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El-Naga EMA, Ali ME, Sindi RA, Hussein HA. Effect of histidine and L-Tyrosine supplementation in maturation medium on in-vitro developmental outcomes of buffalo oocytes. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:414. [PMID: 39272083 PMCID: PMC11396686 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of amino acid (histidine and L-Tyrosine) on in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), cleavage (CR) rates, and in vitro embryonic cultivation (IVC; Morula and Blastocyst stage) in buffaloes. Within two hours of buffalo slaughter, the ovaries were collected and transported to the laboratory. Follicles with a diameter of 2 to 8 mm were aspirated to recover the cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). Histidine (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/ml) or L-Tyrosine (1, 5, and 10 mg/ml) were added to the synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) and Ferticult media. The IVM, IVF, CR, and IVC (Morula and Blastocyst) rates were evaluated. The results showed that SOF maturation media containing histidine at 0.5 mg/ml significantly (P ≤ 0.01) improved the oocyte maturation when compared to control and other concentrations. The addition of histidine to FertiCult media at 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/ml did not improve the IVM, IVF, CR, or IVC percentages. However, the embryos in the control group were unable to grow into a morula or blastocyst in the SOF or Ferticult, while addition of L-Tyrosine to the SOF or Ferticult at various concentrations improved IVC (morula and blastocyst rates). There was a significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase in IVM when histidine was added to SOF medium at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml compared with L-Tyrosine. Also, there were significant (P ≤ 0.01) increases in IVC when L-Tyrosine was added to SOF medium at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/ml compared with histidine. In conclusion, the supplementation of the SOF and FertiCult with the amino acids histidine and L-Tyrosine improve the maturation rate of oocytes and development of in vitro-produced buffalo embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Abu El-Naga
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Montaser Elsayed Ali
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ramya A Sindi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Faculty Veterinary medicine, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt.
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Lundin K, Bentzen JG, Bozdag G, Ebner T, Harper J, Le Clef N, Moffett A, Norcross S, Polyzos NP, Rautakallio-Hokkanen S, Sfontouris I, Sermon K, Vermeulen N, Pinborg A. Good practice recommendations on add-ons in reproductive medicine†. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:2062-2104. [PMID: 37747409 PMCID: PMC10628516 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Which add-ons are safe and effective to be used in ART treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER Forty-two recommendations were formulated on the use of add-ons in the diagnosis of fertility problems, the IVF laboratory and clinical management of IVF treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The innovative nature of ART combined with the extremely high motivation of the patients has opened the door to the wide application of what has become known as 'add-ons' in reproductive medicine. These supplementary options are available to patients in addition to standard fertility procedures, typically incurring an additional cost. A diverse array of supplementary options is made available, encompassing tests, drugs, equipment, complementary or alternative therapies, laboratory procedures, and surgical interventions. These options share the common aim of stating to enhance pregnancy or live birth rates, mitigate the risk of miscarriage, or expedite the time to achieving pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION ESHRE aimed to develop clinically relevant and evidence-based recommendations focusing on the safety and efficacy of add-ons currently used in fertility procedures in order to improve the quality of care for patients with infertility. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS ESHRE appointed a European multidisciplinary working group consisting of practising clinicians, embryologists, and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the care and research of infertility. Patient representatives were included in the working group. To ensure that the guidelines are evidence-based, the literature identified from a systematic search was reviewed and critically appraised. In the absence of any clear scientific evidence, recommendations were based on the professional experience and consensus of the working group. The guidelines are thus based on the best available evidence and expert agreement. Prior to publication, the guidelines were reviewed by 46 independent international reviewers. A total of 272 comments were received and incorporated where relevant. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The multidisciplinary working group formulated 42 recommendations in three sections; diagnosis and diagnostic tests, laboratory tests and interventions, and clinical management. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Of the 42 recommendations, none could be based on high-quality evidence and only four could be based on moderate-quality evidence, implicating that 95% of the recommendations are supported only by low-quality randomized controlled trials, observational data, professional experience, or consensus of the development group. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These guidelines offer valuable direction for healthcare professionals who are responsible for the care of patients undergoing ART treatment for infertility. Their purpose is to promote safe and effective ART treatment, enabling patients to make informed decisions based on realistic expectations. The guidelines aim to ensure that patients are fully informed about the various treatment options available to them and the likelihood of any additional treatment or test to improve the chance of achieving a live birth. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) All costs relating to the development process were covered from ESHRE funds. There was no external funding of the development process or manuscript production. K.L. reports speakers fees from Merck and was part of a research study by Vitrolife (unpaid). T.E. reports consulting fees from Gynemed, speakers fees from Gynemed and is part of the scientific advisory board of Hamilton Thorne. N.P.P. reports grants from Merck Serono, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, Organon, Roche, IBSA and Besins Healthcare, speakers fees from Merck Serono, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, Organon, Roche, IBSA and Besins Healthcare. S.R.H. declares being managing director of Fertility Europe, a not-for-profit organization receiving financial support from ESHRE. I.S. is a scientific advisor for and has stock options from Alife Health, is co-founder of IVFvision LTD (unpaid) and received speakers' fee from the 2023 ART Young Leader Prestige workshop in China. A.P. reports grants from Gedeon Richter, Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Merck A/S, consulting fees from Preglem, Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gedeon Richter, Cryos and Merck A/S, speakers fees from Gedeon Richter, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Merck A/S, Theramex and Organon, travel fees from Gedeon Richter. The other authors disclosed no conflicts of interest. DISCLAIMER This Good Practice Recommendations (GPRs) document represents the views of ESHRE, which are the result of consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders and are based on the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation.ESHRE GPRs should be used for information and educational purposes. They should not be interpreted as setting a standard of care or bedeemedinclusive of all proper methods of care, or be exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results.Theydo not replace the need for application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation, or variations based on locality and facility type.Furthermore, ESHRE GPRs do not constitute or imply the endorsement, or favouring, of any of the included technologies by ESHRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Lundin
- Department Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J G Bentzen
- The Fertility Department, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Bozdag
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Ebner
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecological Endocrinology, Kepler University, MedCampus IV, Linz, Austria
| | - J Harper
- Institute for Women’s Health, London, UK
| | - N Le Clef
- European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - N P Polyzos
- Department Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Vermeulen
- European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pinborg
- The Fertility Department, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Extend the Survival of Human Sperm In Vitro in Non-Freezing Conditions: Damage Mechanisms, Preservation Technologies, and Clinical Applications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182845. [PMID: 36139420 PMCID: PMC9496714 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro at normothermia or hypothermia maintaining their functions and fertility for several days plays a significant role in reproductive biology and medicine. However, it is well known that human spermatozoa left in vitro deteriorate over time irreversibly as the consequence of various stresses such as the change of osmolarity, energy deficiency, and oxidative damage, leading to substantial limitations including the need for semen examinations, fertility preservation, and assisted reproductive technology. These problems may be addressed with the aid of non-freezing storage techniques. The main and most effective preservation strategies are the partial or total replacement of seminal plasma with culture medium, named as extenders, and temperature-induced metabolic restriction. Semen extenders consist of buffers, osmolytes, and antioxidants, etc. to protect spermatozoa against the above-mentioned adverse factors. Extended preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro has a negative effect on sperm parameters, whereas its effect on ART outcomes remains inconsistent. The storage duration, temperature, and pre-treatment of semen should be determined according to the aims of preservation. Advanced techniques such as nanotechnology and omics have been introduced and show great potential in the lifespan extension of human sperm. It is certain that more patients will benefit from it in the near future. This review provided an overview of the current knowledge and prospects of prolonged non-freezing storage of human sperm in vitro.
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Kalem HH, Tulay P, Irez T. How does sperm apoptosis affect the outcome of intrauterine insemination and intracytoplasmic sperm injection? Andrologia 2022; 54:e14381. [PMID: 35112373 DOI: 10.1111/and.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 20% of male infertility is caused by abnormal DNA organization of the sperm and anomalies of the sperm apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the sperm DNA apoptosis and viability in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In the second part of the analysis, sperm DNA apoptosis and viability were investigated in patients with oligozoospermia and normospermia respectively. A total of 45 IUI and 38 ICSI patients were included in this study. Annexin V analysis was performed to investigate the sperm viability, and TUNEL assay was used to evaluate the sperm DNA apoptosis. Further investigations using 12 oligozoospermia and 11 control samples for sperm viability and sperm DNA apoptosis at different incubation periods and temperatures were performed. The results of this study showed a negative correlation between the sperm DNA apoptosis in IUI patients, but no relationship was observed for the ICSI patients. The second part of this study showed that incubation of semen samples at 37°C for 3 h has detrimental effects on the sperm DNA integrity. In conclusion, the incubation of semen at high temperatures affects the sperm quality. The results of this study showed that these tests can be beneficial for the infertile couples to achieve pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hande Kalem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Tulay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.,DESAM Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Northen Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Tulay Irez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Bahri H, Ben Khalifa M, Ben Rhouma M, Abidi Z, Abbassi E, Ben Rhouma K, Benkhalifa M. Decline in semen quality of North African men: a retrospective study of 20,958 sperm analyses of men from different North African countries tested in Tunisia over a period of 6 years (2013-2018). Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:350-359. [PMID: 34286659 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1957501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to numerous studies from around the world, semen quality seems to have declined dramatically over the last years. However, the data investigated on male fertility status and semen quality in North Africa is limited. AIM To investigate on the status of semen quality in North-African men and to understand its variations. SUBJECTS & METHODS 20,958 Sperm-analyses (Spermogram - Spermocytogram) of North-African men (19-77 years old) consulting for infertility, performed in a private laboratory of medical analyses (Tunis, Tunisia) over a period of six years (2013 - 2018), were investigated. All patients had at least one year of unprotected intercourse with their partners before the test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software for windows. RESULTS Libyan men presented a clear decline in all sperm parameters. A continuous decline in sperm morphology quality was shown in Tunisian and Algerian men. Mauritanian men presented a significant increase in sperm vitality with pseudo-stability in the rest of sperm parameters during the whole study period. CONCLUSION North-African men presented remarkable decreases of their semen quality over the last decade. This data could confirm possible global common-causes that need to be identified in order to limit their negative impact on sperm quality, and consequently on male-fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Bahri
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Ben Khalifa
- Research laboratory LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Maroua Ben Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Zied Abidi
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Abbassi
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khémais Ben Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Biology & Genetics. University Hospital & School of Medicine Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens France.,Peritox Laboratory, CURS. Picardie University Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens France
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6
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Zaghi B, Barda S, Kleiman SE, Hauser R. Impact of time between repeated sperm freezing cycles on sperm quality. Reprod Biol 2019; 20:75-80. [PMID: 31879229 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Refreezing of sperm samples would provide the possibility of performing more cycles of fertility treatments. Although the effect of repeated cycles of freezing on sperm quality was studied, the effect of the length of the time interval between each freeze-thaw cycle has not been reported. Hence, we assessed the effect of incubation time on the sperm quality of thawed sperm after repeated freezing. One-hundred samples of potential sperm donations with normal sperm quality were evaluated. The fresh semen samples were analyzed and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen until use. After thawing, the samples were divided randomly to two groups and reanalyzed for motility, vitality, and DNA fragmentation. They were incubated at room temperature and reanalyzed after either 90 min (group A) or 180 min (group B) of incubation, and once again after a repeated cycle of freezing and thawing. Our results showed that the sperm parameters of fresh samples of both groups were similar. After one freeze-thaw cycle, both groups still had comparable values. At the end of their respective incubation time periods, however, there was a significant difference in the mean values of the assessed parameters between the two groups (p < 0.01). An additional freeze-thaw cycle further exacerbated those differences, with group B undergoing an even more substantial decline (p < 0.001). Our data suggest that thawed human spermatozoa sustain a significant decline in sperm parameters in association with longer incubation time, which is further exacerbated by an additional freeze-thaw cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zaghi
- The New York State/American Program, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimi Barda
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israel Academic College in Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Sandra Edith Kleiman
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Hauser
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Ahmed I, Abdelateef S, Laqqan M, Amor H, Abdel-Lah MA, Hammadeh ME. Influence of extended incubation time on Human sperm chromatin condensation, sperm DNA strand breaks and their effect on fertilisation rate. Andrologia 2018; 50:e12960. [PMID: 29441594 DOI: 10.1111/and.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine influence of extended incubation time on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA strand breaks and their effect on fertilisation rate. Forty couples undergoing ICSI therapy were included. Semen was prepared by PureSperm gradient centrifugation and divided into two parts. The first part (G1) was used immediately for ICSI, whereas the second part (G2) was kept in the incubator at 37°C, 5% and 90% Humidity for 5 hr, and thereafter, the capacitated spermatozoa were used for ICSI. The TUNEL test and chromomycin CMA3 were used to evaluate the DNA strand breaks and chromatin condensation respectively. The percentage of condensed chromatin was 73.92 ± 12.70 in the group 1 and 81.13 ± 10.31% in group 2 (p = .001). However, the double-strand breaks were 11.15 ± 8.67% in G.1 and 16.30 ± 11.12% in G.2. (p = .001). Fertilisation rate in the (Group 1) was 62.45% and 69.17% in (Group 2). There was a positive correlation between condensed chromatin and fertilisation rate (r = 0.846, p = .001) and a negative correlation with DNA double-strand breaks (r = -0.802; p = .001). In conclusion, the prolonged sperm incubation (5 hr) leads to a higher chromatin condensation and to a significantly increased number of DNA strands double breaks with no influence on fertilisation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - S Abdelateef
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - M Laqqan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - H Amor
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - M A Abdel-Lah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - M E Hammadeh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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Aboulmaouahib S, Madkour A, Kaarouch I, Sefrioui O, Saadani B, Copin H, Benkhalifa M, Louanjli N, Cadi R. Impact of alcohol and cigarette smoking consumption in male fertility potential: Looks at lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidant activities and sperm DNA damage. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 29164649 DOI: 10.1111/and.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking are the major lifestyle factors with negative impact on fertility. We were interested to evaluate the negative impact of these factors on oxidative stress (OS), enzymatic antioxidant activity (EAO) of spermatozoa and on its DNA damage. This study included 108 male infertile patients with normal range of sperm conventional parameters but with unexplained infertility in assisted reproductive technologies programme. Firstly, OS was analysed based on lipid peroxidation (MDA) and EAO which included catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). Secondly, we evaluated DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay and chromatin decondensation by aniline blue colouration. The whole lot was divided into four groups: control (nonalcoholic and nonsmoker patients), alcohol group, smoking group and alcohol-smoking group. The results showed, in three last groups compared to control an increased CAT, SOD and GR activities with high MDA level especially in smoking and alcohol-smoking group. The latter showed the highest values of DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation (31% and 39%) to exceed DNA damage normal range. Indeed, smoking and alcohol intake lead to increase EAO due to long-term unbalanced antioxidant/oxidation ratio with high OS which cause consequently sperm DNA damage calling in need by urgency to change the lifestyle behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aboulmaouahib
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique Moléculaire (PGM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université HASSAN II, Casablanca, Morocco.,Labomac IVF Centers and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Casablanca, Morocco.,Anfa Fertility Center, Private Clinic of Human Reproduction and Endoscopic Surgery, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A Madkour
- Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - I Kaarouch
- Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - O Sefrioui
- Anfa Fertility Center, Private Clinic of Human Reproduction and Endoscopic Surgery, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - B Saadani
- IVF Center IRIFIV, Clinique des Iris, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - H Copin
- Reproductive Medicine & Developmental Biology, Regional University Hospital & School of Medicine, Picardie University Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - M Benkhalifa
- Reproductive Medicine & Developmental Biology, Regional University Hospital & School of Medicine, Picardie University Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,PERITOX-INERIS Laboratory, CURS, Picardie University Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - N Louanjli
- Labomac IVF Centers and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Casablanca, Morocco.,Anfa Fertility Center, Private Clinic of Human Reproduction and Endoscopic Surgery, Casablanca, Morocco.,IVF Center IRIFIV, Clinique des Iris, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - R Cadi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique Moléculaire (PGM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université HASSAN II, Casablanca, Morocco
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