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Pozzo CFSD, Junior JEM, Britto-Júnior J, Badin JFA, de Souza VB, Schenka AA, Peterson LW, Fregonesi A, Antunes E, De Nucci G. Basal release of 6-cyanodopamine from rat isolated vas deferens and its role on the tissue contractility. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1263-1277. [PMID: 38963545 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
6-Cyanodopamine is a novel catecholamine released from rabbit isolated heart. However, it is not known whether this catecholamine presents any biological activity. Here, it was evaluated whether 6-cyanodopamine (6-CYD) is released from rat vas deferens and its effect on this tissue contractility. Basal release of 6-CYD, 6-nitrodopamine (6-ND), 6-bromodopamine, 6-nitrodopa, and 6-nitroadrenaline from vas deferens were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Electric-field stimulation (EFS) and concentration-response curves to noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine of the rat isolated epididymal vas deferens (RIEVD) were performed in the absence and presence of 6-CYD and /or 6-ND. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The rat isolated vas deferens released significant amounts of both 6-CYD and 6-ND. The voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin had no effect on the release of 6-CYD, but it virtually abolished 6-ND release. 6-CYD alone exhibited a negligible RIEVD contractile activity; however, at 10 nM, 6-CYD significantly potentiated the noradrenaline- and EFS-induced RIEVD contractions, whereas at 10 and 100 nM, it also significantly potentiated the adrenaline- and dopamine-induced contractions. The potentiation of noradrenaline- and adrenaline-induced contractions by 6-CYD was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Co-incubation of 6-CYD (100 pM) with 6-ND (10 pM) caused a significant leftward shift and increased the maximal contractile responses to noradrenaline, even in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase in both epithelial cell cytoplasm of the mucosae and nerve fibers of RIEVD. The identification of epithelium-derived 6-CYD and its remarkable synergism with catecholamines indicate that epithelial cells may regulate vas deferens smooth muscle contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Agostini Badin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Valéria Barbosa de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Almeida Schenka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Fregonesi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Uramoto EHS, Lima AT, Ribeiro LF, de Souza VB, Schenka AA, de Almeida Magalhães JC, Antunes E, Fregonesi A, De Nucci G. Epithelium-derived 6-nitrodopamine modulates noradrenaline-induced contractions in human seminal vesicles. Life Sci 2024; 348:122695. [PMID: 38710285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the basal release of 6-nitrodopamine (6-ND) from human isolated seminal vesicles (HISV) and to characterize its action and origin. MAIN METHODS Left HISV obtained from patients undergoing prostatectomy surgery was suspended in a 3-mL organ bath containing warmed (37 °C) and gassed (95%O2:5%CO2) Krebs-Henseleit's solution (KHS) with ascorbic acid. An aliquot of 2 mL of the supernatant was used to quantify catecholamines by LC-MS/MS. For functional studies, concentration-responses curves to catecholamines were obtained, and pEC50 and Emax values were calculated. Detection of tyrosine hydroxylase and S100 protein were also carried out by both immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in-situ hybridization assays (FISH). KEY FINDINGS Basal release of 6-ND was higher than the other catecholamines (14.76 ± 14.54, 4.99 ± 6.92, 3.72 ± 4.35 and 5.13 ± 5.76 nM for 6-ND, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine, respectively). In contrast to the other catecholamines, the basal release of 6-ND was not affected by the sodium current (Nav) channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (1 μM; 10.4 ± 8.9 and 10.4 ± 7.9 nM, before and after tetrodotoxin, respectively). All the catecholamines produced concentration-dependent HISV contractions (pEC50 4.1 ± 0.2, 4.9 ± 0.3, 5.0 ± 0.3, and 3.9 ± 0.8 for 6-ND, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine, respectively), but 6-ND was 10-times less potent than noradrenaline and adrenaline. However, preincubation with very low concentration of 6-ND (10-8 M, 30 min) produced significant leftward shifts of the concentration-response curves to noradrenaline. Immunohistochemical and FISH assays identified tyrosine hydroxylase in tissue epithelium of HISV strips. SIGNIFICANCE Epithelium-derived 6-ND is the major catecholamine released from human isolated seminal vesicles and that modulates smooth muscle contractility by potentiating noradrenaline-induced contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Valéria Barbosa de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andre Almeida Schenka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriano Fregonesi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Guimarães RAB, Oliveira DL, Lima AT, Quirino Junior G, de Oliveira Stocco GA, Salgado Uramoto EH, Fregonesi A, Antunes E, De Nucci G. Alpha 1-adrenergic blockers selectively antagonize the contractions induced by 6-nitrodopamine in the human vas deferens. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3227-3238. [PMID: 37910185 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine (6-ND) is released from human vas deferens and plays a modulatory role in the male ejaculation. Therapeutical use of α1-adrenoceptor antagonists is associated with ejaculatory abnormalities. To evaluate the effect of α1-adrenoceptor antagonists on the contractions induced by 6-ND, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in the human epididymal vas deferens (HEVD). HEVD strips were suspended in glass chambers containing heated and oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit's solution. Cumulative concentration-response curves to catecholamines (10 nM-300 μM) were constructed in HEVD strips pre-incubated (30 min) with doxazosin (0.1-1 nM), tamsulosin (1-10 nM), prazosin (10-100 nM) and/or silodosin (0.1-10 nM). The effects of these α1-adrenoceptor antagonists were also evaluated in the electric-field stimulation (EFS, 2-32 Hz)-induced contractions. Doxazosin (0.1 nM) caused significant reductions in 6-ND-induced HEVD contractions without affecting the contractions induced by dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Similar results were observed with tamsulosin (1 nM) and prazosin (10 nM). At these concentrations, these α1-adrenoceptor antagonists largely reduced the EFS-induced contractions. Silodosin (1 nM) caused concentration-dependent rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves to 6-ND but had no effect on the contractions induced by dopamine and adrenaline. Silodosin (0.1 nM) only inhibited the contractions induced by noradrenaline. Silodosin at 1 nM, but not at 0.1 nM, caused significant reductions in the EFS-induced contractions. The results reinforce the concept that 6-ND plays a major role in the human vas deferens contractility and indicate that the ejaculation disorders caused by doxazosin, tamsulosin, prazosin and silodosin cause in man, may be due to inhibition of the contractions induced by 6-ND rather than by the classical catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Renan Arthur Bosio Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Denis Lima Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Quirino Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Augusto de Oliveira Stocco
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Fregonesi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo St, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Furlaneto R, Lima AT, de Oliveira MG, Severino B, Frecentese F, Fiorino F, Caliendo G, Muscará MN, De Nucci G. GKT137831 and hydrogen peroxide increase the release of 6-nitrodopamine from the human umbilical artery, rat-isolated right atrium, and rat-isolated vas deferens. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1348876. [PMID: 38645555 PMCID: PMC11026650 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1348876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The human umbilical artery (HUA), rat-isolated right atrium, and rat-isolated vas deferens present a basal release of 6-nitrodopamine (6-ND). The basal release of 6-ND from these tissues was significantly decreased (but not abolished) when the tissues were pre-incubated with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Methods: In this study, the effect of the pharmacological modulation of the redox environment on the basal release of 6-ND was investigated. The basal release of 6-ND was measured using Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results and Discussion: Pre-incubation (30 min) of the tissues with GKT137831 (1 μM) caused a significant increase in the basal release of 6-ND from all tissues. In the HUA, pre-incubation with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) (100 μM) also caused significant increases in the basal release of 6-ND. Preincubation of the HUA with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (100 μM) increased 6-ND basal release, whereas pre-incubation with catalase (1,000 U/mL) significantly decreased it. Pre-incubation of the HUA with superoxide dismutase (SOD) (250 U/mL; 30 min) also significantly increased the basal release of 6-ND. Preincubation of the HUA with either allopurinol (100 μM) or uric acid (1 mM) had no effect on the basal release of 6-ND. Pre-treatment of the HUA with L-NAME (100 μM) prevented the increase in the basal release of 6-ND induced by GKT137831, diphenyleneiodonium, and H2O2. The results obtained indicate a major role of endogenous H2O2 and peroxidases as modulators of 6- ND biosynthesis/release and a lack of peroxynitrite contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Furlaneto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcelo Nicolás Muscará
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Sāo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Sāo Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Nacário Silva SG, Lima AT, Fuguhara V, Andrade LB, Mendes GD, Peterson LW, Chiavegatto S, Antunes E, De Nucci G. The pivotal role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the release of 6-nitrodopamine from mouse isolated vas deferens. Nitric Oxide 2024; 143:1-8. [PMID: 38096948 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine (6-ND) is released from rat and human vas deferens and is considered a major mediator of both tissues contractility. The contractions induced by 6-ND are selectively blocked by both tricyclic antidepressants and α1-adrenoceptor antagonists. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the major isoform responsible for 6-ND release in mouse isolated heart, however the origin of 6-ND in the vas deferens is unknown. Here it was investigated by LC-MS/MS the basal release of 6-ND from isolated vas deferens obtained from control, eNOS-/-, nNOS-/-, and iNOS-/- mice. In addition, it was evaluated in vitro vas deferens contractility following electric field stimulation (EFS). Basal release of 6-ND was significantly reduced in nNOS-/- mice compared to control mice, but not decreased when the vas deferens were obtained from either eNOS-/- or iNOS-/- mice. Pre-incubation of the vas deferens with tetrodotoxin (1 μM) significantly reduced the basal release of 6-ND from control, eNOS-/-, and iNOS-/- mice but had no effect on the basal release of 6-ND from nNOS-/- mice. EFS-induced frequency-dependent contractions of the vas deferens, which were significantly reduced when the tissues obtained from control, eNOS-/- and iNOS-/- mice, were pre-incubated with l-NAME, but unaltered when the vas deferens was obtained from nNOS-/- mice. In addition, the EFS-induced contractions were significantly smaller when the vas deferens were obtained from nNOS-/- mice. The results clearly demonstrate that nNOS is the main NO isoform responsible for 6-ND release in mouse vas deferens and reinforces the concept of 6-ND as a major modulator of vas deferens contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vivian Fuguhara
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa Bueno Andrade
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana Chiavegatto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry (IPq), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Zatz R, De Nucci G. Endothelium-Derived Dopamine and 6-Nitrodopamine in the Cardiovascular System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:44-59. [PMID: 37874898 PMCID: PMC11283902 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The review deals with the release of endothelium-derived dopamine and 6-nitrodopamine (6-ND) and its effects on isolated vascular tissues and isolated hearts. Basal release of both dopamine and 6-ND is present in human isolated umbilical cord vessels, human popliteal vessels, nonhuman primate vessels, and reptilia aortas. The 6-ND basal release was significantly reduced when the tissues were treated with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and virtually abolished when the endothelium was mechanically removed. 6-Nitrodopamine is a potent vasodilator, and the mechanism of action responsible for this effect is the antagonism of dopamine D2-like receptors. As a vasodilator, 6-ND constitutes a novel mechanism by which nitric oxide modulates vascular tone. The basal release of 6-ND was substantially decreased in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS-/-) mice and not altered in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout (nNOS-/-) mice, indicating a nonneurogenic source for 6-ND in the heart. Indeed, in rat isolated right atrium, the release of 6-ND was not affected when the atria were treated with tetrodotoxin. In the rat isolated right atrium, 6-ND is the most potent endogenous positive chronotropic agent, and in Langendorff's heart preparation, it is the most potent endogenous positive inotropic agent. The positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of 6-ND are antagonized by β1-adrenoceptor antagonists at concentrations that do not affect the effects induced by noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine, indicating that blockade of the 6-ND receptor is the major modulator of heart chronotropism and inotropism. The review proposes that endothelium-derived catecholamines may constitute a major mechanism for control of vascular tone and heart functions, in contrast to the overrated role attributed to the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Medeiros-Teixeira LR, Lima AT, Dassow LC, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Campos R, Moraes MO, Moraes MEA, Antunes E, De Nucci G. 6-Nitrodopamine Is the Most Potent Endogenous Positive Inotropic Agent in the Isolated Rat Heart. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2012. [PMID: 37895394 PMCID: PMC10607994 DOI: 10.3390/life13102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 6-nitrodopamine released from rat isolated atria exerts positive chronotropic action, being more potent than noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine. Here, we determined whether 6-nitrodopamine is released from rat isolated ventricles (RIV) and modulates heart inotropism. METHODS Catecholamines released from RIV were quantified by LC-MS/MS and their effects on heart inotropism were evaluated by measuring left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) in Langendorff's preparation. RESULTS 6-nitrodopamine was the major released catecholamine from RIV. Incubation with L-NAME (100 µM), but not with tetrodotoxin (1 µM), caused a significant reduction in 6-nitrodopamine basal release. 6-nitrodopamine release was significantly reduced in ventricles obtained from L-NAME chronically treated animals. 6-nitrodopamine (0.01 pmol) caused significant increases in LVDP and dP/dtmax, whereas dopamine and noradrenaline required 10 pmol, and adrenaline required 100 pmol, to induce similar increases in LVDP and dP/dtmax. The infusion of atenolol (10 nM) reduced basal LVDP and blocked the increases in LVDP induced by 6-ND (0.01 pmol), without affecting the increases in LVDP induced by 10 nmol of dopamine and noradrenaline and that induced by adrenaline (100 nmol). CONCLUSIONS 6-nitrodopamine is the major catecholamine released from rat isolated ventricles. It is 1000 times more potent than dopamine and noradrenaline and is selectively blocked by atenolol, indicating that 6-ND is a main regulator of heart inotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Lincoln Rangel Medeiros-Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Letícia Costa Dassow
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics, University Evangélica of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil; (L.C.D.); (R.Á.B.L.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics, University Evangélica of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil; (L.C.D.); (R.Á.B.L.-M.)
| | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil; (M.O.M.); (M.E.A.M.)
| | - Manoel Odorico Moraes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil; (M.O.M.); (M.E.A.M.)
| | - Maria Elisabete A. Moraes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil; (M.O.M.); (M.E.A.M.)
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (J.B.-J.); (L.R.M.-T.); (A.T.L.); (R.C.); (E.A.)
- Laboratory of Biophotonics and Experimental Therapeutics, University Evangélica of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil; (L.C.D.); (R.Á.B.L.-M.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil; (M.O.M.); (M.E.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Sāo Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
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Britto-Júnior J, Lima AT, Campos R, Gião AA, Mendes GD, Ferreira-Novaes Silva LP, Fregonesi A, Pupo AS, Antunes E, De Nucci G. 6-Nitrodopamine potentiates contractions of rat isolated vas deferens induced by noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and electric field stimulation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2555-2570. [PMID: 37014401 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine (6-ND) is a novel endogenous catecholamine that is released from the rat isolated vas deferens, and has been characterized as a major modulator of the contractility of rat isolated epididymal vas deferens (RIEVD). Drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, α1 and β1β2 adrenoceptor blockers, act as selective antagonists of the 6-ND receptor in the RIEVD. In the rat isolated atria, 6-ND has a potent positive chronotropic action and causes remarkable potentiation of the positive chronotropic effects induced by dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Here, whether 6-ND interacts with the classical catecholamines in the rat isolated vas deferens was investigated. Incubation with 6-ND (0.1 and 1 nM; 30min) caused no contractions in the RIEVD but provoked significant leftward shifts in the concentration-response curves to noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine. Pre-incubation of the RIEVD with 6-ND (1 nM), potentiated the contractions induced by electric-field stimulation (EFS), whereas pre-incubation with 1 nM of dopamine, noradrenaline or adrenaline, did not affect EFS-induced contractions. In tetrodotoxin (1 μM) pre-treated (30 min) RIEVD, pre-incubation with 6-ND (0.1 nM) did not cause leftward shifts in the concentration-dependent contractions induced by noradrenaline, adrenaline, or dopamine. Pre-incubation of the RIEVD with the α2A-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan (30 min, 10 nM) did not affect dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and EFS-induced contractions. However, when idazoxan (10 nM) and 6-ND (0.1 nM) were simultaneously pre-incubated (30 min), a significant potentiation of the EFS-induced contractions of the RIEVD was observed. 6-nitrodopamine causes remarkable potentiation of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline contractions on the RIEVD, due to activation of adrenergic terminals, possibly via pre-synaptic adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiza P Ferreira-Novaes Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Fregonesi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic (SLMANDIC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Júnior GQ, Britto-Júnior J, Magalhaes TB, Campos R, Nyamkondiwa KL, Klugh KL, Peterson LW, Corvino A, Sparaco R, Frecentese F, Caliendo G, De Nucci G. Measurement of 6-cyanodopamine, 6-nitrodopa, 6-nitrodopamine and 6-nitroadrenaline by LC-MS/MS in Krebs-Henseleit solution. Assessment of basal release from rabbit isolated right atrium and ventricles. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5691. [PMID: 37431086 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the validation of a sensitive method for the determination of 6-nitrodopa, 6-nitrodopamine, 6-nitroadrenaline and 6-cyanodopamine in Krebs-Henseleit solution by LC-MS/MS with ESI+ . HRMS was used to precisely characterize the structures of the fragment ions. The method was applied to investigate the catecholamine basal release from rabbit isolated atria and ventricles. The atria and ventricles were suspended separately in a 5 ml organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution with ascorbic acid (3 mM), gassed (95%O2 /5%CO2 ) at 37°C for 30 min. Strata-X 33 μm SPE cartridges were employed for the extraction of the catecholamines and the internal standard 6-nitrodopamine-d4 . The catecholamines were separated employing a 150 × 3 mm Shim-pack GIST C18-AQ (3 mm particle size), placed in an oven at 40°C and perfused by 65% of mobile phase A (MeCN/H2 O; 90/10, v/v) + 0.4% CH3 COOH and 35% mobile phase B (deionized H2 O) + 0.2% CH2 O2 at 320 μl/min in isocratic mode. The method was linear at 0.1-20 ng/ml. The method was used to identify for the first-time basal release of the three nitrocatecholamines mentioned above and a member of a novel class of catecholamines, the cyanocatecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Quirino Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tainah Babadopulos Magalhaes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kameron L Klugh
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Sparaco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Britto-Júnior J, Lima AT, Santos-Xavier JS, Gonzalez P, Mónica FZ, Campos R, Souza VBD, Schenka AA, Antunes E, Nucci GD. Relaxation of thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery rings of marmosets (Callithrix spp.) by endothelium-derived 6-nitrodopamine. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12622. [PMID: 37042871 PMCID: PMC10085761 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine is a novel catecholamine released by vascular tissues, heart, and vas deferens. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 6-nitrodopamine is released from the thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery rings of marmosets (Callithrix spp.) and to evaluate the relaxing and anti-contractile actions of this catecholamine. Release of 6-nitrodopamine, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline was assessed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The relaxations induced by 6-nitrodopamine and by the selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 were evaluated on U-46619 (3 nM)-pre-contracted vessels. The effects of 6-nitrodopamine and L-741,626 on the contractions induced by electric-field stimulation (EFS), dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline were also investigated. Both aorta and pulmonary artery rings exhibited endothelium-dependent release of 6-nitrodopamine, which was significantly reduced by the NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME. Addition of 6-nitrodopamine or L-741,626 caused concentration-dependent relaxations of both vascular tissues, which were almost abolished by endothelium removal, whereas L-NAME and the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ had no effect on 6-nitrodopamine-induced relaxations. Additionally, pre-incubation with 6-nitrodopamine antagonized the dopamine-induced contractions, without affecting the noradrenaline- and adrenaline-induced contractions. Pre-incubation with L-741,626 antagonized the contractions induced by all catecholamines. The EFS-induced contractions were significantly increased by L-NAME, but unaffected by ODQ. Immunohistochemical assays showed no immunostaining of the neural tissue markers S-100 and calretinin in either vascular tissue. The results indicated that 6-nitrodopamine is the major catecholamine released by marmoset vascular tissues, and it acts as a potent and selective antagonist of dopamine D2-like receptors. 6-nitrodopamine release may be the major mechanism by which NO causes vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Britto-Júnior
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A T Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - J S Santos-Xavier
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - P Gonzalez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - F Z Mónica
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - R Campos
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Unidade de Farmacologia Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - V B de Souza
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A A Schenka
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - E Antunes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - G De Nucci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Unidade de Farmacologia Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Sparaco R, Scognamiglio A, Corvino A, Caliendo G, Fiorino F, Magli E, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Severino B, Luciano P, Casertano M, Aiello A, De Nucci G, Frecentese F. Synthesis, Chiral Resolution and Enantiomers Absolute Configuration of 4-Nitropropranolol and 7-Nitropropranolol. Molecules 2022; 28:57. [PMID: 36615252 PMCID: PMC9822233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified 6-nitrodopamine and other nitro-catecholamines (6-nitrodopa, 6-nitroadrenaline), indicating that the endothelium has the ability to nitrate the classical catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline). In order to investigate whether drugs could be subject to the same nitration process, we synthesized 4-nitro- and 7-nitropropranolol as probes to evaluate the possible nitration of the propranolol by the endothelium. The separation of the enantiomers in very high yields and excellent enantiopurity was achieved by chiral HPLC. Finally, we used Riguera's method to determine the absolute configuration of the enantiomers, through double derivatization with MPA and NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sparaco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Scognamiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Luciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Casertano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Britto-Júnior J, de Oliveira MG, Dos Reis Gati C, Campos R, Moraes MO, Moraes MEA, Mónica FZ, Antunes E, De Nucci G. 6-NitroDopamine is an endogenous modulator of rat heart chronotropism. Life Sci 2022; 307:120879. [PMID: 35963299 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine (6-ND) is released by rat vas deferens and exerts a potent contractile response that is antagonized by tricyclic antidepressants and α1-, β1- and β1/β2-adrenoceptor antagonists. The release of 6-ND, noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine from rat isolated right atria was assessed by tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of the catecholamines were evaluated in both rat isolated right atria and in anaesthetized rats. 6-ND was the major catecholamine released from the isolated atria and the release was significantly reduced in nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME pre-treated atria or in atria obtained from L-NAME chronically treated animals, but unaffected by tetrodotoxin. 6-ND (1 pM) significantly increased the atrial frequency, being 100 times more potent than noradrenaline and adrenaline. Selective β1-blockers reduced the atrial frequency only at concentrations that prevented the increases in atrial frequency induced by 6-ND 1pM. Conversely, β1-blockade did not affect dopamine (10 nM), noradrenaline (100 pM) or adrenaline (100 pM) effect. The reductions in atrial frequency induced by the β1-adrenoceptor antagonists were absent in L-NAME pre-treated atria and in atria obtained from chronic L-NAME-treated animals. Tetrodotoxin did not prevent the reduction in atrial frequency induced by L-NAME or by β1-blockers treated preparations. In anaesthetized rats, at 1 pmol/kg, only 6-ND caused a significant increase in heart rate. Inhibition of 6-ND synthesis by chronic L-NAME treatment reduced both atrial frequency and heart rate. The results indicate that 6-ND is a major modulator of rat heart chronotropism and the reduction in heart rate caused by β1-blockers are due to selective blockade of 6-ND receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Britto-Júnior
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Dos Reis Gati
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Ceará State University (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico Moraes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete A Moraes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Z Mónica
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP - University of São Paulo, Brazil; Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES), Santos, Brazil.
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