Variation in anti‐microbial prescription and complications post emergency appendicectomy in Australia: do we follow recommended guidelines?

Surgical site infection following appendectomy in children

Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications after appendectomy leading to recurrent surgery, prolonged hospital stay, and the use of antibiotics. The burden of surgical site infection varies from 1.2 to 20% across the previously conducted studies. However, there are limited studies available on this problem in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess prevalence of post-appendectomy surgical site infection among children in Amhara region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed. The data extraction tool was used to collect data from 423 sampled participants. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data cleaned, coded and entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 14.0. The data was presented using table and text forms. The logistic regression model was fitted after checking the required assumptions through Hosmer and lemeshow test to identify predictors of post-operative complications. The bivariable analysis was done to identify associations between dependent and each independent variable. Moreover, variables with P ≤ 0.25 levels in the bivariable analysis were entered into the multivariable analysis. Adjusted odd ratio with 95% CI was used to assess the direction, strength of association and statistical significance. Any statistical test was considered significant at P-value < 0.05. A total of 406 study participants were considered for analysis. The prevalence of surgical site infection was 9.11% (95%CI; 6.67%, 12.34%). Having fever (AOR = 2.788, 95%CI (1.10, 7.05)), being taking preoperative antibiotics (AOR = 7.3, 95%CI (2.5, 21)) and having drainage following appendectomy (AOR = 6.3, 95%CI (2.7, 14.7)) were statistically significant predictors of surgical site infection following appendectomy in children. The prevalence of surgical site infection was high as compared the national target. Taking preoperative antibiotics, having fever, and having drainage after operation were significantly associated with surgical site infection. Therefore, a prospective follow up study is important. Those children with appendicitis who presented with a clinical symptom of fever, leaving drainage after procedure and timing of preoperative antibiotics requires special attention of the surgical safety team.

Short Postoperative Intravenous Versus Oral Antibacterial Therapy in Complicated Acute Appendicitis: A Pilot Noninferiority Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to investigate noninferiority of postoperative oral administration of antibiotics in complicated appendicitis.

BACKGROUND

Recent investigations have used exclusively intravenous administration of antibiotics when comparing outcomes of postoperative antibacterial therapy in complicated appendicitis. We hypothesized that oral antibacterial treatment results in noninferior outcomes in terms of postoperative infectious complications as intravenous treatment.

METHODS

In this pilot, open-label, prospective randomized trial, all consecutive adult patients with complicated appendicitis, including gangrenous appendicitis, perforated appendicitis, and appendicitis with periappendicular abscess between November 2020 and January 2023, were randomly allocated to 24-hour intravenous administration of antibiotics versus 24-hour oral administration of antibiotics after appendectomy. Primary outcomes included 30-day postoperative complications per Comprehensive Complication Index. The secondary outcome was hospital length of stay. Follow-up analysis at 30 days was conducted per intention to treat and per protocol. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04947748).

RESULTS

A total of 104 patients were enrolled, with 51 and 53 cases allocated to the 24-hour intravenous and the 24-hour oral treatment group, respectively. Demographic profile and disease severity score for acute appendicitis were similar between the study groups. There were no significant differences between the study groups in terms of 30-day postoperative complications. Median Comprehensive Complication Index did not differ between the study groups. Hospital length of stay was similar in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current pilot randomized controlled trial, the 24-hour oral antibiotic administration resulted in noninferior outcomes when compared with the 24-hour intravenous administration of antibiotics after laparoscopic appendectomy in complicated appendicitis.

Safety and efficacy of short-course intravenous antibiotics after complicated appendicitis in selected patients

BACKGROUND

After surgery for complicated appendicitis (CA), common practice is to treat all patients with a standardised long-course of intravenous antibiotics (IVAB) to reduce the risk of postoperative surgical infections (PSI). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a short-course IVAB after CA in selected patients.

METHODS

The Department's prospectively collected database identified CA patients treated between2015 and 2019. Baseline and treatment characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analysed. The cut-off between short- and long-course IVAB was 2 days. Outcomes of interest were PSI and 30-day unplanned readmission.

RESULTS

In total, 226 patients had CA: Ninety-nine CA (43.8%) received short-course IVAB and 127 (56.2%) received long-course. PSI occurred in 6% and 10% of the short-course and long-course patients, respectively (p = 0.34). Length of IVAB after a PSI was comparable to that of patients without PSI (median 3 and 2 days of IVAB respectively; p = 0.28). 30-day unplanned readmission rates were 7% and 6%, respectively (p = 0.99). Length of IVAB for readmitted patients was similar to those who were not readmitted (median 3 days of IVAB in both; p = 0.91). Multivariable analysis showed that the intraoperative findings of the appendix (p = 0.04) was a prognostic predictor for PSI. ASA score (p = 0.02) and surgical approach (p = 0.05) were prognostic predictors for 30-day unplanned readmission.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that when patients respond well, a short-course IVAB can safely be applied after CA without increasing risk of PSI or 30-day unplanned readmission.

Addressing surgical inequity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia's universal health care system: a call to action

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to experience health inequity within the Australian health care system. Little research has examined how disparities in surgical care access and outcomes contribute to Aboriginal health. In this narrative review and call to action, we discuss five care points along the journey to high-quality surgical care: health care seeking, primary health care services, specialist services, surgery and surgical outcomes. We highlight barriers and disparities that exist along this journey, drawing examples from the field of joint replacement surgery. Finally, we present opportunities for change at the health system, health service and clinician level, calling upon researchers, clinicians and policy makers to confront the surgical disparities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Antibiotics after Simple (Acute) Appendicitis are not Associated with Better Clinical Outcomes: A Post-Hoc Analysis of an EAST Multi-Center Study

Background: The post-operative management of simple (acute) appendicitis differs throughout the United States. Guidelines regarding post-operative antibiotic usage remain unclear, and treatment generally is dictated by surgeon preference. We hypothesize that post-operative antibiotic use for simple appendicitis is not associated with lower post-operative complication rates. Methods: In a post-hoc analysis in a large multi-center observational study, only patients with an intra-operative diagnosis of AAST EGS Grade I were included. Subjects were classified into those receiving post-operative antibiotics (POST) and those given pre-operative antibiotics only (NONE). Clinical outcomes examined were length of stay (LOS), 30-day emergency department (ED) visits and hospital re-admissions, secondary interventions, surgical site infection (SSI), and intra-abdominal abscess (IAA). Results: A total of 2,191 subjects were included, of whom 612 (28%) received post-operative antibiotics. Compared with the NONE group, POST patients were older (age 37 [range 26-50] versus 33 [26-46] years; p < 0.001), weighed more (82 [70-96] versus 79 [68-93] kg (p = 0.038), and had higher white blood cell counts (13.5 ± 4.2 versus 13.1 ± 4.4/10³/mcL (p = 0.046), Alvarado Scores (6 [5-7] versus 6 [5-7]; p < 0.001), and Charlson Comorbidity Indices (median score 0 in both cohorts; p < 0.001). The POST patients had a longer LOS (1 [1-2] versus 1 [1-1] days; p < 0.001). There were no differences in the number who had ED visits within 30 days (9% versus 8%; p = 0.435), hospital re-admission (4% versus 2%; p = 0.165), an index hospitalization SSI (0.2% for both cohorts; p = 0.69), an SSI within 30 days (4% versus 2%; p = 0.165), index hospitalization IAA rate (0.3% versus 0.1%; p = 0.190), 30-day IAA (2% versus 1%; p = 0.71), index hospitalization interventions (0.5% versus 0.1%; p = 0.137) or 30-day secondary interventions (2% versus 1%; p = 0.155). Conclusions: Post-operative antibiotic use after appendectomy for simple appendicitis is not associated with better post-operative clinical outcomes at index hospitalization or at 30 days after discharge.