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Denijs FB, van Harten MJ, Meenderink JJL, Leenen RCA, Remmers S, Venderbos LDF, van den Bergh RCN, Beyer K, Roobol MJ. Risk calculators for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00852-w. [PMID: 38830997 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) (early) detection poses significant challenges, including unnecessary testing and the risk of potential overdiagnosis. The European Association of Urology therefore suggests an individual risk-adapted approach, incorporating risk calculators (RCs) into the PCa detection pathway. In the context of 'The PRostate Cancer Awareness and Initiative for Screening in the European Union' (PRAISE-U) project ( https://uroweb.org/praise-u ), we aim to provide an overview of the currently available clinical RCs applicable in an early PCa detection algorithm. METHODS We performed a systematic review to identify RCs predicting detection of clinically significant PCa at biopsy. A search was performed in the databases Medline ALL, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Google Scholar for publications between January 2010 and July 2023. We retrieved relevant literature by using the terms "prostate cancer", "screening/diagnosis" and "predictive model". Inclusion criteria included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. Exclusion criteria applied to studies involving pre-targeted high-risk populations, diagnosed PCa patients, or a sample sizes under 50 men. RESULTS We identified 6474 articles, of which 140 were included after screening abstracts and full texts. In total, we identified 96 unique RCs. Among these, 45 underwent external validation, with 28 validated in multiple cohorts. Of the externally validated RCs, 17 are based on clinical factors, 19 incorporate clinical factors along with MRI details, 4 were based on blood biomarkers alone or in combination with clinical factors, and 5 included urinary biomarkers. The median AUC of externally validated RCs ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review offers an extensive analysis of currently available RCs, their variable utilization, and performance within validation cohorts. RCs have consistently demonstrated their capacity to mitigate the limitations associated with early detection and have been integrated into modern practice and screening trials. Nevertheless, the lack of external validation data raises concerns about numerous RCs, and it is crucial to factor in this omission when evaluating whether a specific RC is applicable to one's target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique B Denijs
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Meike J van Harten
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas J L Meenderink
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée C A Leenen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lionne D F Venderbos
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick C N van den Bergh
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen H, Li Y, Wu G, Zeng Q, Huang H, Zhang G. ZNF692 promotes cell proliferation, invasion and migration of human prostate cancer cells by targeting the EMT signaling pathway. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:88. [PMID: 38291502 PMCID: PMC10826006 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer poses a considerable threat to human health. At present, the mechanism of tumor progression remains unclear. ZNF692 is overexpressed in many tumors, and the high expression of ZNF692 is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and tumor phenotype of prostate cancer, suggesting that ZNF692 may play an important role in tumor biology of prostate cancer. This paper aims to elucidate the relationship between them. METHODS The expression level of ZNF692 was verified in normal prostate cells (RWPE-1) and prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC3, DU145). PC3 cells were selected to construct the ZNF692 knockout prostate cancer cell line. The changes of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis were detected by CCK8, Edu staining, Transwell assay and scratch assay. The expression levels of related proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULTS At the cellular level, ZNF692 was overexpressed to varying degrees in prostate cancer cell lines, with the highest expression in PC3 cell lines. CCK8 and Edu results showed that the proliferation of prostate cancer PC3 cells that knocked down ZNF692 was slowed. Transwell assay and scratch assay showed reduced invasion and migration of prostate cancer PC3 cells that knocked out ZNF692. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of prostate cancer PC3 cells after ZNF692 knockout was increased. In addition, after ZNF692 silencing, the expression level of epithelial phenotype E-cadherin increased in PC3 cells, while the expression level of interstitial phenotype N-cadherin, Vimentin, c-Myc, and CyclinA1 decreased. The state of prostate cancer PC3 cells that overexpressed ZNF692 was reversed from the state after ZNF692 was knocked down. CONCLUSION ZNF692 can be used as a new prognostic marker and a potential biologic therapeutic target for PCa. By inhibiting the expression of c-myc and cyclinA1, the EMT signaling pathway is regulated to provide evidence for its potential molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmin Chen
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gengqing Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qingming Zeng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haibing Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
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Neumair M, Kattan MW, Freedland SJ, Haese A, Guerrios-Rivera L, De Hoedt AM, Liss MA, Leach RJ, Boorjian SA, Cooperberg MR, Poyet C, Saba K, Herkommer K, Meissner VH, Vickers AJ, Ankerst DP. Accommodating heterogeneous missing data patterns for prostate cancer risk prediction. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:200. [PMID: 35864460 PMCID: PMC9306143 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared six commonly used logistic regression methods for accommodating missing risk factor data from multiple heterogeneous cohorts, in which some cohorts do not collect some risk factors at all, and developed an online risk prediction tool that accommodates missing risk factors from the end-user. METHODS Ten North American and European cohorts from the Prostate Biopsy Collaborative Group (PBCG) were used for fitting a risk prediction tool for clinically significant prostate cancer, defined as Gleason grade group ≥ 2 on standard TRUS prostate biopsy. One large European PBCG cohort was withheld for external validation, where calibration-in-the-large (CIL), calibration curves, and area-underneath-the-receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) were evaluated. Ten-fold leave-one-cohort-internal validation further validated the optimal missing data approach. RESULTS Among 12,703 biopsies from 10 training cohorts, 3,597 (28%) had clinically significant prostate cancer, compared to 1,757 of 5,540 (32%) in the external validation cohort. In external validation, the available cases method that pooled individual patient data containing all risk factors input by an end-user had best CIL, under-predicting risks as percentages by 2.9% on average, and obtained an AUC of 75.7%. Imputation had the worst CIL (-13.3%). The available cases method was further validated as optimal in internal cross-validation and thus used for development of an online risk tool. For end-users of the risk tool, two risk factors were mandatory: serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and age, and ten were optional: digital rectal exam, prostate volume, prior negative biopsy, 5-alpha-reductase-inhibitor use, prior PSA screen, African ancestry, Hispanic ethnicity, first-degree prostate-, breast-, and second-degree prostate-cancer family history. CONCLUSION Developers of clinical risk prediction tools should optimize use of available data and sources even in the presence of high amounts of missing data and offer options for users with missing risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Neumair
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W. Kattan
- grid.239578.20000 0001 0675 4725Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Section of Urology, Durham Veterans Administration Health Care System, Durham, NC USA ,grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alexander Haese
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lourdes Guerrios-Rivera
- grid.509403.b0000 0004 0420 4000Department of Surgery, Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Amanda M. De Hoedt
- Section of Urology, Durham Veterans Administration Health Care System, Durham, NC USA
| | - Michael A. Liss
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Urology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Robin J. Leach
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Stephen A. Boorjian
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Matthew R. Cooperberg
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Departments of Urology and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Cedric Poyet
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Urology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Saba
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Urology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.483344.c0000000406274213Urology Centre, Hirslanden Klinik Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Herkommer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentin H. Meissner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Vickers
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Donna P. Ankerst
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, Garching, Germany
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