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Rokach M, Portioli C, Brahmachari S, Estevão BM, Decuzzi P, Barak B. Tackling myelin deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders using drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115218. [PMID: 38403255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Interest in myelin and its roles in almost all brain functions has been greatly increasing in recent years, leading to countless new studies on myelination, as a dominant process in the development of cognitive functions. Here, we explore the unique role myelin plays in the central nervous system and specifically discuss the results of altered myelination in neurodevelopmental disorders. We present parallel developmental trajectories involving myelination that correlate with the onset of cognitive impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders and discuss the key challenges in the treatment of these chronic disorders. Recent developments in drug repurposing and nano/micro particle-based therapies are reviewed as a possible pathway to circumvent some of the main hurdles associated with early intervention, including patient's adherence and compliance, side effects, relapse, and faster route to possible treatment of these disorders. The strategy of drug encapsulation overcomes drug solubility and metabolism, with the possibility of drug targeting to a specific compartment, reducing side effects upon systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Rokach
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Corinne Portioli
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sayanti Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Bianca Martins Estevão
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Boaz Barak
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Faculty of Social Sciences, The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Li C, Yu R, Liu H, Qiao J, Zhang F, Mu S, Guo M, Zhang H, Li Y, Kang X. Sperm acrosomal released proteome reveals MDH and VDAC3 from mitochondria are involved in acrosome formation during spermatogenesis in Eriocheir sinensis. Gene 2023; 887:147784. [PMID: 37689223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Acrosome is inextricably related to membranous organelles. The origin of acrosome is still controversial, one reason is that limited articles were reported about the proteomic analysis of the acrosome. Mitochondrial proteins were found exist in the acrosome, nevertheless, only limited attention has been paid to the function of mitochondrial proteins in the acrosome formation. Eriocheir sinensis sperm has a large acrosome, which makes it an ideal model to study acrosome formation. Here, we firstly compared the rate of acrosome reaction induced by the calcium ionophore A23187 and ionomycin. The rate of acrosome reaction induced by ionomycin is higher (95.8%) than A23187 (58.7%). Morphological changes were observed using light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Further more, proteins released during the acrosome reaction as induced by ionomycin were collected for LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 945 proteins, including malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3), were identified in the acrosomal released proteome. The number of proteins from mitochondria (17.57%) was higher compared with endoplasmic reituculum (1.59%) and lysosomes (1.8%). To investigate the functions of target mitochondrial proteins during spermatogenesis, poly-antibodies of MDH in E. sinensis were prepared. The characteristics, further analyzed using immunofluorescence, of two mitochondrial proteins during acrosome formation showed that MDH and VDAC3 were independently involved in the formation of acrosomal membrane. These findings illustrate the acrosomal released proteome and provide important data resource for understanding the relationship between mitochondria and the acrosome in Decapoda crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ruifang Yu
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiashan Qiao
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fenghao Zhang
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Shumei Mu
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingshen Guo
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xianjiang Kang
- College of Life Science in Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Province Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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