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Amor H, Jankowski PM, Dahadhah FW, Al Zoubi MS, Hammadeh ME. Impact of tobacco smoking in association with H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 genes variants on male infertility. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14611. [PMID: 36217675 DOI: 10.1111/and.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco's genotoxic components can cause a wide range of gene defects in spermatozoa such as single- or double-strand DNA breaks, cross-links, DNA-adducts, higher frequencies of aneuploidy and chromosomal abnormalities. The aim in this study was to determine the correlation between sperm quality determined by standard parameters, sperm DNA maturity tested by Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining, sperm DNA fragmentation tested by TUNEL assay and tobacco smoking in association with the single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNP) of three nuclear protein genes in spermatozoa (H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2). In this study, semen samples of 167 male patients were collected and divided into 54 non-smokers and 113 smokers. The target sequences in the extracted sperm DNA were amplified by PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. The results showed the presence of three variants: rs7885967, rs553509 and rs578953 in H2BFWT gene in the study population. Only one variant rs737008 was detected in PRM1 gene, and three variants were detected in the PRM2 gene: rs2070923, rs1646022 and rs424908. No significant association was observed between the concentration, progressive motility, morphology and the occurrence of H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 SNPs. However, sperm parameters were significantly lower in heavy smokers compared to controls (p < 0.01) (sperm count: 46.00 vs. 78.50 mill/ml, progressive motility: 15.00% vs. 22.00%, and morphology 4.00% vs. 5.00%, respectively). Moreover, the heavy smoker individuals exhibited a considerable increase in CMA3 positivity and sDF compared to non-smokers (p < 0.01) (29.50% vs. 20.50% and 24.50% vs. 12.00%, respectively). In conclusion, smoking altered sperm parameters and sperm DNA integrity, but did not show a linkage with genetic variants in H2BFWT, and protamine genes (PRM1 and PRM2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Amor
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Fatina W Dahadhah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Houda A, Peter Michael J, Romeo M, Mohamad Eid H. Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health. Stud Fam Plann 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smoking contributes to the death of around one in 10 adults worldwide. Specifically, cigarettes are known to contain around 4000 toxins and chemicals that are hazardous in nature. The negative effects of smoking on human health and interest in smoking-related diseases have a long history. Among these concerns are the harmful effects of smoking on reproductive health. Thirteen percent of female infertility is due to smoking. Female smoking can lead to gamete mutagenesis, early loss of reproductive function, and thus advance the time to menopause. It has been also associated with ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Even when it comes to assisted reproductive technologies cycles, smokers require more cycles, almost double the number of cycles needed to conceive as non-smokers. Male smoking is shown to be correlated with poorer semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. Not only active smokers but also passive smokers, when excessively exposed to smoking, can have reproductive problems comparable to those seen in smokers. In this book chapter, we will approach the effect of tobacco, especially tobacco smoking, on male and female reproductive health. This aims to take a preventive approach to infertility by discouraging smoking and helping to eliminate exposure to tobacco smoke in both women and men.
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Bortoletto P, Prabhu M. Impact of Tobacco and Marijuana on Infertility and Early Reproductive Wastage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2022; 65:360-375. [PMID: 35125388 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reducing exposure to tobacco and marijuana during preconception and early pregnancy is a critical area of intervention for obstetricians, gynecologists, and other reproductive health care professionals. Beyond the deleterious personal health effects, both substances have been extensively associated with short-term and long-term detrimental effects to gametogenesis, fecundity, as well as tissue level effects in the reproductive tracts. When tobacco and marijuana do not impair the ability to achieve pregnancy, an increasing body of literature suggests either may be associated with increased risk of early pregnancy loss and reproductive wastage. In this review, we will discuss what is known about how tobacco and marijuana affect the male and female reproductive systems and highlight how these consequences may impair attempts at successful conception and pregnancy continuation beyond the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bortoletto
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine
| | - Malavika Prabhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Myandina GI, Hasan A, Azova MM, Tarasenko EV, Kulchenko NG. Influence of GSTP1 gene polymorhism on decreased semen quality. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ― Genetic polymorphisms analysis of metabolic and antioxidant systems pathway genes are associated with male infertility is the most perspective and developed field in andrology. Purpose ― the aim of the research is to reveal the association of the glutathione S-transferase gene GSTP1 polymorphism C/T (rs1138272) with risk of pathospermia in Russian men in Moscow region. Material and Methods ― Case control study was conducted on 68 fertile men and 70 infertile men with various forms of pathospermia. Sperm analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines (WHO, 2010). DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotyping of the GSTP1 gene polymorphisms was carried out by generated amplicons from melting curve analysis after real time PCR. Results ― statistically significant association of polymorphism GSTP1 C/T (Ala/Val; rs1138272) with asthenozoospermia (χ2=8.58, p=0.003) and teratospermia (χ2=6.81, p=0.009) risk was found. The frequencies of homozygous and heterozygous carries (CT+TT genotypes) for polymorphic locus GSTP1 gene (rs1138272) are 3 times higher for men with disturbance of motility of spermatozoa and 2.5 times higher for men with abnormalities in morphology of spermatozoa, then for men with normozoospermia. Conclusion ― The GSTP1 C>T polymorphism (rs1138272) associated with risk of teratospermia and asthenozoospermia in male of reproductive age.
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Gholami D, Salman Yazdi R, Jami MS, Ghasemi S, Sadighi Gilani MA, Sadeghinia S, Teimori H. The expression of Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein 2 (CRISP2) and miR-582-5p in seminal plasma fluid and spermatozoa of infertile men. Gene 2019; 730:144261. [PMID: 31778754 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein 2 (CRISP2) plays an important role in the morphology and motion of male ejaculated spermatozoa. The association of its expression with some miRNAs is also well known. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of CRISP2 and mir-582 in the seminal plasma fluid and spermatozoa of three groups of infertile men and the possible association of their expressions. In this experimental study, the expression of CRISP2 in seminal plasma fluid and spermatozoa of 17 men with asthenozoospermia, 15 men with teratozoospermia, 17 men with teratoasthenozoospermia, and 18 infertile individuals with normozoospermia were measured using western blotting. Then by using bioinformatics studies, miR-582-5p was nominated as a CRISP2-associated miRNA, and its expression was evaluated by means of Real-Time PCR. Comparison of expression of CRISP2 and miRNA-582 in the studied groups was analyzed by t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. The expression of CRISP2 showed a significant reduction in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma fluid of all three groups, (p < 0.05). MiR-582-5p expression significantly increased in teratozoospermia patients (<0.05), and significantly decreased in teratoasthenozoospermia patients (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, changes in the expression of miR-582-5p in teratoasthenozoospermia individuals was associated with a decrease in the expression of CRISP2, which could represent the potential role of miR-582-5p in regulation of CRISP2 expression in teratoasthenozoospermia individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delnya Gholami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Reza Salman Yazdi
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Sadighi Gilani
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sadeghinia
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences School of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Hossien Teimori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Hekim N, Gure MA, Metin Mahmutoglu A, Gunes S, Asci R, Henkel R. SNP's in xenobiotic metabolism and male infertility. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:363-370. [PMID: 31070506 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1616850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes participating in the protection of cell. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null, glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) null, glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Ile105Val, cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) 734 C→A, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) 1934 G→A and male infertility.2. A total of 306 azoospermic or oligozoospermic infertile men and 129 normozoospermic or fertile controls were enrolled in the study. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used for genotyping. There was a significant relationship between male infertility and CYP2D6 GG genotype (p < 0.001). CYP1A2 AA genotype was slightly higher in the infertile group (p = 0.056).3. There was no association between GSTT1 null polymorphisms and male infertility (p = 0.068), GSTM1 null (p = 0.843) and GSTP1 Ile105Val (p = 0.192) genes. GSTM1 null genotype frequency was higher in azoospermic men (p = 0.009). Men carrying CYP1A2 AA genotype had higher risk of infertility risk (OR = 3.14; %95 CI = 1.16-8.54) in the smoker group.4. Our results demonstrated that polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 may play a role in idiopathic male infertility in our sample population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Hekim
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mohamed Ali Gure
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Asli Metin Mahmutoglu
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Gunes
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.,Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Asci
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.,Medical Faculty, Department of Urology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ralf Henkel
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Telomere Length in Workers Was Effected by Omethoate Exposure, GSTM1 Deletion, Interaction Between Smoking and GSTP1 Polymorphisms. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:e19-e23. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rajesh D, Balakrishna S, Azeem Mohiyuddin SM, Suryanarayana R, Kutty AVM. Novel association of oral squamous cell carcinoma with GSTP1 Arg187Trp gene polymorphism. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5906-5912. [PMID: 30378178 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glutathione S-transferase subtype pi 1 (GSTP1) is an enzyme that is involved in the detoxification of carcinogenic substances. Arg187Trp is a functional polymorphism in the corresponding GSTP1 gene that reduces the enzymatic activity by 45%. We evaluated, for the first time, the association of Arg187Trp with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma and compared it with other established GSTP1 polymorphisms viz, Ile105Val and Ala114Val. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a 1:2 case-control study by recruiting 100 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 200 age and gender-matched healthy individuals. Ile105Val, Ala114Val, and Arg187Trp polymorphisms were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and their distribution in the study groups was compared by chi-squared test (Fisher's exact). RESULTS The minor allele of Ala114Val and Arg187Trp were more common in patients than in controls. In contrast, the distribution of Ile105Val minor allele was similar in the two groups. The differential distribution was also significant at the level of genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that GSTP1 Arg187Trp is associated with the risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma. Our study underlines the importance of detoxification pathway in the risk of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajesh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharath Balakrishna
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | | | - A V Moideen Kutty
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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Gunes S, Metin Mahmutoglu A, Arslan MA, Henkel R. Smoking-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in infertile men. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13124. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Gunes
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Asli Metin Mahmutoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alper Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Ralf Henkel
- Department of Medical Bioscience; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
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Huang XK, Huang YH, Huang JH, Liang JY. Glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val Polymorphism and Male Infertility Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:979-985. [PMID: 28397729 PMCID: PMC5407046 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies concerning the association between glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Ile105Val polymorphism and male infertility risk have reported controversial findings. The present study was aimed to explore this association using a meta-analysis. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases were searched. Odds ratios (OR s) with 95% confidence intervals (CI s) were calculated to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 3282 cases and 3268 controls in nine case-control studies were included. There was no significant association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and male infertility in the overall population, but significant associations were found under the dominant (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.04-1.46, I2 = 32.2%) and heterozygote (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.08-1.53, I2 = 26.8%) models after excluding studies for which the data did not satisfy Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Similarly, subgroup analyses revealed no significant association in Asians or Chinese population although a significant association was apparent among Chinese population in studies with HWE under the heterozygote model (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.52, I2 = 44.1%). Significant heterogeneity could be observed in some genetic models, but this heterogeneity was not significant when stratified by HWE. No evidence for publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS The GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism might not be associated with male infertility risk, and thus additional well-designed studies with larger sample size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Kun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Yong-Han Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Juan-Hua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Jing-Yao Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
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Harlev A, Agarwal A, Gunes SO, Shetty A, du Plessis SS. Smoking and Male Infertility: An Evidence-Based Review. World J Mens Health 2015; 33:143-60. [PMID: 26770934 PMCID: PMC4709430 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2015.33.3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that the contents of cigarette smoke negatively affect sperm parameters, seminal plasma, and various other fertility factors. Nevertheless, the actual effect of smoking on male fertility is not clear. The effect of smoking on semen parameters is based on the well-established biological finding that smoking increases the presence of reactive oxygen species, thereby resulting in oxidative stress (OS). OS has devastating effects on sperm parameters, such as viability and morphology, and impairs sperm function, hence reducing male fertility. However, not all studies have come to the same conclusions. This review sheds light upon the arguable association between smoking and male fertility and also assesses the impact of non-smoking routes of tobacco consumption on male infertility. It also highlights the evidence that links smoking with male infertility, including newly emerging genetic and epigenetic data, and discusses the clinical implications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Harlev
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Fertility and In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sezgin Ozgur Gunes
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Amit Shetty
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Simon du Plessis
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Variations in Antioxidant Genes and Male Infertility. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:513196. [PMID: 26618172 PMCID: PMC4651646 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from both endogenous and environmental resources, which in turn may cause defective spermatogenesis and male infertility. Antioxidant genes, which include catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), play important roles in spermatogenesis and normal sperm function. In this review, we discuss the association between variations in major antioxidant genes and male infertility. Numerous studies have suggested that genetic disruption or functional polymorphisms in these antioxidant genes are associated with a higher risk for male infertility, which include low sperm quality, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and subfertility. The synergistic effects of environmental ROS and functional polymorphisms on antioxidant genes that result in male infertility have also been reported. Therefore, variants in antioxidant genes, which independently or synergistically occur with environmental ROS, affect spermatogenesis and contribute to the occurrence of male infertility. Large cohort and multiple center-based population studies to identify new antioxidant genetic variants that increase susceptibility to male infertility as well as validate its potential as genetic markers for diagnosis and risk assessment for male infertility for precise clinical approaches are warranted.
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