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Bouffler C, King S, Frankel A, Barbour A, Scott J, Thomas J, Smithers BM, Thomson I. Achieving a textbook outcome in patients undergoing gastric resections in a low incidence, high-volume Australian Upper GI unit. J Gastrointest Surg 2024:S1091-255X(24)00495-5. [PMID: 38876291 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Textbook outcome (TBO) has been proposed as a composite measure of quality in esophagogastric surgery, and achieving a TBO has been associated with improved overall survival (OS). The Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit group determined their TBO rate for gastrectomy to be 32.1%, using 10 parameters. Our study aimed to assess the TBO rate in patients who had a gastrectomy for cancer in an Australian Upper GI unit, allowing for comparisons with international specialist centers. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of patients who had a gastrectomy for cancer performed by the surgeons in a single Australian center between 2013 and 2018. Postoperative complications were analyzed using Clavien-Dindo (CD) ≥2 and CD ≥3 definitions. Baseline factors and their association with TBO were analyzed using multivariable logistical regression. The association between TBO and survival rates was determined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS In 136 patients, 84 (62%) achieved a TBO when complications were graded as CD ≥2. Greatest negative impact on TBO was the complication rate, lymph node yield, and length of stay. Patients more likely to achieve a TBO were younger, with an increased body mass index and absence of underlying respiratory disease. A nonsignificant trend toward improved OS was seen when TBO was achieved. CONCLUSION Our TBO rate compares favorably with published data from high-volume centers. Assessment of a unit's TBO may provide a stronger evaluation of quality when assessing where complex surgery should be performed within Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bouffler
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.
| | - Sarah King
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Adam Frankel
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Barbour
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Scott
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janine Thomas
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - B Mark Smithers
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Iain Thomson
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Allaway MGR, Pham H, Zeng M, Sinclair JLB, Johnston E, Richardson A, Hollands M. Failure to rescue following oesophagectomy in Australia: a multi-site retrospective study using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. ANZ J Surg 2024. [PMID: 38644757 DOI: 10.1111/ans.19004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to rescue (FTR), defined as death after a major complication, is increasingly being used as a surrogate for assessing quality of care following major cancer resection. The aim of this paper is to determine the failure to rescue (FTR) rate after oesophagectomy and explore factors that may contribute to FTR within Australia. METHODS A retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database from 2015 to 2023 at five Australian hospitals was conducted to identify patients who underwent an oesophagectomy. The primary outcome was FTR rate. Perioperative parameters were examined to evaluate predictive factors for FTR. Secondary outcomes include major complications, overall morbidity, mortality, length of stay and 30-day readmissions. RESULTS A total of 155 patients were included with a median age of 65.2 years, 74.8% being male. The FTR rate was 6.3%. In total, 50.3% of patients (n = 78) developed at least one postoperative complication with the most common complication being pneumonia (20.6%) followed by prolonged intubation (12.9%) and organ space SSI/anastomotic leak (11.0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine any factors that were predictive for FTR however none reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION This study is the first to evaluate the FTR rates following oesophagectomy within Australia, with FTR rates and complication profile comparable to international benchmarks. Integration of multi-institutional national databases such as ACS NSQIP into units is essential to monitor and compare patient outcomes following major cancer surgery, especially in low to moderate volume centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G R Allaway
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, Blacktown & Mount Druitt Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Pham
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mingjuan Zeng
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of NSW, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane-Louise B Sinclair
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Johnston
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur Richardson
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael Hollands
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wu MY, McGregor RJ, Scott J, Smithers BM, Thomas J, Frankel A, Barbour A, Thomson I. Textbook outcomes for oesophagectomy: A valid composite measure assessment tool for surgical performance in a specialist unit. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:106897. [PMID: 37032271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.03.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2017 the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit Group proposed a ten-item composite measure for a 'textbook outcome' (TBO) following oesophago-gastric resection. Studies have shown associations between TBO and improved conditional and overall survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of TBO to assess the outcomes from a single specialist unit in a country, with low incidence of disease, allowing comparisons with international specialist centres. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected oesophageal cancer surgery data at a single centre, in Australia, between 2013 and 2018. Multivariable logistical regression assessed association between baseline factors and TBO. Post-operative complications were analysed in two separate groups as Clavien-Dindo ≥2 (CD ≥ 2) and Clavien-Dindo ≥3 (CD ≥ 3). Cox-proportional hazards regression analysis determined the association between TBO and survival. RESULTS 246 patients were analysed, with 50.8% (n = 125) achieving a TBO when complications were defined as CD ≥ 2 and 58.9% (n = 145) when using CD ≥ 3. Patients aged ≥75, and those with a pre-operative respiratory co-morbidity were less likely to achieve a TBO. Overall survival was not influenced by TBO when complications were defined as CD ≥ 2, however it was higher when a TBO was achieved, and complications were defined as CD ≥ 3 (HR 0.54, 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.84, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION TBO is a multi-parameter metric that allowed benchmarking of the quality of oesophageal cancer surgery in our unit, providing favourable outcomes compared with other published data. There was an association between TBO and improved overall survival when the definition of severe complications was CD ≥ 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yulong Wu
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - Richard J McGregor
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Justin Scott
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - B Mark Smithers
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Janine Thomas
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - Adam Frankel
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Barbour
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Iain Thomson
- Upper GI and Soft Tissue Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia; Academy of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
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Smithers BM. Quality indicators in surgery for cancer: not just the operation. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:1765-1767. [PMID: 37232501 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Mark Smithers
- Academy of Surgery, Upper GI/Soft Tissue Unit, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Ning FL, Gu WJ, Zhao ZM, Du WY, Sun M, Cao SY, Zeng YJ, Abe M, Zhang CD. Association between hospital surgical case volume and postoperative mortality in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2023; 109:936-945. [PMID: 36917144 PMCID: PMC10389614 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative mortality is an important indicator for evaluating surgical safety. Postoperative mortality is influenced by hospital volume; however, this association is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the volume-outcome association between the hospital surgical case volume for gastrectomies per year (hospital volume) and the risk of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing a gastrectomy for gastric cancer. METHODS Studies assessing the association between hospital volume and the postoperative mortality in patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were searched for eligibility. Odds ratios were pooled for the highest versus lowest categories of hospital volume using a random-effects model. The volume-outcome association between hospital volume and the risk of postoperative mortality was analyzed. The study protocol was registered with Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). RESULTS Thirty studies including 586 993 participants were included. The risk of postgastrectomy mortality in patients with gastric cancer was 35% lower in hospitals with higher surgical case volumes than in their lower-volume counterparts (odds ratio: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.56-0.76; P <0.001). This relationship was consistent and robust in most subgroup analyses. Volume-outcome analysis found that the postgastrectomy mortality rate remained stable or was reduced after the hospital volume reached a plateau of 100 gastrectomy cases per year. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that a higher-volume hospital can reduce the risk of postgastrectomy mortality in patients with gastric cancer, and that greater than or equal to 100 gastrectomies for gastric cancer per year may be defined as a high hospital surgical case volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Ning
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wan-Jie Gu
- Departments of Intensive Care Unit
- Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou
| | - Zhe-Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang
| | - Wan-Ying Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Min Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan
| | - Shi-Yi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Ji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Masanobu Abe
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang
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Wang Q, Mine S, Nasu M, Fukunaga T, Nojiri S, Zhang CD. Association of hospital volume and long-term survival after esophagectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg 2023; 10:1161938. [PMID: 37151870 PMCID: PMC10160622 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1161938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It remains controversial whether esophageal cancer patients may benefit from esophagectomy in specialized high-volume hospitals. Here, the effect of hospital volume on overall survival (OS) of esophageal cancer patients post esophagectomy was assessed. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for relevant published articles between January 1990 and May 2022. The primary outcome was OS after esophagectomy in high- vs. low-volume hospitals. Random effect models were applied for all meta-analyses. Subgroup analysis were performed based on volume grouping, sample size, study country, year of publication, follow-up or study quality. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using the leave-one-out method. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the study quality. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidance, and was registered (identifier: INPLASY202270023). Results A total of twenty-four studies with 113,014 patients were finally included in the meta-analysis. A significant improvement in OS after esophagectomy was observed in high-volume hospitals as compared to that in their low-volume counterparts (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.71-0.84, P < 0.01). Next, we conducted subgroup analysis based on volume grouping category, consistent results were found that high-volume hospitals significantly improved OS after esophagectomy than their low-volume counterparts. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analyses further confirmed that all the results were robust. Conclusions Esophageal cancer should be centralized in high-volume hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shinji Mine
- Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: Shinji Mine
| | - Motomi Nasu
- Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Fukunaga
- Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuko Nojiri
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Browning AF, Chong L, Read M, Hii MW. Economic burden of complications and readmission following oesophageal cancer surgery. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:2901-2906. [PMID: 36129457 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal cancer is the seventh most prevalent malignancy globally, and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death. Oesophageal cancer is also one of the most costly cancers to treat. The aim of this study was to assess the financial impact of post-operative morbidity and hospital readmissions following oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on a prospectively maintained database of patients with oesophageal cancer who underwent an oesophagectomy at a single centre between July 2014 and June 2019 (N = 56). Readmission costs were also assessed in this cohort for 12 months post-operatively. RESULTS The total median cost for oesophagectomy in this cohort was AU$57 250. Major complications occurred in 40% of patients, with a median total admission cost of AU$74 606, significantly higher than patients with either minor or no complications (median admission cost of AU$52 713, P < 0.001). Patients whose operation was complicated by an anastomotic leak had a higher median admission cost than those without a leak (AU$104 328 and AU$54 972 respectively, P < 0.001). Cost centres representing the greatest proportion of costs were theatre resources and surgical ward care (medical and nursing). A total of 110 readmissions in 25 patients were recorded in the 12 months post-operatively, the majority for gastroscopy and dilatation of anastomotic stricture. CONCLUSION Post-oesophagectomy morbidity greatly increases cost of care. In addition to the clinical benefits, interventions to minimize post-operative complications are likely to result in substantial cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Browning
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Chong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Read
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W Hii
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Tian K, Baade PD, Aitken JF, Narendra A, Smithers BM. Procedure-specific outcomes following gastrectomy for cancer compared by hospital volume and service capability. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:2430-2435. [PMID: 34405517 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International literature recommends centralising gastric cancer surgery, however, with volumes that define 'high-volume resection' being higher than those in most major centres in Australia and New Zealand. These reports rarely focus on the difference between total (TG) and partial gastrectomy (PG). We assessed the impact of resection volume and service capability on operative mortality, morbidity and surgical quality in patients who had a PG and TG. METHODS Patients who had gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma, between 2001 and 2015, were collected from the Queensland Oncology Repository. Hospitals were characterised by cases-per-annum (high-volume [HV] ≥ 5 and low-volume [LV] < 5) and hospital service capability as (high-service [HS] and low-service [LS]), giving three hospital groups: HVHS, LVHS and LVLS. Chi-squared tests were used to compare post-operative mortality, morbidity, failure to rescue (FTR) from complications and surgical quality between these three groups. RESULTS There were 426 patients who had a TG and 827 having PG. HVHS centres performed 59% of PG with high surgical quality rates of: HVHS = 53%, LVHS = 34% and LVLS = 46% (p < 0.01). Surgical complications were highest in LVLS (LVLS = 19%, LVHS = 11%, HVHS = 11%; p = 0.02). There was no difference in 30-day mortality nor in FTR. For TG, HVHS performed 67% of these procedures, with lower 30-day mortality (2%) and FTR rates (5%) compared with LVHS (7%, 22%) and LVLS (12%, 28%; p < 0.01). There was no difference in operative morbidity and surgical quality between hospital groups. CONCLUSION Despite the 'high-volume' threshold for gastrectomy being the lowest described in the literature, we have shown that centralisation to HVHS centres was associated with lower operative mortality for TG and improved quality of surgery for PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Baade
- Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia.,University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaditya Narendra
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Alliance Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - B Mark Smithers
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Alliance Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Upper Gastrointestinal, Soft Tissue and Melanoma Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Ackerman JM, Sarkaria IS. RAMIE for T4b Esophageal Cancer: A Study of Salvage Surgery or Superior Selection? Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:2434-2435. [PMID: 33704607 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-09630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Ackerman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Inderpal S Sarkaria
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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