Therefore, a retrospective cohort study was conducted analyzing outcomes for couples undergoing their first fresh embryo transfer. Men were classified as controls if they were taking no supplements, health conscious controls if taking “general health” supplements, or Menevit users. Men with karyotype abnormalities, or cycles using donated, frozen and surgically extracted sperm were excluded. Among the final study cohort of 657 men, live birth rates were significantly higher in Menevit users than controls (multivariate adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.45, P = 0.046), but not between controls taking no supplements and those using general health supplements, thereby suggesting that potential health conscious behavior in supplement users is unlikely responsible for the superior outcomes in Menevit users. Interestingly, in a post hoc sensitivity analysis, live birth rates among Menevit users were statistically superior to controls for lean men (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.18–6.28; P = 0.019), not their overweight/obese counterparts (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.75–2.22, P = 0.37). The results of this large cohort study therefore support a positive association between men's use of the Menevit antioxidant during IVF treatment and live birth rates, especially in lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road Dulwich, South Australia 5065, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Amy Hill
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road Dulwich, South Australia 5065, Australia
| | - Helana Shehadeh
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road Dulwich, South Australia 5065, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michelle Lane
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road Dulwich, South Australia 5065, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Deirdre Zander-Fox
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road Dulwich, South Australia 5065, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Verhaeghe F, Di Pizio P, Bichara C, Berby B, Rives A, Jumeau F, Sétif V, Sibert L, Rondanino C, Rives N. Cannabis consumption might exert deleterious effects on sperm nuclear quality in infertile men. Reprod Biomed Online 2019; 40:270-280. [PMID: 32001159 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can cannabis consumption alter sperm nuclear integrity in infertile men? DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between July 2003 and December 2013, which included 54 men who consulted for male-factor infertility. Twenty-seven infertile men who were regular cannabis users were matched to 27 infertile men who were cannabis non-users. To complement the conventional semen parameter and plasma hormone level assessments, sperm nuclear alterations were explored using fluorescence in-situ hybridization to assess numerical chromosomal abnormalities, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling to investigate DNA fragmentation, aniline blue staining to examine chromatin condensation and a motile sperm organelle morphology examination to detect vacuoles in sperm heads. RESULTS The rates of sperm aneuploidy (P = 0.0044), diploidy (P = 0.037), total chromosome abnormalities (P = 0.0027) and DNA fragmentation (P = 0.027) were significantly higher in cannabis users than in non-cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis consumption might have deleterious effects on sperm nuclear quality in infertile men by increasing numerical chromosome abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. Cannabis consumption induces these detrimental effects on the progression of spermatogenesis from meiotic stages to spermiogenesis and potentially on post-testicular sperm maturation in infertile men. Any potential findings, however, need to be validated with larger sample size, and our data are only exploratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Verhaeghe
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Pierre Di Pizio
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Cynthia Bichara
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Benoit Berby
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Aurélie Rives
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Fanny Jumeau
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Véronique Sétif
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Louis Sibert
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Department of Urology, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Christine Rondanino
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France
| | - Nathalie Rives
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 'Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality', Rouen Normandy University Hospital, Reproductive Biology Laboratory-CECOS, Assisted Reproductive Center, Rouen F 76000, France.
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Galotto C, Cambiasso MY, Julianelli VL, Valzacchi GJR, Rolando RN, Rodriguez ML, Calvo L, Calvo JC, Romanato M. Human sperm decondensation in vitro is related to cleavage rate and embryo quality in IVF. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:2345-2355. [PMID: 31696385 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the ability of human spermatozoa to decondense in vitro in the presence of heparin (Hep) and glutathione (GSH) is related to assisted reproduction (ART) success. METHODS Cross-sectional pilot study involving male partners of 129 infertile couples undergoing ICSI with (45) or without (84) donor oocytes at two infertility clinics in CABA, Argentina, between October 2012 and December 2013. In vitro decondensation kinetics with Hep and GSH and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) were determined on the same sample used for ICSI. The possible relationship of decondensation parameters (maximum decondensation and decondensation velocity) and TUNEL values with ART success was evaluated. RESULTS Embryo quality correlated positively with decondensation velocity (D60/D30) (Spearman's correlation, p < 0.05). According to D60/D30 values, patients were classified as slow decondensers (SlowD) (n = 68) or fast decondensers (FastD) (n = 61). Embryo quality was better in FastD (unpaired t test, p < 0.05). FastD and SlowD were subdivided according to use of donor oocytes. Among SlowD, biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates per transfer were significantly higher in donor (n = 19) vs. in non-donor (n = 31) cycles (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05). TUNEL values were not related to embryo quality, but no clinical pregnancies or live births were achieved in TUNEL+ SlowD (n = 7). CONCLUSION Decondensation kinetics of human spermatozoa in vitro with Hep and GSH could be related to embryo quality and ART success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galotto
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Y Cambiasso
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V L Julianelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Procrearte, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G J Rey Valzacchi
- Procrearte, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Servicio de Urología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R N Rolando
- Laboratorio de Andrología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Rodriguez
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Calvo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J C Calvo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Romanato
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Bichara C, Berby B, Rives A, Jumeau F, Letailleur M, Setif V, Sibert L, Rondanino C, Rives N. Sperm chromatin condensation defects, but neither DNA fragmentation nor aneuploidy, are an independent predictor of clinical pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:1387-1399. [PMID: 31289980 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of sperm DNA damage on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes remains controversial. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of several types of sperm nuclear damage on ICSI clinical pregnancy. METHODS Our retrospective study included a total of 132 couples who consulted for male or mixed-factor infertility that benefited from ICSI cycles from January 2006 to December 2015. All infertile males presented at least one conventional semen parameter alteration. Sperm nuclear damage was assessed using the Motile Sperm Organelle Morphological Examination for sperm head relative vacuolar area (RVA), aniline blue staining for chromatin condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling for DNA fragmentation, and fluorescence in situ hybridization for aneuploidy. RESULTS Infertile males who achieved pregnancy after ICSI had fewer chromatin condensation defects than did males who did not achieve any pregnancy (15.8 ± 12.0% vs. 11.4 ± 7.9%, respectively, P = 0.0242), which remained significant in multivariate regression analysis (RR = 0.40 [0.18 to 0.86], P = 0.02). RVA, DNA fragmentation, and aneuploidy were not predictive factors of ICSI outcomes. The pregnancy rate was significantly decreased by number of progressive motile spermatozoa with normal morphology after migration (P = 0.04). In female partners, 17β estradiol of less than 2000 pg/mL on the day of ovulation induction significantly reduced the occurrence of clinical pregnancy (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Sperm chromatin condensation defects were more frequently observed in couples with ICSI failure and should be considered a negative predictive factor for the occurrence of clinical pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bichara
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - B Berby
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - A Rives
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - F Jumeau
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - M Letailleur
- ART Center, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - V Setif
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - L Sibert
- Department of Urology-Andrology, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - C Rondanino
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Rives
- Biology of Reproduction, CECOS Laboratory, Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France.
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10
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Ranganathan P, Rao KA, Thalaivarasai Balasundaram S. Deterioration of semen quality and sperm-DNA integrity as influenced by cigarette smoking in fertile and infertile human male smokers-A prospective study. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11784-11793. [PMID: 30779221 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In modernized lifestyle smoking is one of the trendy, psychological, and socioeconomic scenarios of young adolescents mainly in the age of the reproductive stage. Based on a number of cigarettes smoked, age, and duration of the smoke, the study aims to search for the profound effects of smoking and its impact on semen parameters, sperm-DNA integrity, and fragmentation of sperm DNA with cotinine and apoptotic caspase-3 marker in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile smokers. To determine oxidative damage by 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) from isolated sperm DNA (steps: reactive oxygen species washing by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), sperm lysis, salt digestion, ethanol washing, and finally with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis). Level of DNA fragmentation (percentage) in native and intact DNA, the activity of caspase-3 in infertile smokers will be compared with the control group of nonsmokers. Also, the sperm viability was visualized by eosin-nigrosin and aniline blue staining. Cotinine is one of the best markers of smoking. The cotinine level (2224.24 ± 1.19 *** ng/mL), when abundant it negative correlates with morphology and rapid motility in infertile smokers than nonsmokers. Gel preprogram measured the sperm integrity and was found to be less in smokers than nonsmokers. The spermatic oxidative marker 8-OHdG was high and gave an R 2 value of 0.9104 with morphology and 0.9007 for rapid motility of infertile sperm, respectively. Infertile smoking subjects (<10 cigarettes/day) had significant changes increase in sperm fragmentation, caspase-3, and cotinine while negative impact with motility, morphology, and pH of semen compared with fertile, infertile nonsmoking subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswari Ranganathan
- Gene Cloning and Technology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kamini Aravind Rao
- International Institute of Reproductive in Research Health-Bangalore Assisted Conception Center, Milann Fertility Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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11
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Muratori M, De Geyter C. Chromatin condensation, fragmentation of DNA and differences in the epigenetic signature of infertile men. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 33:117-126. [PMID: 30420311 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report an increase of pathologies of male reproductive tracts and suggest a link between this trend and the increased exposure of men to endocrine disruptors (EDs). The mechanisms by which EDs impact male fertility are far to be elucidated although DNA, chromatin and epigenome of spermatozoa appear to be relevant targets for these molecules. Indeed, many studies report associations between increased levels of sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) or aberrant chromatin condensation or epigenetic modifications and poor semen quality and/or infertile phenotype. In this scenario, therapies able to reduce sperm damage to DNA, chromatin and epigenome are sought. Currently, antioxidants and FSH administration is proposed for treating high levels of sDF, but whether or not such therapies are really effective is still debated. Further studies are necessary to understand the link between endocrine disruptor exposure and damage to sperm function and/or structure and thus to define effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Muratori
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, I-50139, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Christian De Geyter
- Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology (RME), University Hospital, University of Basel, Vogesenstrasse 134, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Heidari M, Darbani S, Darbandi M, Lakpour N, Fathi Z, Zarnani AH, Zeraati H, Akhondi MM, Sadeghi MR. Assessing the potential of HSPA2 and ADAM2 as two biomarkers for human sperm selection. HUM FERTIL 2018; 23:123-133. [PMID: 30463455 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2018.1534277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Selection of the best sperm, with the least defects, is a critical factor in the success of ART especially in male factor infertility. This study assessed the potential Heat shock protein (HSPA2) and metallopeptidase domain2 (ADAM2) biomarkers for sperm selection. Sperm were obtained from 72 asthenoteratozoospermic and 42 normospermic ejaculates. The semen characteristic, DNA fragmentation (DFI), chromatin maturation index (CMI), ADAM2 and HSPA2 levels on sperm, and their correlation with embryo quality were assessed in both groups. Results showed the significant reduction in HSPA2 and ADAM2 in asthenoteratozoospermic compared to normazoospermic ejaculates regarding the cut-off value of 14 and 13% for these two biomarkers. The specificity of HSPA2 and ADAM2 separately, and the combination of these two biomarkers, were 95.2, 90.5 and 93.5%, respectively, for sperm from normozoospermic ejaculates. However, they were 48.6, 50.0 and 54.5% for asthenoteratozoospermic ones. A significant correlation was observed with HSPA2, ADAM2 and a combination of these two biomarkers with CMI, DFI and embryo quality. Although a combination of these two biomarkers have the potential to be a good choice for selecting sperm with the lowest level of chromatin damage, it seems that selection according to HSPA2 has priority over ADAM2 or a combination of the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Heidari
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Darbani
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Darbandi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niknam Lakpour
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Fathi
- Avicenna Infertility Clinical Fertility and Infertility (ARI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hasan Zarnani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hodjat Zeraati
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Irez T, Dayioglu N, Alagöz M, Karatas S, Güralp O. The use of aniline blue chromatin condensation test on prediction of pregnancy in mild male factor and unexplained male infertility. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13111. [PMID: 30024037 DOI: 10.1111/and.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using sperm function tests (hypoosmotic swelling test [HOS], aniline blue [AB] staining test, and sperm chromatin dispersion [SCD]) to predict intrauterine insemination [IUI] success rate. A total of 243 couples with mild male factor or unexplained male infertility who underwent IUI were evaluated prospectively. The results of basic sperm analysis and sperm function tests were compared between pregnant or nonpregnant groups. The HOS (11.9 ± 9.6% vs. 10.1 ± 8.5%, p = 0.35) and SCD tests (32.9 ± 21.0% vs. 29.9 ± 19.0%, p = 0.48) were not significantly different between pregnant (n = 22) and nonpregnant (n = 221) groups. However, the AB staining negativity rate was significantly higher in the pregnant group compared to the nonpregnant group (35.2 ± 20.8% and 24.4 ± 18.0%, p = 0.008). On ROC analysis, a cut-off value of 24% for AB negativity showed a sensitivity and a specificity value of 82.35% and 51.38% (AUC) = 0.653; 95% confidence interval: 0.571-0.72 P (Area = 0.5) = 0.0267, respectively, for prediction of pregnancy. Our study showed that the sperm chromatin maturity, assessed by AB stain, may predict the pregnancy in couples with unexplained female infertility plus mild male factor or unexplained male infertility. The HOS and SCD failed to predict the pregnancy in this group of couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Irez
- Department of Histology and Embrology, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurten Dayioglu
- Department of Statistics, Yeni Yuzyil University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Alagöz
- Medical Biology and Genetics, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Karatas
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Güralp
- University Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oldenburg University, Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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Gill K, Rosiak A, Gaczarzewicz D, Jakubik J, Kurzawa R, Kazienko A, Rymaszewska A, Laszczynska M, Grochans E, Piasecka M. The effect of human sperm chromatin maturity on ICSI outcomes. Hum Cell 2018; 31:220-231. [PMID: 29594950 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-018-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because sperm chromatin may play a key role in reproductive success, we verify the associations between sperm chromatin abnormalities, embryo development and the ability to achieve pregnancy. The evaluation of sperm chromatin maturity using aniline blue (AB), chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and toluidine blue (TB) staining were carried out in group of males from infertile couples that underwent ICSI. Low levels of sperm chromatin abnormalities (< 16%) were found in most subjects (> 50%). A higher percentage of TB-positive sperm cells were discovered in the men from couples who achieved ≤ 50% fertilized oocytes compared to men who achieved > 50%. No significant differences were discovered by the applied tests between the men from couples who achieved ≤ 50% and those who achieved > 50% high-quality embryos on the 3rd or 5th day after fertilization, nor between the men from couples who achieved pregnancy and those who failed. The sperm chromatin maturity did not correlate with the ICSI results. However, the ROC analysis revealed a significant predictive value of TB-positive spermatozoa only for fertilization. Therefore, the TB assay can be considered as a useful test for the prediction of fertilization. Our findings suggest that the level of sperm chromatin abnormalities of the examined men was not clinically significant. No found associations between sperm chromatin maturity and embryo development and the ability to achieve pregnancy. We could not exclude the effects of the repairing processes in the fertilized oocyte. The use of complementary tests that verify the status of the sperm chromatin seems justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Gill
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rosiak
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland.,VitroLive Fertility Clinic, 70-001, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Gaczarzewicz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Jakubik
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rafal Kurzawa
- Department of Gynecology and Procreative Health, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland.,VitroLive Fertility Clinic, 70-001, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kazienko
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Rymaszewska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Laszczynska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Piasecka
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland.
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15
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Marchiani S, Tamburrino L, Benini F, Fanfani L, Dolce R, Rastrelli G, Maggi M, Pellegrini S, Baldi E. Chromatin Protamination and Catsper Expression in Spermatozoa Predict Clinical Outcomes after Assisted Reproduction Programs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15122. [PMID: 29123209 PMCID: PMC5680250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of parameters predicting assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) success is a major goal of research in reproduction. Quality of gametes is essential to achieve good quality embryos and increase the success of ARTs. We evaluated two sperm parameters, chromatin maturity and expression of the sperm specific calcium channel CATSPER, in relation to ART outcomes in 206 couples undergoing ARTs. Chromatin maturity was evaluated by Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) for protamination and Aniline Blue (AB) for histone persistence and CATSPER expression by a flow cytometric method. CMA3 positivity and CATSPER expression significantly predicted the attainment of good quality embryos with an OR of 6.6 and 14.3 respectively, whereas AB staining was correlated with fertilization rate. In the subgroup of couples with women ≤35 years, CATSPER also predicted achievement of clinical pregnancy (OR = 4.4). Including CMA3, CATSPER and other parameters affecting ART outcomes (female age, female factor and number of MII oocytes), a model that resulted able to predict good embryo quality with high accuracy was developed. CMA3 staining and CATSPER expression may be considered two applicable tools to predict ART success and useful for couple counseling. This is the first study demonstrating a role of CATSPER expression in embryo development after ARTs programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marchiani
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - L Tamburrino
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Benini
- Centro Procreazione Assistita "Demetra", Florence, Italy
| | - L Fanfani
- Centro Procreazione Assistita "Demetra", Florence, Italy
| | - R Dolce
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Rastrelli
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Pellegrini
- Centro Procreazione Assistita "Demetra", Florence, Italy
| | - E Baldi
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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16
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Cissen M, Wely MV, Scholten I, Mansell S, Bruin JPD, Mol BW, Braat D, Repping S, Hamer G. Measuring Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Clinical Outcomes of Medically Assisted Reproduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165125. [PMID: 27832085 PMCID: PMC5104467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA fragmentation has been associated with reduced fertilization rates, embryo quality, pregnancy rates and increased miscarriage rates. Various methods exist to test sperm DNA fragmentation such as the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay and the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the value of measuring sperm DNA fragmentation in predicting chance of ongoing pregnancy with IVF or ICSI. Out of 658 unique studies, 30 had extractable data and were thus included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the sperm DNA fragmentation tests had a reasonable to good sensitivity. A wide variety of other factors may also affect the IVF/ICSI outcome, reflected by limited to very low specificity. The constructed hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curve indicated a fair discriminatory capacity of the TUNEL assay (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.74) and Comet assay (AUC of 0.73; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.97). The SCSA and the SCD test had poor predictive capacity. Importantly, for the TUNEL assay, SCD test and Comet assay, meta-regression showed no differences in predictive value between IVF and ICSI. For the SCSA meta-regression indicated the predictive values for IVF and ICSI were different. The present review suggests that current sperm DNA fragmentation tests have limited capacity to predict the chance of pregnancy in the context of MAR. Furthermore, sperm DNA fragmentation tests have little or no difference in predictive value between IVF and ICSI. At this moment, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of sperm DNA fragmentation tests in couples undergoing MAR both for the prediction of pregnancy and for the choice of treatment. Given the significant limitations of the evidence and the methodological weakness and design of the included studies, we do urge for further research on the predictive value of sperm DNA fragmentation for the chance of pregnancy after MAR, also in comparison with other predictors of pregnancy after MAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Cissen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon van Wely
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Scholten
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Mansell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Peter de Bruin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Willem Mol
- The Robinson Institute/School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Didi Braat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Repping
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Hamer
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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