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Zouaghi Y, Choudhary AM, Irshad S, Adamo M, Rehman KU, Fatima A, Shahid M, Najmi N, De Azevedo Correa F, Habibi I, Boizot A, Niederländer NJ, Ansar M, Santoni F, Acierno J, Pitteloud N. Genome sequencing reveals novel causative structural and single nucleotide variants in Pakistani families with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:787. [PMID: 39143522 PMCID: PMC11325732 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study aims to elucidate the genetic causes of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), a rare genetic disorder resulting in GnRH deficiency, in six families from Pakistan. METHODS Eighteen DNA samples from six families underwent genome sequencing followed by standard evaluation for pathogenic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indels. All families were subsequently analyzed for pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) using CoverageMaster. RESULTS Novel pathogenic homozygous SNVs in known CHH genes were identified in four families: two families with variants in GNRHR, and two others harboring KISS1R variants. Subsequent investigation of CNVs in the remaining two families identified novel unique large deletions in ANOS1. CONCLUSION A combined, systematic analysis of single nucleotide and CNVs helps to improve the diagnostic yield for variants in patients with CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Zouaghi
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Anbreen Mazhar Choudhary
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Irshad
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michela Adamo
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | | | - Ambrin Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nida Najmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fernanda De Azevedo Correa
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Imen Habibi
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Boizot
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile Des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Advanced Molecular Genetics and Genomics Disease Research and Treatment Centre, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Federico Santoni
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
- , Medigenome, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue de La Sallaz 8, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
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Bakhshalizadeh S, Afkhami F, Bell KM, Robevska G, van den Bergen J, Cronin S, Jaillard S, Ayers KL, Kumar P, Siebold C, Xiao Z, Tate EW, Danaei S, Farzadi L, Shahbazi S, Sinclair AH, Tucker EJ. Diverse genetic causes of amenorrhea in an ethnically homogeneous cohort and an evolving approach to diagnosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 587:112212. [PMID: 38521400 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterised by amenorrhea associated with elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) under the age of 40 years and affects 1-3.7% women. Genetic factors explain 20-30% of POI cases, but most causes remain unknown despite genomic advancements. DESIGN We used whole exome sequencing (WES) in four Iranian families, validated variants via Sanger sequencing, and conducted the Acyl-cLIP assay to measure HHAT enzyme activity. RESULTS Despite ethnic homogeneity, WES revealed diverse genetic causes, including a novel homozygous nonsense variant in SYCP2L, impacting synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly, in the first family. Interestingly, the second family had two independent causes for amenorrhea - the mother had POI due to a novel homozygous loss-of-function variant in FANCM (required for chromosomal stability) and her daughter had primary amenorrhea due to a novel homozygous GNRHR (required for gonadotropic signalling) frameshift variant. WES analysis also provided cytogenetic insights. WES revealed one individual was in fact 46, XY and had a novel homozygous missense variant of uncertain significance in HHAT, potentially responsible for complete sex reversal although functional assays did not support impaired HHAT activity. In the remaining individual, WES indicated likely mosaic Turners with the majority of X chromosome variants having an allelic balance of ∼85% or ∼15%. Microarray validated the individual had 90% 45,XO. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the diverse causes of amenorrhea in a small, isolated ethnic cohort highlighting how a genetic cause in one individual may not clarify familial cases. We propose that, in time, genomic sequencing may become a single universal test required for the diagnosis of infertility conditions such as POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Bakhshalizadeh
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fateme Afkhami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Department of Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Sara Cronin
- Cyto-Molecular Diagnostic Research Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Shahla Danaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena J Tucker
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Wang S, Gong X, Xiao F, Yang Y. Recent advances in host-focused molecular tools for investigating host-gut microbiome interactions. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1335036. [PMID: 38605718 PMCID: PMC11007152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1335036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities in the human gut play a significant role in regulating host gene expression, influencing a variety of biological processes. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions, tools that can dissect signaling networks are required. In this review, we discuss recent advances in molecular tools used to study this interplay, with a focus on those that explore how the microbiome regulates host gene expression. These tools include CRISPR-based whole-body genetic tools for deciphering host-specific genes involved in the interaction process, Cre-loxP based tissue/cell-specific gene editing approaches, and in vitro models of host-derived organoids. Overall, the application of these molecular tools is revolutionizing our understanding of how host-microbiome interactions contribute to health and disease, paving the way for improved therapies and interventions that target microbial influences on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Axiak CJ, Pleven A, Attard R, Borg Carbott F, Ebejer JP, Brincat I, Cassar K, Gruppetta M, Vassallo J, Bezzina Wettinger S, Farrugia R. High Population Frequency of GNRHR p.Q106R in Malta: An Evaluation of Fertility and Hormone Profiles in Heterozygotes. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvad172. [PMID: 38196663 PMCID: PMC10775685 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor variant GNRHR p.Q106R (rs104893836) in homozygosity, compound heterozygosity, or single heterozygosity is often reported as the causative variant in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) patients with GnRH deficiency. Genotyping of a Maltese newborn cord-blood collection yielded a minor allele frequency (MAF) 10 times higher (MAF = 0.029; n = 493) than that of the global population (MAF = 0.003). Objective To determine whether GNRHR p.Q106R in heterozygosity influences profiles of endogenous hormones belonging to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the onset of puberty and fertility in adult men (n = 739) and women (n = 239). Design Setting and Participants Analysis of questionnaire data relating to puberty and fertility, genotyping of the GNRHR p.Q106R variant, and hormone profiling of a highly phenotyped Maltese adult cohort from the Maltese Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. Main Outcome and Results Out of 978 adults, 43 GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes (26 men and 17 women) were identified. Hormone levels and fertility for all heterozygotes are within normal parameters except for TSH, which was lower in men 50 years or older. Conclusion Hormone data and baseline fertility characteristics of GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes are comparable to those of homozygous wild-type individuals who have no reproductive problems. The heterozygous genotype alone does not impair the levels of investigated gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones or affect fertility. GNRHR p.Q106R heterozygotes who exhibit IHH characteristics must have at least another variant, probably in a different IHH gene, that drives pathogenicity. We also conclude that GNRHR p.Q106R is likely a founder variant due to its overrepresentation and prevalence in the island population of Malta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton John Axiak
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Adrian Pleven
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Clinical Chemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Ritienne Attard
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Francesca Borg Carbott
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Jean-Paul Ebejer
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Ian Brincat
- Clinical Chemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Karen Cassar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Mark Gruppetta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Josanne Vassallo
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Stephanie Bezzina Wettinger
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Rosienne Farrugia
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
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Fanis P, Neocleous V, Papapetrou I, Phylactou LA, Skordis N. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRHR) and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15965. [PMID: 37958948 PMCID: PMC10650312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sexual and reproductive development is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is primarily controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acting on its receptor (GnRHR). Dysregulation of the axis leads to conditions such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and delayed puberty. The pathophysiology of GnRHR makes it a potential target for treatments in several reproductive diseases and in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. GnRHR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and its GnRH ligand, when bound, activates several complex and tissue-specific signaling pathways. In the pituitary gonadotrope cells, it triggers the G protein subunit dissociation and initiates a cascade of events that lead to the production and secretion of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) accompanied with the phospholipase C, inositol phosphate production, and protein kinase C activation. Pharmacologically, GnRHR can be modulated by synthetic analogues. Such analogues include the agonists, antagonists, and the pharmacoperones. The agonists stimulate the gonadotropin release and lead to receptor desensitization with prolonged use while the antagonists directly block the GnRHR and rapidly reduce the sex hormone production. Pharmacoperones include the most recent GnRHR therapeutic approaches that directly correct the misfolded GnRHRs, which are caused by genetic mutations and hold serious promise for CHH treatment. Understanding of the GnRHR's genomic and protein structure is crucial for the most appropriate assessing of the mutation impact. Such mutations in the GNRHR are linked to normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and lead to various clinical symptoms, including delayed puberty, infertility, and impaired sexual development. These mutations vary regarding their mode of inheritance and can be found in the homozygous, compound heterozygous, or in the digenic state. GnRHR expression extends beyond the pituitary gland, and is found in reproductive tissues such as ovaries, uterus, and prostate and non-reproductive tissues such as heart, muscles, liver and melanoma cells. This comprehensive review explores GnRHR's multifaceted role in human reproduction and its clinical implications for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Irene Papapetrou
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (P.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Nicos Skordis
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Paediatrics, Nicosia 2024, Cyprus
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Al Sayed Y, Howard SR. Panel testing for the molecular genetic diagnosis of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – a clinical perspective. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 31:387-394. [PMID: 36517585 PMCID: PMC10133250 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCongenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare endocrine disorder that results in reproductive hormone deficiency and reduced potential for fertility in adult life. Discoveries of the genetic aetiology of CHH have advanced dramatically in the past 30 years, with currently over 40 genes recognised to cause or contribute to the development of this condition. The genetic complexity of CHH is further increased by the observation of di- and oligogenic, as well as classic monogenic, inheritance and incomplete penetrance. Very recently in the UK, a panel of 14 genes has been curated for the genetic diagnosis of CHH within the NHS Genomic Medicine Service programme. The aim of this review is to appraise the advantages and potential pitfalls of the use of a CHH panel in clinical endocrine diagnostics, and to consider the future avenues for developing this panel including the potential of whole exome or whole genome sequencing data analysis in this condition.
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Wang L, Lin W, Li X, Zhang L, Wang K, Cui X, Tang S, Fang G, Tan Y, Wang X, Chen C, Yang C, Tang H. A case report of congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by novel mutation of GNRHR gene. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24007. [PMID: 33592857 PMCID: PMC7870162 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE This study aimed to investigate the genetic mutation characteristics of congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) through the clinical features and genetic analysis of 2 patients with IHH in 1 pedigree. PATIENT CONCERNS A 23-year-old girl presented with primary amenorrhea, sparse pubic hair, lack of breast development, and delayed sexual development. DIAGNOSES Combined with the clinical characteristics, auxiliary examinations, and molecular genetic analysis, the patient was diagnosed as IHH. INTERVENTIONS Whole exome and Sanger sequencing were performed to validate the mutation in family members. OUTCOMES A novel homozygous missense mutation c.521A > G (p.Q174R) in the GNRHR gene was identified in the 2 affected sisters. Familial segregation showed that the homozygous variant was inherited from their parents respectively and the eldest sister was the carrier without correlative symptom. LESSONS We reported a novel GNRHR mutation in a pedigree with congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Glutamine at amino acid position 174 was highly conserved among various species. The molecular structure of GNRHR protein showed that p.Q174R mutation brought in a new stable hydrogen bond between position 174 and 215, may impede conformational mobility of the TMD4 and TMD5. It suggests that the missense mutation c.521A > G related to congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was probably a causative factor for both sisters. Through high-throughput sequencing and experimental verification, we had basically determined the patient's pathogenic mutation and inheritance, which could better guide doctors for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
| | | | - Kai Wang
- CheerLand Precision Biomed Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Guangguang Fang
- Shenzhen Dapeng New District Maternity & Child Health Hospital Department of Gynecology
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Shenzhen Dapeng New District Maternity & Child Health Hospital Department of Gynecology
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuelai Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Huiru Tang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research
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Butz H, Nyírő G, Kurucz PA, Likó I, Patócs A. Molecular genetic diagnostics of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: from panel design towards result interpretation in clinical practice. Hum Genet 2020; 140:113-134. [PMID: 32222824 PMCID: PMC7864839 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital disease. Symptoms cover a wide spectrum from mild forms to complex phenotypes due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. To date, more than 40 genes have been identified as pathogenic cause of CHH. These genes could be grouped into two major categories: genes controlling development and GnRH neuron migration and genes being responsible for neuroendocrine regulation and GnRH neuron function. High-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows to analyze numerous gene sequences at the same time. Nowadays, whole exome or whole genome datasets could be investigated in clinical genetic diagnostics due to their favorable cost-benefit. The increasing genetic data generated by NGS reveal novel candidate genes and gene variants with unknown significance (VUSs). To provide clinically valuable genetic results, complex clinical and bioinformatics work are needed. The multifaceted genetics of CHH, the variable mode of inheritance, the incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and oligogenic characteristics further complicate the interpretation of the genetic variants detected. The objective of this work, apart from reviewing the currently known genes associated with CHH, was to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the NGS-based platforms and through the authors' own practice to guide through the whole workflow starting from gene panel design, performance analysis and result interpretation. Based on our results, a genetic diagnosis was clearly identified in 21% of cases tested (8/38).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyírő
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Anna Kurucz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary. .,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Lu G, Yang R, Geng H, Wang C, Li H, Feng T, Liu S, Hao L. Association of SNPs in GnRH gene with sperm quality traits of Chinese water buffalo. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:384-392. [PMID: 31945221 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) controls the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and plays a key role in the reproductive performance of animals. In this study, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely g.991T > C, g.1041T > C g.3424T > C, g.3462C > A and g.3463Inde A, were detected in the GnRH gene of 162 water buffaloes by Sanger sequencing. Each SNP was associated with more than two sperm quality traits of ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, post-thaw sperm motility and sperm abnormality. g.3424T > C and g.3462C > A were related to these four traits and had a remarkable effect on ejaculate volume. The three other SNPs were related to sperm concentration, post-thaw sperm motility and sperm abnormality. Moreover, six haplotypes (H1: TCCAI, H2: CTTC-, H3: TCCCI, H4: CTTA-, H5: CCTA- and H6: CTCC-) composed of five SNPs comprising seven different combined genotypes were generated by linkage disequilibrium analysis. Statistics followed by one-way ANOVA indicated that water buffaloes with the haplotype combination H1H1 had the highest genotypic frequency, and those with the H4H4 haplotype combination had the highest ejaculate volume. The sperm concentration of those with haplotype combination H1H5 was higher than that of the other genotypes. In summary, our study showed a remarkable association between the SNPs of GnRH and sperm quality traits of Chinese water buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Endocrinology and Genetics Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanhong Lu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongwei Geng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyang Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianqi Feng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Five-Star Animal Health Pharmaceutical Factory of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Geng D, Zhang H, Liu X, Fei J, Jiang Y, Liu R, Wang R, Zhang G. Identification of KISS1R gene mutations in disorders of non-obstructive azoospermia in the northeast population of China. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23139. [PMID: 31821609 PMCID: PMC7171332 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐obstructive azoospermia (NOA), a serious phenotype of male spermatogenesis failure, is a multifactorial disease which is regulated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Some gene structural variants have been demonstrated to be related to NOA. Loss‐of‐function mutations of KISS1R cause normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) which result in azoospermia at the pre‐testicular level. The objective of this research was to investigate genetic variants of KISS1R in NOA patients. Methods The entire coding region of 52 spermatogenesis‐associated genes (KISS1R included) was sequenced from 200 NOA patients. Mutation screening was performed to identify genetic variations of these genes by targeted exome sequencing. Sequencing data analysis was carried out by a series of bioinformatics tools. Candidate variants confirmation was performed by Sanger sequencing. Functional analysis of candidate variants was evaluated using SIFT and PolyPhen‐2. Results Three heterozygous missense variants in KISS1R were identified in three patients, respectively. No deleterious variations in other candidate genes were found in the three patients. Two of these three variants, p.A211T and p.G186E, had been reported in the ExAC and dbSNP database, respectively, while the other variant p.A301D was novel. These variants were all predicted to be likely pathogenic by in silico analysis. Conclusion Our study revealed three heterozygous missense variants in KISS1R which expanded the mutation spectrum of KISS1R in infertile men with NOA in the northeast of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Geng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Fei
- Peking Medriv Academy of Genetics and Reproduction, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Peking Medriv Academy of Genetics and Reproduction, Beijing, China
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