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Miranda EP, Schofield E, Matsushita K, Katz DJ, Nelson CJ, Benfante N, Mulhall JP. Luteinizing Hormone Suppression Profiles in Men Treated With Exogenous Testosterone. J Sex Med 2022; 19:1359-1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110606. [PMID: 33187340 PMCID: PMC7696474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Androgens play a significant role in the development of male reproductive organs. The clinical use of synthetic testosterone derivatives, such as nandrolone, is focused on maximizing the anabolic effects and minimizing the androgenic ones. Class II anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), including nandrolone, are rapidly becoming a widespread group of drugs used both clinically and illicitly. The illicit use of AAS is diffused among adolescent and bodybuilders because of their anabolic proprieties and their capacity to increase tolerance to exercise. This systematic review aims to focus on side effects related to illicit AAS abuse, evaluating the scientific literature in order to underline the most frequent side effects on AAS abusers’ bodies. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed using the PubMed database and the keywords “nandrolone decanoate”. The inclusion criteria for articles or abstracts were English language and the presence of the following words: “abuse” or “adverse effects”. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, from a total of 766 articles, only 148 were considered eligible for the study. Results: The most reported adverse effects (found in more than 5% of the studies) were endocrine effects (18 studies, 42%), such as virilization, gynecomastia, hormonal disorders, dyslipidemia, genital alterations, and infertility; cardiovascular dysfunctions (six studies, 14%) such as vascular damage, coagulation disorders, and arteriosus hypertension; skin disorders (five studies, 12%) such as pricking, acne, and skin spots; psychiatric and mood disorders (four studies, 9%) such as aggressiveness, sleep disorders and anxiety; musculoskeletal disorders (two studies, 5%), excretory disorders (two studies, 5%), and gastrointestinal disorders (two studies, 5%). Conclusions: Based on the result of our study, the most common adverse effects secondary to the abuse of nandrolone decanoate (ND) involve the endocrine, cardiovascular, skin, and psychiatric systems. These data could prove useful to healthcare professionals in both sports and clinical settings.
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Sretenovic J, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Ajdzanovic V, Ristic N, Trifunovic M, Pantovic S, Jovic S, Jakovljevic V, Bolevich S, Milosavljevic Z, Milosevic V. Immunohistomorphometric and Hormonal Analysis of the Pituitary Gonadotropic Cells After Application of the Nandrolone Decanoate and Swimming Training in Adult Male Rats. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:699-707. [PMID: 32519626 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762000166x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chronic nandrolone decanoate treatment and/or swimming training on immunohistomorphometric parameters on rat pituitary gonadotropic cells. Male Wistar albino rats, 10 weeks old, were classified into four groups: control (T−N−), nandrolone (T−N+), swimming training (T+N−), and swimming training with nandrolone (T+N+). The T+ groups swam for 4 weeks, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. The N+ groups received nandrolone decanoate (20 mg/kg) once per week for 4 weeks. Pituitary tissue sections were processed and stained for immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence. The volume density of luteinizing hormone (LH) cells was decreased by 48% in T−N+ and for 35% in the T+N+ group. The volume density of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cells was decreased by 39% in T−N+ and for 30% in T+N+ compared to the control. Nandrolone alone, or combined with swimming training, decreased the number of LH/FSH cells compared to the control. The levels of the immunofluorescent signal of LH/FSH cells were increased in all experimental groups. Nandrolone alone decreased the serum level of LH by 17%, whereas swimming training alone increased FSH levels by 11% compared to the control. Serum levels of testosterone were increased in all experimental groups. Nandrolone alone, or combined with swimming training, decreased immunohistomorphometric parameters of gonadotropic cells, whereas the levels of immunofluorescent signal were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Sretenovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdzanovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Ristic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroljub Trifunovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital Studenica, Jug Bogdanova 110, 36000Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Suzana Pantovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slavoljub Jovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow119992, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow119992, Russian Federation
| | - Zoran Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
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Börjesson A, Lehtihet M, Andersson A, Dahl M, Vicente V, Ericsson M, Ekström L. Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:514-523. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annica Börjesson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of MedicineKarolinska Institutet and St Görans Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alexander Andersson
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marja‐Liisa Dahl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Vicente
- Ambulance Medical Service in Stockholm [Ambulanssjukvården i Storstockholm AB]Academic EMS Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSödersjukhuset Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent data on the adverse reproductive consequences of androgen abuse, focusing on the recovery of reproductive function following androgen discontinuation. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence is mostly based on case reports and observational studies. Androgen abuse leads to a state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with impaired spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia as well as menstrual irregularities, virilization and subfertility. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis following androgen withdrawal depends on the type and characteristics of androgen administration (dose, duration of use) as well as those of the user (age, previous reproductive function). Biochemical and clinical features of hypogonadism may be evident months or even years following androgen discontinuation. To prevent androgen-related adverse effects and accelerate recovery of gonadal function, users take androgens in a cyclical fashion and use drugs such as human chorionic gonadotropin, antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors, even though there is limited evidence to support efficacy of these strategies. As few studies refer to female androgen users, there is a lack of data concerning recovery from androgen-related reproductive side effects in women. SUMMARY Androgen abuse has profound and commonly under-recognized effects on the reproductive system; recovery following androgen withdrawal may be prolonged and occasionally incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Christou
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Björkhem-Bergman L, Lehtihet M, Rane A, Ekström L. Vitamin D receptor rs2228570 polymorphism is associated with LH levels in men exposed to anabolic androgenic steroids. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:51. [PMID: 29351807 PMCID: PMC5775552 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between the vitamin D receptor polymorphisms rs2228570 (Fok1) and rs731236 (TaqI) and LH and FSH levels in relation to anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use. RESULTS Two cohorts were analyzed. Cohort 1 comprised healthy volunteers given single supra-physiological doses of 500 mg testosterone (n = 25). Cohort 2 comprised 45 self-reporting AAS users. Healthy volunteers homozygous for the C-allele of the Fok1 polymorphism exhibited 30% higher LH levels than T-carriers at baseline (p = 0.04) and twice the levels 14 days after testosterone administration (p = 0.01). AAS users homozygous for the C-allele had four times higher LH levels than TT-individuals (p < 0.05). FSH levels were not associated with Fok1 polymorphism, nor were LH and FSH levels associated with the TaqI polymorphism. In conclusion, there is an association between LH levels and the Fok1 VDR polymorphism and this difference is even more pronounced in AAS users and subjects with suppressed LH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetesm Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lindqvist Bagge A, Rosén T, Fahlke C, Ehrnborg C, Eriksson B, Moberg T, Thiblin I. Somatic effects of AAS abuse: A 30-years follow-up study of male former power sports athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:814-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Börjesson A, Gårevik N, Dahl ML, Rane A, Ekström L. Recruitment to doping and help-seeking behavior of eight female AAS users. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 26945991 PMCID: PMC4779574 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in sports has now developed to a widespread use of these agents among young people outside the sport. This is of major concern to the society. The purpose of the use is mainly for aesthetic reasons and is seen as a male phenomenon. But use also occurs in women where the knowledge is scarce. Our aim was to identify the pattern of doping agents in eight female cases and compare them with similar data from men. METHODS Eight female users were recruited through Anti-Doping Hot-Line, a national telephone counseling service on doping issues during the years 1998-2004. The use was confirmed with urine doping analysis at the Doping Laboratory. The characteristic of use, co-use of narcotics/other doping agents, exercise pattern, adverse-side effects, family history and reason to begin was evaluated. RESULTS The women used on average 1.9 different anabolic androgenic steroids and clenbuterol preparations. Ephedrine and growth hormone were co-used in five and one of the women, respectively. Three women reported co-use of narcotics (cannabis and cocaine). The average duration of anabolic agent use before contacting health care was 58 weeks (range 7-104). Side effects for anabolic androgenic steroids (n = 5) included voice changes, clitoral enlargement, body hair growth, whereas women using clenbuterol (n = 2) reported tachycardia and depression. All women except one had a man in close relationship encouraging them to begin with the doping agents. CONCLUSIONS The use of doping agents in our eight women was different from that in male users. The women used less doping agents and were more prone to contact the health care, at an earlier stage, probably due to the adverse effects. The co-use with ephedrine, growth hormone and cannabis appeared to be in the same range as in men. This is the first study showing that a man in close relationship may motivate a woman to use anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Börjesson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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