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Gao J, Okolo O, Siedlak SL, Friedland RP, Wang X. Ferritin is closely associated with microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae074. [PMID: 39001793 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and has been strongly implicated in its pathogenesis. As a byproduct of cellular oxidative stress, iron dysregulation modifies basal levels of the regulatory iron-binding protein ferritin. Examination of thoracic and lumbar spinal cord tissues found increased ferritin immunostaining in white matter axons that corresponded to areas of increased microgliosis in 8 ALS patients versus 8 normal subjects. Gray matter areas containing the motor neurons also demonstrated increased ferritin and microglia in ALS compared to controls but at lower levels than in the white matter. Motor neurons with or without TDP-43 inclusions did not demonstrate either increased ferritin or associated microglial activation. We also observed an association of ferritin with microglia in cerebral cortical tissue samples of ALS cases and in the spinal cord tissues of transgenic mice expressing the SOD1G93A mutation. Elevated ferritin levels were detected in the insoluble fraction from spinal cord tissues of individuals with ALS. These findings suggest that activated microglia and increased ferritin may play significant roles in ALS progression since they are found closely associated in areas of axonal and cortical degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ogoegbunam Okolo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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2
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Wang LY, Zhang L, Bai XY, Qiang RR, Zhang N, Hu QQ, Cheng JZ, Yang YL, Xiang Y. The Role of Ferroptosis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04194-w. [PMID: 38864944 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease with a challenging treatment landscape, due to its complex pathogenesis and limited availability of clinical drugs. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD), stands distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other cell death mechanisms. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the role of iron deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, oxidative stress, as well as systemic Xc- and glutamate accumulation in the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis emerges as a promising strategy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment. This review introduces the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis, the relationship between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ferroptosis, and the drugs used in the clinic, then discusses the current status of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment, hoping to provide new directions and targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yi Wang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xin Yue Bai
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Rong Rong Qiang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Qian Qian Hu
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jun Zhi Cheng
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yan Ling Yang
- Yan 'an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- College of Physical Education, Yan'an University, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
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3
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Todd TW, Shao W, Zhang YJ, Petrucelli L. The endolysosomal pathway and ALS/FTD. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1025-1041. [PMID: 37827960 PMCID: PMC10841821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are considered to be part of a disease spectrum that is associated with causative mutations and risk variants in a wide range of genes. Mounting evidence indicates that several of these genes are linked to the endolysosomal system, highlighting the importance of this pathway in ALS/FTD. Although many studies have focused on how disruption of this pathway impacts on autophagy, recent findings reveal that this may not be the whole picture: specifically, disrupting autophagy may not be sufficient to induce disease, whereas disrupting the endolysosomal system could represent a crucial pathogenic driver. In this review we discuss the connections between ALS/FTD and the endolysosomal system, including a breakdown of how disease-associated genes are implicated in this pathway. We also explore the potential downstream consequences of disrupting endolysosomal activity in the brain, outside of an effect on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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4
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Wang Y, Wu S, Li Q, Sun H, Wang H. Pharmacological Inhibition of Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Strokes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300325. [PMID: 37341302 PMCID: PMC10460905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis, a unique regulated cell death modality that is morphologically and mechanistically different from other forms of cell death, plays a vital role in the pathophysiological process of neurodegenerative diseases, and strokes. Accumulating evidence supports ferroptosis as a critical factor of neurodegenerative diseases and strokes, and pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this review article, the core mechanisms of ferroptosis are overviewed and the roles of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and strokes are described. Finally, the emerging findings in treating neurodegenerative diseases and strokes through pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis are described. This review demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis by bioactive small-molecule compounds (ferroptosis inhibitors) could be effective for treatments of these diseases, and highlights a potential promising therapeutic avenue that could be used to prevent neurodegenerative diseases and strokes. This review article will shed light on developing novel therapeutic regimens by pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis to slow down the progression of these diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineAerospace Center HospitalPeking University Aerospace School of Clinical MedicineBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of NeurologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430000P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng UniversityChifeng024005P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Chifeng University Health Science CenterChifeng024000P. R. China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin300060P. R. China
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5
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Soares P, Silva C, Chavarria D, Silva FSG, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Drug discovery and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Emerging challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101790. [PMID: 36402404 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) leading to paralysis and, ultimately, death by respiratory failure 3-5 years after diagnosis. Edaravone and Riluzole, the only drugs currently approved for ALS treatment, only provide mild symptomatic relief to patients. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provided new grounds for drug discovery. Over the last two decades, mitochondria and oxidative stress (OS), iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and the major regulators of hypoxia and inflammation - HIF and NF-κB - emerged as promising targets for ALS therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focused our attention on these targets to outline and discuss current advances in ALS drug development. Based on the challenges and the roadblocks, we believe that the rational design of multi-target ligands able to modulate the complex network of events behind the disease can provide effective therapies in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catia Silva
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena S G Silva
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Hydrogen Peroxide and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Biochemistry to Pathophysiology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010052. [PMID: 35052556 PMCID: PMC8773294 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are unstable chemical reactive species produced during Redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) inside living cells and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. One of the most complicated and life-threatening motor neurodegenerative diseases (MND) is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because of the poor understanding of its pathophysiology and absence of an effective treatment for its cure. During the last 25 years, researchers around the globe have focused their interest on copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD, SOD1) protein after the landmark discovery of mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) gene as a risk factor for ALS. Substantial evidence suggests that toxic gain of function due to redox disturbance caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes the biophysical properties of native SOD1 protein thus, instigating its fibrillization and misfolding. These abnormal misfolding aggregates or inclusions of SOD1 play a role in the pathogenesis of both forms of ALS, i.e., Sporadic ALS (sALS) and familial ALS (fALS). However, what leads to a decrease in the stability and misfolding of SOD1 is still in question and our scientific knowledge is scarce. A large number of studies have been conducted in this area to explore the biochemical mechanistic pathway of SOD1 aggregation. Several studies, over the past two decades, have shown that the SOD1-catalyzed biochemical reaction product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a pathological concentration act as a substrate to trigger the misfolding trajectories and toxicity of SOD1 in the pathogenesis of ALS. These toxic aggregates of SOD1 also cause aberrant localization of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which is characteristic of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) found in ALS. Here in this review, we present the evidence implicating the pivotal role of H2O2 in modulating the toxicity of SOD1 in the pathophysiology of the incurable and highly complex disease ALS. Also, highlighting the role of H2O2 in ALS, we believe will encourage scientists to target pathological concentrations of H2O2 thereby halting the misfolding of SOD1.
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7
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Paydarnia P, Mayeli M, Shafie M, Agah E, Hasani SA, Jazani MR, Sarraf P. Alterations of the serum and CSF ferritin levels and the diagnosis and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 25:100379. [PMID: 34869924 PMCID: PMC8626833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ALS diagnostic challenges necessitate more robust diagnostic and prognostic methods. A potential biomarker in this regard is the alterations of ferritin levels in the serum and CSF of patients compared to controls. Methods The CSF and serum ferritin levels were measured in 50 ALS cases and 50 control patients with predefined exclusion criteria. The ELISA method was utilized for laboratory measurement and was statistically analyzed using the SPSS. Results Heightened serum ferritin levels in cases were not statistically significant. However, CSF ferritin levels were significantly higher in ALS patients (P < 0.001). Serum ferritin levels were significantly negatively correlated with the disease duration (P = 0.015) and were significantly positively correlated with the disease progression rate (DPR) (P = 0.012). Conclusion Heightened CSF ferritin levels can be used for the diagnosis of ALS. The correlation between the serum ferritin levels with the DPR and its correlation with the disease duration suggests potential prognostic utilities. Elevated serum ferritin level in patients with ALS is insignificant. CSF ferritin levels are significantly higher in ALS patients. Serum ferritin levels are negatively correlated with the disease duration. Serum ferritin levels are positively correlated with the disease progression rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastou Paydarnia
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mayeli
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Shafie
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Agah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Anis Hasani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroTRACT Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rashidi Jazani
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Sarraf
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Violi F, Solovyev N, Vinceti M, Mandrioli J, Lucio M, Michalke B. The study of levels from redox-active elements in cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients carrying disease-related gene mutations shows potential copper dyshomeostasis. Metallomics 2021; 12:668-681. [PMID: 32373852 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of function of motor neurons. The etiology of this disorder is still largely unknown. Gene-environment interaction arises as a possible key factor in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We assessed the levels of trace metals, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), of 9 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases and 40 controls by measuring their content in cerebrospinal fluid. The following trace element species were quantified using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: univalent copper (Cu-I), divalent Cu (Cu-II), divalent Fe (Fe-II), trivalent Fe (Fe-III), divalent Mn (Mn-II), trivalent Mn (Mn-III), and also unidentified Mn species (Mn-unknown) were present in some samples. When computing the relative risks for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through an unconditional logistic regression model, we observed a weak and imprecise positive association for iron (Fe III, adjusted odds ratio 1.48, 95% CI 0.46-4.76) and manganese (total-Mn and Mn-II; adjusted odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.74-1.67, and 1.13, 95% CI 0.79-1.61, respectively). Increased risk for copper was found both in the crude analysis (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.99-1.31) and in multivariable analysis after adjusting for sex, age, and year of storage (1.09, 95% CI 0.90-1.32). Our results suggest a possible positive association between Cu and genetic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, while they give little indication of involvement of Fe and Mn in disease, though some correlations found also for these elements deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Violi
- CREAGEN Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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9
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Shang H. Aberrations of biochemical indicators in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 33419478 PMCID: PMC7792103 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that the pathological changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are not only confined to the central nervous system but also occur in the peripheral circulating system. Here, we performed a meta-analysis based on the PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, and CNKI databases, to find out biochemical indicators associated with energy metabolism, iron homeostasis, and muscle injury that are altered in ALS patients and their correlations with ALS phenotypes. Forty-six studies covering 17 biochemical indicators, representing 5454 ALS patients and 7986 control subjects, were included in this meta-analysis. Four indicators, including fasting blood glucose level (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.13, 95% CI [0.06–0.21], p = 0.001), serum ferritin level (WMD = 63.42, 95% CI [48.12–78.73], p < 0.001), transferrin saturation coefficient level (WMD = 2.79, 95% CI [1.52–4.05], p < 0.001), and creatine kinase level (WMD = 80.29, 95% CI [32.90–127.67], p < 0.001), were significantly higher in the ALS patients, whereas the total iron-binding capacity (WMD = − 2.42, 95% CI [− 3.93, − 0.90], p = 0.002) was significantly lower in ALS patients than in the control subjects. In contrast, the other 12 candidates did not show significant differences between ALS patients and controls. Moreover, pooled hazard ratios (HR) showed significantly reduced survival (HR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.02–1.88], p = 0.039) of ALS patients with elevated serum ferritin levels. These findings suggest that abnormalities in energy metabolism and disruption of iron homeostasis are involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. In addition, the serum ferritin level is negatively associated with the overall survival of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Brosseron F, Kleemann K, Kolbe CC, Santarelli F, Castro-Gomez S, Tacik P, Latz E, Jessen F, Heneka MT. Interrelations of Alzheimer´s disease candidate biomarkers neurogranin, fatty acid-binding protein 3 and ferritin to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2020; 157:2210-2224. [PMID: 32894885 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that promising biomarkers of inflammation in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases correlate strongest to levels of tau or neurofilament, indicating an inflammatory response to neuronal damage or death. To test this hypothesis, we investigated three AD candidate markers (ferritin, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP-3), and neurogranin) in interrelation to established AD and inflammatory protein markers. We further aimed to determine if such interrelations would be evident in pathological subjects only or also under non-pathological circumstances. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the three proteins were quantified in samples from the University Clinic of Bonn (UKB) Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geriatric Psychiatry, Germany. Data were analyzed based on clinical or biomarker-defined stratification of subjects with adjustment for covariates age, sex, and APOE status. Levels of ferritin, FABP-3 and neurogranin were elevated in subjects with pathological levels of t-tau independent of beta-amyloid status. The three markers correlated with each other, tau isoforms, age, and those inflammatory markers previously described as related to neurodegeneration, predominantly sTREM2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and C1q. These interrelations existed in subjects with pathological and sub-pathological tau levels, in particular for FABP-3 and neurogranin. Relations to ferritin were independent of absolute levels of tau, too, but showed differing trajectories between pathological and non-pathological subjects. A specific set of inflammatory markers is highly related to markers of neuronal damage such as tau, neurogranin, or FABP-3. These proteins could be used as readouts of the inflammatory response during the neurodegeneration phase of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Brosseron
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Francesco Santarelli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pawel Tacik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Innate Immune, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Wang L, Li C, Chen X, Li S, Shang H. Abnormal Serum Iron-Status Indicator Changes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32508736 PMCID: PMC7251146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, the role of iron metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) attracts more and more attention, and some studies have focused on the link between abnormal serum iron indicators and ALS. However, there are still big conflicts and inconsistency among different studies. To study the possible relationship between ALS and disturbed iron metabolism, we conducted this meta-analysis to conclude characteristics of abnormal serum iron-status indicator changes in ALS patients. Methods: We searched and screened main databases, including the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, to find studies related to the association between iron metabolism and ALS. The Revman 5.3 software was used to conduct meta-analysis. Results: Eleven studies were finally included in our analysis, composed of 1,599 ALS patients and 1,255 controls in total. The results showed that the ferritin level was much higher in ALS patients compared with controls (MD = 70.48, 95% CI [51.41, 89.55], p < 0.00001), and the transferrin level was decreased in ALS patients compared with controls (SMD = −0.28, 95% CI [−0.38, −0.18], p < 0.00001), while there was no statistical difference in iron levels (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI [−0.07, 1.03], p = 0.09) between ALS patients and controls. Conclusions: Our research finds unusual changes in several indicators representing iron status, which suggest possible iron metabolism abnormalities in ALS patients. That may provide evidence for the link between iron metabolism and the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Aberrations in Oxidative Stress Markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1712323. [PMID: 31281567 PMCID: PMC6590548 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1712323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in the onset and development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Data from clinical studies have highlighted increased peripheral blood oxidative stress markers in patients with ALS, but results are inconsistent. Therefore, we quantitatively pooled data on levels of blood oxidative stress markers in ALS patients from the literature using a meta-analytic technique. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Web of Science, and we included studies analyzing blood oxidative stress marker levels in patients with ALS and normal controls. We included 41 studies with 4,588 ALS patients and 6,344 control subjects, and 15 oxidative stress marker levels were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that malondialdehyde (Hedges' g, 1.168; 95% CI, 0.812 to 1.523; P < 0.001), 8-hydroxyguanosine (Hedges' g, 2.194; 95% CI, 0.554 to 3.835; P = 0.009), and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product (Hedges' g, 0.555; 95% CI, 0.317 to 0.792; P < 0.001) levels were significantly increased in patients with ALS when compared with control subjects. Uric acid (Hedges' g, -0.798; 95% CI, -1.117 to -0.479; P < 0.001) and glutathione (Hedges' g, -1.636; 95% CI, -3.020 to -0.252; P = 0.02) levels were significantly reduced in ALS patients. In contrast, blood Cu, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, coenzyme-Q10, and transferrin levels were not significantly different between cases and controls. Taken together, our results showed significantly increased blood levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product and decreased glutathione and uric acid levels in the peripheral blood of ALS patients. This meta-analysis helps to clarify the oxidative stress marker profile in ALS patients, supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a central component underpinning ALS pathogenesis.
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Sun Q, Yang F, Wang H, Cui F, Li Y, Li S, Ren Y, Lan W, Li M, Zhu W, Sun X, He Z, Zhao X, Yang L, Huang X. Elevated serum ferritin level as a predictor of reduced survival in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in China: a retrospective study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2019; 20:186-191. [PMID: 30652532 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1555599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare iron metabolic variables in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) with those of patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and control subjects. We also assessed the correlations of these variables with sALS progression and severity and estimated their roles in predicting prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively collected iron metabolic parameters, including serum levels of iron, ferritin, transferrin levels and total iron binding capacity and the CSF level of ferritin, from 435 sALS patients, 176 MSA patients and 431 control subjects. Results: Serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in the sALS group compared with the MSA and control groups in both males (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and females (p = 0.034 and p < 0.0001, respectively). However, serum transferrin levels were significantly lower in females of the sALS group compared with the MSA (p = 0.016) and control (p = 0.015) groups. The CSF ferritin level and the serum levels of total iron binding capacity and iron were similar among the sALS, MSA and control groups. Survival analysis demonstrated that higher serum ferritin levels were predictors of reduced survival of sALS patients. No correlations between iron metabolic variables and clinical parameters were found. Conclusion: An elevated serum ferritin level is associated with reduced survival of sALS patients. However, the levels of iron metabolic parameters were not associated with clinical deterioration or disease severity at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Sun
- a College of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fei Yang
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Hongfen Wang
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Fang Cui
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yanran Li
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Siyuan Li
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yuting Ren
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China.,c Department of Neurology , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Wenjie Lan
- a College of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Mao Li
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Wenjia Zhu
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China.,c Department of Neurology , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaosun Sun
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Zhengqing He
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Xue Zhao
- a College of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Li Yang
- a College of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- a College of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
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Emerging and Dynamic Biomedical Uses of Ferritin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040124. [PMID: 30428583 PMCID: PMC6316788 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a ubiquitously expressed protein, has classically been considered the main iron cellular storage molecule in the body. Owing to the ferroxidase activity of the H-subunit and the nucleation ability of the L-subunit, ferritin can store a large amount of iron within its mineral core. However, recent evidence has demonstrated a range of abilities of ferritin that extends well beyond the scope of iron storage. This review aims to discuss novel functions and biomedical uses of ferritin in the processes of iron delivery, delivery of biologics such as chemotherapies and contrast agents, and the utility of ferritin as a biomarker in a number of neurological diseases.
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Yu J, Wang N, Qi F, Wang X, Zhu Q, Lu Y, Zhang H, Che F, Li W. Serum ferritin is a candidate biomarker of disease aggravation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:333-338. [PMID: 30233786 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism that defines the loss of neurons in ALS is still not clearly understood, and there is no effective therapy to block its progression. Previous studies indicate that a disorder of iron homeostasis exists in ALS and based on this, the change of serum iron and ferritin and the association between iron metabolism and clinical features in Chinese Han patients with ALS was further investigated in the present study, in order to define its pathogenesis. Two cohorts were established: An ALS group consisting of 24 patients and a control group consisting of 38 healthy volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected for serum iron and ferritin analysis. The results indicated that the levels of serum iron were significantly decreased in patients with ALS (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in serum ferritin between the ALS and control groups. However, the levels of serum ferritin were increased significantly in ALS patients with bulbar-onset (vs. limb-onset in females), dysphagia (vs. without dysphagia), longer disease duration (>12 months vs. ≤12 months in males) and lower ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised score (<33 vs. ≥33; P<0.05). These results suggested that there was dysregulation of iron metabolism in Chinese Han patients with ALS and that serum ferritin may be a candidate biomarker of aggravation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Faying Qi
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Lu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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Hasegawa I, Takeda A, Hatsuta H, Kubo Y, Ohsawa M, Nakano Y, Ikeuchi T, Hasegawa M, Murayama S, Itoh Y. An autopsy case of globular glial tauopathy presenting with clinical features of motor neuron disease with dementia and iron deposition in the motor cortex. Neuropathology 2018; 38:372-379. [PMID: 29508434 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Globular glial tauopathy (GGT) is a 4-repeat (4R) tauopathy in which 4R tau accumulates to form globular glial inclusions (GGIs), predominantly in oligodendroglia. To date, little has been reported on iron deposits in patients with GGT. We report a case of GGT with iron deposits in a 78-year-old woman presenting with an 8-year history of slowly progressing limb weakness and cognitive decline. Susceptibility-weighted imaging revealed a low signal intensity in the right precentral gyrus, suggesting iron deposition. A clinical diagnosis of motor neuron disease with dementia was made 4 years after onset. At autopsy, gross pathological findings showed atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. A localized area of the precentral gyrus corresponding to the most severely affected limb showed the strongest atrophy, macroscopically, and displayed 4R tau-immunoreactive GGIs and microscopically many ferritin-immunoreactive neurons. We diagnosed this patient as having GGT. This is the first GGT case with iron deposition confirmed both radiologically and pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Neurology and Bioresource Center (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ohsawa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakano
- Neurology and Bioresource Center (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Neurology and Bioresource Center (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Merelli A, Rodríguez JCG, Folch J, Regueiro MR, Camins A, Lazarowski A. Understanding the Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor During Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutics Opportunities. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1484-1498. [PMID: 29318974 PMCID: PMC6295932 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180110130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration (NDG) is linked with the progressive loss of neural function with intellectual and/or motor impairment. Several diseases affecting older individuals, including Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Multiple Sclerosis and many others, are the most relevant disorders associated with NDG. Since other pathologies such as refractory epilepsy, brain infections, or hereditary diseases such as "neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation", also lead to chronic brain inflammation with loss of neural cells, NDG can be said to affect all ages. Owing to an energy and/or oxygen supply imbalance, different signaling mechanisms including MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, glutamatergic synapse formation, and/or translocation of phosphatidylserine, might activate some central executing mechanism common to all these pathologies and also related to oxidative stress. Hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) plays a twofold role through gene activation, in the sense that this factor has to "choose" whether to protect or to kill the affected cells. Most of the afore-mentioned processes follow a protracted course and are accompanied by progressive iron accumulation in the brain. We hypothesize that the neuroprotective effects of iron chelators are acting against the generation of free radicals derived from iron, and also induce sufficient -but not excessive- activation of HIF-1α, so that only the hypoxia-rescue genes will be activated. In this regard, the expression of the erythropoietin receptor in hypoxic/inflammatory neurons could be the cellular "sign" to act upon by the nasal administration of pharmacological doses of Neuro-EPO, inducing not only neuroprotection, but eventually, neurorepair as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-Argentina, Junín 954, Buenos Aires-Argentina; Tel: +54-11-5950-8674;, E-mail:
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Goodwin JM, Dowdle WE, DeJesus R, Wang Z, Bergman P, Kobylarz M, Lindeman A, Xavier RJ, McAllister G, Nyfeler B, Hoffman G, Murphy LO. Autophagy-Independent Lysosomal Targeting Regulated by ULK1/2-FIP200 and ATG9. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2341-2356. [PMID: 28877469 PMCID: PMC5699710 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is vital for many homeostatic processes, and its liberation from ferritin nanocages occurs in the lysosome. Studies indicate that ferritin and its binding partner nuclear receptor coactivator-4 (NCOA4) are targeted to lysosomes by a form of selective autophagy. By using genome-scale functional screening, we identify an alternative lysosomal transport pathway for ferritin that requires FIP200, ATG9A, VPS34, and TAX1BP1 but lacks involvement of the ATG8 lipidation machinery that constitutes classical macroautophagy. TAX1BP1 binds directly to NCOA4 and is required for lysosomal trafficking of ferritin under basal and iron-depleted conditions. Under basal conditions ULK1/2-FIP200 controls ferritin turnover, but its deletion leads to TAX1BP1-dependent activation of TBK1 that regulates redistribution of ATG9A to the Golgi enabling continued trafficking of ferritin. Cells expressing an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated TBK1 allele are incapable of degrading ferritin suggesting a molecular mechanism that explains the presence of iron deposits in patient brain biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Goodwin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William E Dowdle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rowena DeJesus
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zuncai Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Bergman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marek Kobylarz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alicia Lindeman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Barschke P, Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Ludolph A, Otto M. Proteomic studies in the discovery of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:769-777. [PMID: 28799854 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1365602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degenerative motor neuron disease, which usually leads to death within a few years. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms and there is a need for ALS-specific biomarkers to make an early and precise diagnosis, for development of disease-modifying drugs and to gain new insights into pathophysiology. Areas covered: In the present review, we summarize studies using mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to identify protein alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients. In total, we identified 11 studies fulfilling our criteria by searching in the PubMed database using the keywords 'ALS' and 'CSF' combined with 'proteome', 'proteomic', 'mass spectrometry' or 'protein biomarker'. Ten proteins were differently regulated in ALS CSF compared to controls in at least 2 studies. We will discuss the relevance of the identified proteins regarding the frequency of identification, extent of alteration and brain-specificity. Expert commentary: Most of the identified CSF biomarker candidates are irreproducible or mainly blood-derived. We assign the missing success of CSF proteomic studies in biomarker discovery to a lack of sensitivity, unsuitable normalization, low quality assurance and variations originating from sample preparation. These issues must be improved in future proteomic studies in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Barschke
- a Department of Neurology , Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- a Department of Neurology , Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Petra Steinacker
- a Department of Neurology , Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- a Department of Neurology , Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- a Department of Neurology , Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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