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Kaneva AM, Bojko ER. Fatty liver index (FLI): more than a marker of hepatic steatosis. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:11-26. [PMID: 37875710 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver index (FLI) was developed as a simple and accurate marker of hepatic steatosis. FLI is derived from an algorithm based on body mass index, waist circumference, and levels of triglycerides and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and it is widely used in clinical and epidemiological studies as a screening tool for discriminating between healthy and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects. However, a systematic review of the literature regarding FLI revealed that this index has more extensive relationships with biochemical and physiological parameters. FLI is associated with key parameters of lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, hormones, vitamins and markers of inflammation, or oxidative stress. FLI can be a predictor or risk factor for a number of metabolic and nonmetabolic diseases and mortality. FLI is also used as an indicator for determining the effects of health-related prevention interventions, medications, and toxic substances on humans. Although in most cases, the exact mechanisms underlying these associations have not been fully elucidated, they are most often assumed to be mediated by insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Thus, FLI may be a promising marker of metabolic health due to its multiple associations with parameters of physiological and pathological processes. In this context, the present review summarizes the data from currently available literature on the associations between FLI and biochemical variables and physiological functions. We believe that this review will be of interest to researchers working in this area and can provide new perspectives and directions for future studies on FLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya M Kaneva
- Institute of Physiology of Кomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 50 Pervomayskaya str., 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia.
| | - Evgeny R Bojko
- Institute of Physiology of Кomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 50 Pervomayskaya str., 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia
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Liu CC, Huang SP, Lee YC, Lee CH, Huang TY, Geng JH, Chang CW, Lin CY, Juan YS, Wu WJ, Hsieh TJ. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is an early predictor for testosterone deficiency in aging men without metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1252774. [PMID: 37854195 PMCID: PMC10579790 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1252774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has emerged as a valuable marker for identifying individuals at increased risk of metabolic dysfunction, liver-related complications, and cardiovascular disease. However, the association between MAFLD and testosterone deficiency (TD) in aging men remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between MAFLD and the risk of TD in aging Taiwanese men, with a specific focus on those without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods A free health screening program was conducted for Taiwanese men aged over 40 years in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Participants underwent physical examinations, completed questionnaires regarding demographics, medical history, and clinical symptoms of TD, and provided 20-mL whole blood samples for biochemical, adipocytokine, and hormonal evaluations. Fatty liver index was used to evaluate the risk of fatty liver. Diagnostic criteria for MAFLD included fatty liver along with overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, or evidence of metabolic dysregulation. Results A total of 631 men (mean age: 54.4 ± 8.4 years) were enrolled. The prevalence rates of TD and MetS were significantly higher in men with MAFLD compared to those without (both p < 0.001). Additionally, the presence of MAFLD showed a significant correlation with adipocytokines associated with insulin resistance, such as adiponectin, leptin, and retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) levels (all p < 0.001). Among men without MetS, those with MAFLD had a 3.89- and 4.74-fold higher risk of total testosterone < 300 ng/dL and TD, respectively, after adjusting for potential covariates. Conclusion MAFLD is associated with an elevated risk of TD in aging Taiwanese men, particularly in the absence of MetS. This finding suggests that MAFLD could serve as an early predictor of TD, facilitating the identification of high-risk individuals and enabling timely interventions. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms linking MAFLD, TD, and MetS in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chu Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yi Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Hung Geng
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Lin
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Li X, Yao X, Yang Y, Ning X, Zhao T, Xia L, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu H. Do Leptin Play a Role in Metabolism-Related Psychopathological Symptoms? Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:710498. [PMID: 34566714 PMCID: PMC8460901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Leptin is a crucial regulator of energy balance and is associated with obesity. In recent years, it has also been recognized as involved in the psychopathological mechanism. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationships between serum leptin levels, body mass index (BMI), and psychopathology symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: A cross-sectional assessment of 324 inpatients with schizophrenia was conducted. Schizophrenia symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum leptin levels were assessed by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Significant differences in sex, BMI, and negative symptom subscale (PANSS-N) scores were found between the groups with high and low leptin levels in the study. Leptin levels were positively correlated with BMI (B = 2.322, t = 9.557, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with PANSS-N scores (B = -0.303, t = -2.784, P = 0.006). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the increase in leptin levels is responsible for antipsychotic-induced weight gain and improved psychopathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianhu Yao
- Maanshan Fourth People's Hospital, Maanshan, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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