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Ma W, Zhang X, Ma C, Liu P. Highly expressed FAM189B predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610674. [PMID: 36507118 PMCID: PMC9732019 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant tumors with persistently high morbidity and mortality. However, the expression, prognostic and clinical significance of FAM189 family genes in HCC remain largely unknown. In this study, the expression levels of FAM189 family genes in HCC were analyzed through TCGA-LIHC and ICGC-LIRI-JP cohorts, and further validated in multiple independent GEO datasets. It was found that the expression of FAM189B was significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissues, while the expression of FAM189A1 and FAM189A2 was not significantly changed between tumor and adjacent tissues. Further analysis revealed that upregulated copy number variation contributed to increased expression of FAM189B in HCC. Survival analysis showed that highly expressed FAM189B was significantly correlated with unfavorable prognosis, including overall survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free interval. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that FAM189B was a potential novel prognosis factor for HCC patients. In addition, the association between FAM189B expression and clinical and molecular characteristics was analyzed. High expression of FAM189B was associated with high AFP level, high predicted risk metastasis signature, and TP53 mutation, while there was no significant association between FAM189B expression and cancer stage or tumor grade of HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that highly expressed FAM189B was closely related with signal pathways and biological processes associated with cell proliferation and cell cycle in HCC. In conclusion, this study suggested that FAM189B was highly expressed in HCC and highly expressed FAM189B may serve as an effective prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chenchen Ma
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Peng Liu,
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Song B, Chen Y, Wang C, Li G, Wei Z, He X, Cao Y. Poor semen parameters are associated with abnormal methylation of imprinted genes in sperm DNA. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:155. [PMID: 36357889 PMCID: PMC9647922 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-01028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered sperm DNA methylation patterns of imprinted genes as well as certain spermatogenesis-related genes has been proposed as a possible mechanism of male subfertility. Some reports suggest that there is an elevated risk of congenital diseases, associated with imprinted genes, in children conceived via intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, due to the involvement of spermatozoa with aberrant imprinted genes obtained from infertile men. METHODS In this study, the DNA methylation status of the promoter regions of six imprinted genes, namely potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1), maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1), mesoderm specific transcript (MEST), and paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3), were detected by a next generation sequencing-based multiple methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis of sperm samples obtained from 166 men who sought fertility evaluation in our Reproductive Medicine Center. Thereafter, the semen samples were classified into subgroups according to sperm motility and DNA integrity status. RESULTS As compared to the normozoospermic group, the samples of the asthenospermic group exhibited significant hypermethylation in two CpG sites of IGF-2 and significant hypomethylation in one CpG site of KCNQ1 as well as three CpG sites of MEST (P < 0.05). However, we did not observe any significant differences in the overall methylation levels of these six imprinted genes (P > 0.05). Additionally, we found that 111 of 323 CpG sites were hypomethylated in the group with DNA fragmentation index (DFI) ≥ 30% as compared to the group with DFI < 30% (P < 0.05). In this case, there were significant differences in the overall methylation levels of MEG3, IGF-2, MEST, and PEG3 (P < 0.05), but not in that of KCNQ1OT1 and KCNQ1 (P > 0.05). Hence, aberrant methylation patterns of imprinted genes were more prevalent in males with poor sperm quality, especially in those with severe sperm DNA damage. CONCLUSION In conclusion, abnormal DNA methylation of some CpG sites of imprinted genes are associated with poor sperm quality, including asthenospermia and severe sperm DNA impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 214000, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Guanjian Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojin He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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Sujit KM, Pallavi S, Singh V, Andrabi SW, Trivedi S, Sankhwar SN, Gupta G, Rajender S.
SPATA16
promoter hypermethylation and downregulation in male infertility. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14548. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saini Pallavi
- Division of Endocrinology Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad India
| | - Vertika Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | | | - Sameer Trivedi
- Department of Urology Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | | | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad India
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Laqqan MM, Yassin MM. Potential effect of tobacco cigarettes smoking on global DNA methylation status and protamines transcripts in human spermatozoa. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Epigenetics refers to an alteration in gene expression without alteration in the sequence of DNA and this process may be affected by environmental factors and lifestyle like cigarette smoking. This study was designed to evaluate the potential effect of cigarette smoking on the global DNA methylation status and the transcription level of protamine 1 and protamine 2 in human spermatozoa. A total of 188 semen samples were collected from men with a mean age of 34.9 ± 5.8 years old (98 heavy smokers and 90 non-smokers). The DNA and RNA were isolated from purified spermatozoa, then the status of global DNA methylation and the transcription level of protamine 1 and protamine 2 were evaluated using ELISA and qPCR, respectively. The chromatin non-condensation and DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa were evaluated using chromomycin A3 staining and TUNEL assay, respectively.
Results
A significant increase has been found in the status of global DNA methylation in spermatozoa of heavy smokers compared to non-smokers (7.69 ± 0.69 ng/μl vs. 4.90 ± 0.40 ng/μl, P < 0.001). Additionally, a significant reduction has been found in transcription level of protamine 1 (25.49 ± 0.31 vs. 23.94 ± 0.40, P < 0.001) and protamine 2 (28.27 ± 0.39 vs. 23.45 ± 0.30, P < 0.001) in heavy smokers. A downregulation has been found in the transcription level of protamine 1 and protamine 2 with a fold change of 0.497 and 0.047, respectively. A significant increase has been shown in the level of DNA fragmentation and chromatin non-condensation in heavy smokers compared to non-smokers (P < 0.001). On the other hand, a significant positive correlation has been found between sperm chromatin non-condensation, sperm DNA fragmentation, transcription level of protamine 1, transcription level of protamine 2, and global DNA methylation status (r = 0.304, P < 0.001; r = 0.399, P < 0.001; r = 0.216, P = 0.003; r = 0.494, P < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion
Tobacco cigarette smoking has a potential influence on the global DNA methylation and the transcription level of protamine genes in human spermatozoa, and consequently, affect negatively on the semen parameters.
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Mahbouli S, Dupont C, Elfassy Y, Lameignère E, Levy R. Exploring the potential impact of nutritionally actionable genetic polymorphisms on idiopathic male infertility: a review of current evidence. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:441-449. [PMID: 33533736 PMCID: PMC8451495 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_87_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility affects about 15% of the world's population. In 40%–50% of infertile couples, a male factor underlies the problem, but in about 50% of these cases, the etiology of male infertility remains unexplained. Some clinical data show that lifestyle interventions may contribute to male reproductive health. Cessation of unhealthy habits is suggested for preserving male fertility; there is growing evidence that most preexisting comorbidities, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, are highly likely to have an impact on male fertility. The analysis of genetic polymorphisms implicated in metabolic activity represents one of the most exciting areas in the study of genetic causes of male infertility. Although these polymorphisms are not directly connected with male infertility, they may have a role in specific conditions associated with it, that is, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress pathway genes that are potentially associated with an increased risk of male infertility due to DNA and cell membrane damage. Some studies have examined the impact of individual genetic differences and gene-diet interactions on male infertility, but their results have not been synthesized. We review the current research to identify genetic variants that could be tested to improve the chances of conceiving spontaneously through personalized diet and/or oral vitamin and mineral supplementation, by examining the science of genetic modifiers of dietary factors that affect nutritional status and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinda Mahbouli
- FabLife, 104 Avenue Albert 1er, Rueil-Malmaison 92500, France
| | - Charlotte Dupont
- Sorbonne Université, Saint Antoine Research Centre, INSERM Genetic and Acquired Lipodystrophies Team, Reproductive Biology and CECOS, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris F-75020, France.,Reproductive Biology and CECOS, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris F-75020, France
| | - Yaelle Elfassy
- Reproductive Biology and CECOS, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris F-75020, France
| | - Eric Lameignère
- FabLife, 104 Avenue Albert 1er, Rueil-Malmaison 92500, France
| | - Rachel Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Saint Antoine Research Centre, INSERM Genetic and Acquired Lipodystrophies Team, Reproductive Biology and CECOS, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris F-75020, France.,Reproductive Biology and CECOS, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris F-75020, France
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Marcho C, Oluwayiose OA, Pilsner JR. The preconception environment and sperm epigenetics. Andrology 2020; 8:924-942. [PMID: 31901222 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a common reproductive disorder, with male factor infertility accounting for approximately half of all cases. Taking a paternal perceptive, recent research has shown that sperm epigenetics, such as changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin structure, and noncoding RNA expression, can impact reproductive and offspring health. Importantly, environmental conditions during the preconception period has been demonstrated to shape sperm epigenetics. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview on epigenetic modifications that regulate normal gene expression and epigenetic remodeling that occurs during spermatogenesis, and to discuss the epigenetic alterations that may occur to the paternal germline as a consequence of preconception environmental conditions and exposures. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined published literature available on databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect) focusing on adult male preconception environmental exposures and sperm epigenetics in epidemiologic studies and animal models. RESULTS The preconception period is a sensitive developmental window in which a variety of exposures such as toxicants, nutrition, drugs, stress, and exercise, affects sperm epigenetics. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Understanding the environmental legacy of the sperm epigenome during spermatogenesis will enhance our understanding of reproductive health and improve reproductive success and offspring well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Marcho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Oladele A Oluwayiose
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - J Richard Pilsner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Laqqan M, Ahmed I, Yasin M, Hammadeh ME, Yassin M. Influence of variation in global sperm DNA methylation level on the expression level of protamine genes and human semen parameters. Andrologia 2019; 52:e13484. [PMID: 31762067 DOI: 10.1111/and.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An infertility problem is a complex issue that affects 15% approximately of couples worldwide. The current study was designed to evaluate if there is a variation in the status of global DNA methylation among the study groups and to assess their impact on the protamine expression level and human semen parameters. Totalling 200 semen samples were collected from men (50 proved fertile, 60 normospermia and 90 oligospermia) with an average age of 34.9 ± 4.3 years. The DNA and RNA were isolated from purified spermatozoa; then, ELISA and qPCR were applied to estimate the status of global sperm DNA methylation and protamine expression level respectively. Besides that, the sperm chromatin decondensation and sperm DNA fragmentation were assessed. A significant variation was found in the global sperm DNA methylation and the protamine 1 and protamine 2 expression level among the study groups (p ≤ .001). Down-regulation has been found in the protamine 1 and protamine 2 expression levels in the oligospermia group compared to the proved fertile group with fold change (0.001 and 0.0002 respectively). In conclusion, this study proposes that the alteration in global DNA methylation may influence the protamine expression level and may be lead to abnormalities in human semen parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Laqqan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Islam Ahmed
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Yasin
- Faculty of Medicine, 6th of October University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Eid Hammadeh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maged Yassin
- Human Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Gaza Strip
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Sujit KM, Sarkar S, Singh V, Pandey R, Agrawal NK, Trivedi S, Singh K, Gupta G, Rajender S. Genome-wide differential methylation analyses identifies methylation signatures of male infertility. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:2256-2267. [PMID: 30358834 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do methylation changes in sperm DNA correlate with infertility? STUDY ANSWER Loss of spermatogenesis and fertility was correlated with 1680 differentially-methylated CpGs (DMCs) across 1052 genes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Methylation changes in a number of genes have been correlated with reduced sperm count and motility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This case-control study used spermatozoal DNA from 38 oligo-/oligoastheno-zoospermic infertile patients and 26 normozoospermic fertile men. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS Genome-wide methylation analysis was undertaken using 450 K BeadChip on spermatozoal DNA from six infertile and six fertile men to identify DMCs. This was followed by deep sequencing of spermatozoal DNA from 32 infertile patients and 20 fertile controls. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 1680 DMCs were identified, out of which 1436 were hypermethylated and 244 were hypomethylated. Classification of DMCs according to the genes identified BCAN, CTNNA3, DLGAP2, GATA3, MAGI2 and TP73 among imprinted genes, SPATA5, SPATA7, SPATA16 and SPATA22 among spermatogenesis-associated genes, KDM4C and JMJD1C, EZH2 and HDAC4 among genes which regulate methylation and gene expression, HLA-C, HLA-DRB6 and HLA-DQA1 among complementation and immune response genes, and CRISPLD1, LPHN3 and CPEB2 among other genes. Genes showing significant differential methylation in deep sequencing, i.e. HOXB1, GATA3, EBF3, BCAN and TCERG1L, are strong candidates for further investigations. The role of chance was ruled out by deep sequencing of select genes. LARGE-SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION Genome-wide analyses are fairly accurate, but may not be exactly validated in replication studies across all DMCs. We used the 't' test in the genome-wide methylation analysis, whereas other tests could provide a more robust and powerful analysis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS DMCs can serve as markers for inclusion in infertility screening panels, particularly those in the genes showing differential methylation consistent with previous studies. The genes validated by deep sequencing are strong candidates for investigations of their roles in spermatogenesis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India with grant number BSC0101 awarded to Rajender Singh. None of the authors has any competing interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vertika Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sameer Trivedi
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Carrell DT. The Sperm Epigenome: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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