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Cyr JA, Burdett C, Pürstl JT, Thompson RP, Troughton SC, Sinha S, Best SM, Cameron RE. Characterizing collagen scaffold compliance with native myocardial strains using an ex-vivo cardiac model: The physio-mechanical influence of scaffold architecture and attachment method. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:239-253. [PMID: 38942187 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Applied to the epicardium in-vivo, regenerative cardiac patches support the ventricular wall, reduce wall stresses, encourage ventricular wall thickening, and improve ventricular function. Scaffold engraftment, however, remains a challenge. After implantation, scaffolds are subject to the complex, time-varying, biomechanical environment of the myocardium. The mechanical capacity of engineered tissue to biomimetically deform and simultaneously support the damaged native tissue is crucial for its efficacy. To date, however, the biomechanical response of engineered tissue applied directly to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of a Langendorff ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the native deformation of the epicardium as well as that of attached engineered scaffolds. We utilize digital image correlation, linear strain, and 2D principal strain analysis to assess the mechanical compliance of acellular ice templated collagen scaffolds. Scaffolds had either aligned or isotropic porous architecture and were adhered directly to the live epicardial surface with either sutures or cyanoacrylate glue. We demonstrate that the biomechanical characteristics of native myocardial deformation on the epicardial surface can be reproduced by an ex-vivo cardiac model. Furthermore, we identified that scaffolds with unidirectionally aligned pores adhered with suture fixation most accurately recapitulated the deformation of the native epicardium. Our study contributes a translational characterization methodology to assess the physio-mechanical performance of engineered cardiac tissue and adds to the growing body of evidence showing that anisotropic scaffold architecture improves the functional biomimetic capacity of engineered cardiac tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Engineered cardiac tissue offers potential for myocardial repair, but engraftment remains a challenge. In-vivo, engineered scaffolds are subject to complex biomechanical stresses and the mechanical capacity of scaffolds to biomimetically deform is critical. To date, the biomechanical response of engineered scaffolds applied to live myocardium has not been characterized. In this paper, we utilize optical imaging of an ex-vivo cardiac model to characterize the deformation of the native epicardium and scaffolds attached directly to the heart. Comparing scaffold architecture and fixation method, we demonstrate that sutured scaffolds with anisotropic pores aligned with the native alignment of the superficial myocardium best recapitulate native deformation. Our study contributes a physio-mechanical characterization methodology for cardiac tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cyr
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Clare Burdett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Julia T Pürstl
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Robert P Thompson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Samuel C Troughton
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Serena M Best
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy Cambridge University 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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Baturalp TB, Bozkurt S. Design and Analysis of a Polymeric Left Ventricular Simulator via Computational Modelling. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:269. [PMID: 38786479 PMCID: PMC11117906 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical testing of medical devices is an essential step in the product life cycle, whereas testing of cardiovascular implants requires specialised testbeds or numerical simulations using computer software Ansys 2016. Existing test setups used to evaluate physiological scenarios and test cardiac implants such as mock circulatory systems or isolated beating heart platforms are driven by sophisticated hardware which comes at a high cost or raises ethical concerns. On the other hand, computational methods used to simulate blood flow in the cardiovascular system may be simplified or computationally expensive. Therefore, there is a need for low-cost, relatively simple and efficient test beds that can provide realistic conditions to simulate physiological scenarios and evaluate cardiovascular devices. In this study, the concept design of a novel left ventricular simulator made of latex rubber and actuated by pneumatic artificial muscles is presented. The designed left ventricular simulator is geometrically similar to a native left ventricle, whereas the basal diameter and long axis length are within an anatomical range. Finite element simulations evaluating left ventricular twisting and shortening predicted that the designed left ventricular simulator rotates approximately 17 degrees at the apex and the long axis shortens around 11 mm. Experimental results showed that the twist angle is 18 degrees and the left ventricular simulator shortens 5 mm. Twist angles and long axis shortening as in a native left ventricle show it is capable of functioning like a native left ventricle and simulating a variety of scenarios, and therefore has the potential to be used as a test platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Batuhan Baturalp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41021, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Selim Bozkurt
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast BT15 1AP, UK
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3
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Numerical Models Can Assist Choice of an Aortic Phantom for In Vitro Testing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8080101. [PMID: 34436104 PMCID: PMC8389249 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The realization of appropriate aortic replicas for in vitro experiments requires a suitable choice of both the material and geometry. The matching between the grade of details of the geometry and the mechanical response of the materials is an open issue that deserves attention. (2) Methods: To explore this issue, we performed a series of Fluid–Structure Interaction simulations, which compared the dynamics of three aortic models. Specifically, we reproduced a patient-specific geometry with a wall of biological tissue or silicone, and a parametric geometry based on in vivo data made in silicone. The biological tissue and the silicone were modeled with a fiber-oriented anisotropic and isotropic hyperelastic model, respectively. (3) Results: Clearly, both the aorta’s geometry and its constitutive material contribute to the determination of the aortic arch deformation; specifically, the parametric aorta exhibits a strain field similar to the patient-specific model with biological tissue. On the contrary, the local geometry affects the flow velocity distribution quite a lot, although it plays a minor role in the helicity along the arch. (4) Conclusions: The use of a patient-specific prototype in silicone does not a priori ensure a satisfactory reproducibility of the real aorta dynamics. Furthermore, the present simulations suggest that the realization of a simplified replica with the same compliance of the real aorta is able to mimic the overall behavior of the vessel.
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Intraaortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation, Part I: History, Technical Aspects, Physiologic Effects, Contraindications, Medical Applications/Outcomes. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:776-791. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Fixsen LS, Petterson NJ, Houthuizen P, Rutten MCM, van de Vosse FN, Lopata RGP. Ultrasound-based estimation of remaining cardiac function in LVAD-supported ex vivo hearts. Artif Organs 2020; 44:E326-E336. [PMID: 32242944 PMCID: PMC7496524 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) provide cardiac support to patients with advanced heart failure. Methods that can directly measure remaining LV function following device implantation do not currently exist. Previous studies have shown that a combination of loading (LV pressure) and deformation (strain) measurements enables quantitation of myocardial work. We investigated the use of ultrasound (US) strain imaging and pressure–strain loop analysis in LVAD‐supported hearts under different hemodynamic and pump unloading conditions, with the aim of determining LV function with and without LVAD support. Ex vivo porcine hearts (n = 4) were implanted with LVADs and attached to a mock circulatory loop. Measurements were performed at hemodynamically defined “heart conditions” as the hearts deteriorated from baseline. Hemodynamic (including LV pressure) and radio‐frequency US data were acquired during a pump‐ramp protocol at speeds from 0 (with no pump outflow) to 10 000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Regional circumferential (εcirc) and radial (εrad) strains were estimated over each heart cycle. Regional ventricular dyssynchrony was quantitated through time‐to‐peak strain. Mean change in LV pulse pressure and εcirc between 0 and 10 krpm were −21.8 mm Hg and −7.24% in the first condition; in the final condition −46.8 mm Hg and −19.2%, respectively. εrad was not indicative of changes in pump speed or heart condition. Pressure–strain loops showed a degradation in the LV function and an increased influence of LV unloading: loop area reduced by 90% between 0 krpm in the first heart condition and 10 krpm in the last condition. High pump speeds and degraded condition led to increased dyssynchrony between the septal and lateral LV walls. Functional measurement of the LV while undergoing LVAD support is possible by using US strain imaging and pressure–strain loops. This can provide important information about remaining pump function. Use of novel LV pressure estimation or measurement techniques would be required for any future use in LVAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Fixsen
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Petterson
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Houthuizen
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C M Rutten
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N van de Vosse
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G P Lopata
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Leurent G, Auffret V, Pichard C, Laine M, Bonello L. Is there still a role for the intra-aortic balloon pump in the management of cardiogenic shock following acute coronary syndrome? Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 112:792-798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Kappler B, Ledezma CA, van Tuijl S, Meijborg V, Boukens BJ, Ergin B, Tan PJ, Stijnen M, Ince C, Díaz-Zuccarini V, de Mol BAJM. Investigating the physiology of normothermic ex vivo heart perfusion in an isolated slaughterhouse porcine model used for device testing and training. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:254. [PMID: 31711426 PMCID: PMC6849278 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PhysioHeart™ is a mature acute platform, based isolated slaughterhouse hearts and able to validate cardiac devices and techniques in working mode. Despite perfusion, myocardial edema and time-dependent function degradation are reported. Therefore, monitoring several variables is necessary to identify which of these should be controlled to preserve the heart function. This study presents biochemical, electrophysiological and hemodynamic changes in the PhysioHeart™ to understand the pitfalls of ex vivo slaughterhouse heart hemoperfusion. Methods Seven porcine hearts were harvested, arrested and revived using the PhysioHeart™. Cardiac output, SaO2, glucose and pH were maintained at physiological levels. Blood analyses were performed hourly and unipolar epicardial electrograms (UEG), pressures and flows were recorded to assess the physiological performance. Results Normal cardiac performance was attained in terms of mean cardiac output (5.1 ± 1.7 l/min) and pressures but deteriorated over time. Across the experiments, homeostasis was maintained for 171.4 ± 54 min, osmolarity and blood electrolytes increased significantly between 10 and 80%, heart weight increased by 144 ± 41 g, free fatty acids (− 60%), glucose and lactate diminished, ammonia increased by 273 ± 76% and myocardial necrosis and UEG alterations appeared and aggravated. Progressively deteriorating electrophysiological and hemodynamic functions can be explained by reperfusion injury, waste product intoxication (i.e. hyperammonemia), lack of essential nutrients, ion imbalances and cardiac necrosis as a consequence of hepatological and nephrological plasma clearance absence. Conclusions The PhysioHeart™ is an acute model, suitable for cardiac device and therapy assessment, which can precede conventional animal studies. However, observations indicate that ex vivo slaughterhouse hearts resemble cardiac physiology of deteriorating hearts in a multi-organ failure situation and signalize the need for plasma clearance during perfusion to attenuate time-dependent function degradation. The presented study therefore provides an in-dept understanding of the sources and reasons causing the cardiac function loss, as a first step for future effort to prolong cardiac perfusion in the PhysioHeart™. These findings could be also of potential interest for other cardiac platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kappler
- Department Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,LifeTec Group B.V, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlos A Ledezma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
| | | | - Veronique Meijborg
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bülent Ergin
- Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
| | | | - Can Ince
- Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Díaz-Zuccarini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK. .,WEISS Centre for Surgical and Interventional Sciences, UCL, Gower Street 10, London, UK.
| | - Bas A J M de Mol
- Department Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,LifeTec Group B.V, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kappler B, van Tuijl S, Ergin B, Fixsen L, Stijnen M, Ince C, de Mol BA. Attenuated cardiac function degradation in ex vivo pig hearts. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 43:173-179. [PMID: 31621467 DOI: 10.1177/0391398819879706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Isolated hearts offer the opportunity to evaluate heart function, treatments, and diagnostic tools without in vivo factor interference. However, the early loss of cardiac function and edema occur over time and do limit the duration of the experiment. This research focuses on delaying these limitations using optimal blood control. This study examines whether blood conditioning by means of the combination of blood predilution and hemodialysis can significantly reduce cardiac function degradation. Slaughterhouse porcine hearts were revived in the PhysioHeart™ platform to restore physiological cardiac performance. Twelve hearts were divided into a control group and a dialysis group; in the latter group, hemodialysis was attached to the blood reservoir. Cardiac hemodynamics and blood parameters were recorded and evaluated. Blood conditioning significantly reduced the loss of cardiac pump function (control group vs dialysis group, -14.9 ± 6.3%/h vs -9.7 ± 2.7%/h) and loss of cardiac output (control group vs dialysis group, -11.8 ± 3.4%/h vs -5.9 ± 2.0%/h). Hemodialysis resulted in physiological and stable blood parameters, whereas in the control group ions reached pathological values, while interstitial edema still occurred. The combination of blood predilution and hemodialysis significantly attenuated ex vivo cardiac function degradation and delayed the loss of cardiac hemodynamics. We hypothesized that besides electrolyte and metabolic control, the hemodialysis-accompanied increase in hematocrit resulted in improved oxygen transport. This could have temporarily compensated the deleterious effect of an increased oxygen-diffusion distance due to edema in the dialysis group and resulted in less progression of cell decay. Clinically validated measures delaying edema might improve the effectiveness of the PhysioHeart™ platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kappler
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, AMC Heart Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center-Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,LifeTec Group BV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bülent Ergin
- Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center-Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Fixsen
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Can Ince
- Department of Translational Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center-Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Ajm de Mol
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, AMC Heart Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center-Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,LifeTec Group BV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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In Vitro and Ex Vivo Hemodynamic Testing of an Innovative Occluder for Paravalvular Leak After Transcather Aortic Valve Implantation. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:551-559. [PMID: 31364029 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at achieving a proof-of-concept for a novel device designed to occlude the orifices that may form between transcatheter valves and host tissues after TAVI. The device effect on the performance of a SAPIEN XT with a paravalvular gap was assessed into an in vitro and ex vivo pulse duplicator. The in vitro tests were performed complying with the standard international regulations, measuring the trasvalvular pressure and regurgitant volumes with and without the paravalvular gap, and with the occluder correctly positioned into the gap. In the second series of tests, the leakage reduction due to the presence of the occluder was assessed for the same setup, into a beating swine heart. The occluder implantation decreased the regurgitant fraction of about 50% for the in vitro assessment and 75% for the ex vivo test, under rest operating conditions. These results suggest that suitably designed occluders can lead to important benefit in the PVL treatment.
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10
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van Nunen LX, van 't Veer M, Zimmermann FM, Wijnbergen I, Brueren GRG, Tonino PAL, Aarnoudse WA, Pijls NHJ. Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in extensive myocardial infarction with persistent ischemia: The SEMPER FI pilot study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 95:128-135. [PMID: 31020797 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.28289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to prospectively investigate intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP) support in large myocardial infarction complicated by persistent ischemia after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Use of IABP is suggested to be effective by increasing diastolic aortic pressure, thereby improving coronary blood flow. This can only be expected with exhausted coronary autoregulation, typical in acute myocardial infarction complicated by persistent ischemia. In this situation, augmented diastolic pressure is expected to increase myocardial oxygenation. METHODS One hundred patients with large STEMI complicated by persistent ischemia after primary PCI were randomized to treatment with or without IABP therapy on top of standard care. IABP support was initiated following primary PCI, immediately after inclusion. Primary end point was all-cause mortality, need for (additional) mechanical hemodynamic support, or readmission for heart failure within 6 months. RESULTS Mean age was 63 ± 10 years, 76% were male. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 120 ± 25 mmHg and 73 ± 17 mmHg. Mean heart rate was 75 ± 18 mmHg. Before PCI, mean summed ST-deviation was 21 ± 8 mm with only minimal ST-resolution after PCI. One patient in the IABP group reached the primary end point versus four patients in the control group (2% vs. 8%; p = 0.16). After primary PCI, resolution of ST-deviation was significantly more pronounced in the IABP group (73 ± 17%) compared to the control group (56 ± 26%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, in patients with large STEMI and persistent ischemia after primary PCI, use of IABP showed a nonsignificant decrease in mortality, necessity for (additional) mechanical hemodynamic support or readmission for heart failure at 6 months, and resulted in more rapid ST-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokien X van Nunen
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van 't Veer
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik M Zimmermann
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Wijnbergen
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guus R G Brueren
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A L Tonino
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert A Aarnoudse
- Department of Cardiology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Nico H J Pijls
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Iyengar A, Kwon OJ, Bailey KL, Ashfaq A, Abdelkarim A, Shemin RJ, Benharash P. Predictors of cardiogenic shock in cardiac surgery patients receiving intra-aortic balloon pumps. Surgery 2018; 163:1317-1323. [PMID: 29395233 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiogenic shock after cardiac surgery leads to severely increased mortality. Intra-aortic balloon pumps may be used during the preoperative period to increase coronary perfusion. The purpose of this study was to characterize predictors of postoperative cardiogenic shock in cardiac surgery patients with and without intra-aortic balloon pumps support. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of our institutional database of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons for patients operated between January 2008 to July 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model postoperative cardiogenic shock in both the intra-aortic balloon pumps and matched control cohorts. RESULTS Overall, 4,741 cardiac surgery patients were identified during the study period, of whom 192 (4%) received a preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump. Intra-aortic balloon pumps patients had a greater prevalence of diabetes, previous cardiac surgery, congestive heart failure, and an urgent/emergent status (P < .001). Intra-aortic balloon pumps patients also had greater 30-day mortality and more postoperative cardiogenic shock (9% vs 3%, P < .001). On multivariable analysis of the matched control cohort, postoperative cardiogenic shock remained multifactorial. Among the intra-aortic balloon pumps cohort, only sex, previous percutaneous coronary intervention and preoperative arrhythmia remained significant on multivariable analysis (all P < .05). CONCLUSION Factors associated with cardiogenic shock among postcardiac surgery patients differ between those patients receiving intra-aortic balloon pumps and those who do not. Further analysis of the effects of prophylactic intra-aortic balloon pumps support is warranted. (Surgery 2017;160:XXX-XXX.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Iyengar
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oh Jin Kwon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Bailey
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adeel Ashfaq
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayman Abdelkarim
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Shemin
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Benharash
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Petterson NJ, Fixsen LS, Rutten MCM, Pijls NHJ, van de Vosse FN, Lopata RGP. Ultrasound functional imaging in an ex vivo beating porcine heart platform. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:9112-9126. [PMID: 29053103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, novel ultrasound functional imaging (UFI) techniques have been introduced to assess cardiac function by measuring, e.g. cardiac output (CO) and/or myocardial strain. Verification and reproducibility assessment in a realistic setting remain major issues. Simulations and phantoms are often unrealistic, whereas in vivo measurements often lack crucial hemodynamic parameters or ground truth data, or suffer from the large physiological and clinical variation between patients when attempting clinical validation. Controlled validation in certain pathologies is cumbersome and often requires the use of lab animals. In this study, an isolated beating pig heart setup was adapted and used for performance assessment of UFI techniques such as volume assessment and ultrasound strain imaging. The potential of performing verification and reproducibility studies was demonstrated. For proof-of-principle, validation of UFI in pathological hearts was examined. Ex vivo porcine hearts (n = 6, slaughterhouse waste) were resuscitated and attached to a mock circulatory system. Radio frequency ultrasound data of the left ventricle were acquired in five short axis views and one long axis view. Based on these slices, the CO was measured, where verification was performed using flow sensor measurements in the aorta. Strain imaging was performed providing radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain to assess reproducibility and inter-subject variability under steady conditions. Finally, strains in healthy hearts were compared to a heart with an implanted left ventricular assist device, simulating a failing, supported heart. Good agreement between ultrasound and flow sensor based CO measurements was found. Strains were highly reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8). Differences were found due to biological variation and condition of the hearts. Strain magnitude and patterns in the assisted heart were available for different pump action, revealing large changes compared to the normal condition. The setup provides a valuable benchmarking platform for UFI techniques. Future studies will include work on different pathologies and other means of measurement verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Petterson
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, GEM-Z4.131, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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13
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Xia L, Ji Q, Song K, Shen J, Shi Y, Ma R, Ding W, Wang C. Early clinical outcomes of on-pump beating-heart versus off-pump technique for surgical revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: the experience of a single center. J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28231841 PMCID: PMC5322671 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-017-0572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited experiences of applying an on-pump beating-heart technique for surgical revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction have been reported. Which strategy, either off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or on-pump beating-heart CABG surgery, is the best strategy for surgical revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction is still controversial. This single-center study aimed to evaluate the impacts of an on-pump beating-heart versus an off-pump technique for surgical revascularization on the early clinical outcomes in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35% or less to explore which technique would be more suitable for surgical revascularization in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Methods A total of 216 consecutive patients with an echocardiographic estimated LVEF of 35% or less who underwent non-emergency, primary, isolated CABG from January 2010 to December 2014 were included in this study and were divided into either an ONBEAT group (patients who received on-pump beating-heart CABG surgery, n = 88) or an OFF group (patients who received off-pump CABG surgery, n = 128). The early clinical outcomes were investigated and compared. Results Patients in the ONBEAT group compared to the OFF group had a significant higher early postoperative LVEF (35.6 ± 2.9 vs. 34.8 ± 3.3%, p = 0.034) but shared a similar baseline LVEF (31.0 ± 2.8 vs. 31.0 ± 2.9%, p = 0.930). Patients in the ONBEAT group compared to the OFF group received a greater number of grafts and an increased amount of drainage during the first 24 h (3.7 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.6, p <0.001; 715 ± 187 ml vs. 520 ± 148 ml, p <0.001, respectively), without evidence of worse in-hospital mortality or major postoperative morbidity. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that surgical technique (on-pump beating-heart CABG vs. off-pump CABG) had no independent influence on in-hospital mortality or major postoperative morbidity in patients with preoperative LVEF of 35% or less. Conclusions The on-pump beating-heart technique may be an acceptable alternative to the off-pump technique for surgical revascularization in patients with an estimated LVEF of 35% or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMin Xia
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - JinQiang Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - YunQing Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - RunHua Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - WenJun Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 1609 XieTu Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - ChunSheng Wang
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2015 are organized by category and briefly summarized. We aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, the International Society for Pediatric Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Support, and the Vienna International Workshop on Functional Electrical Stimulation, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level." Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for providing their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of their time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers, the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, John Wiley & Sons for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. We look forward to reporting further advances in the coming years.
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Usefulness of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:469-76. [PMID: 26708637 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation is the most widely used mechanical circulatory support device because of its ease of use, low complication rate, and fast manner of insertion. Its benefit is still subject of debate, and a considerable gap exists between guidelines and clinical practice. Retrospective nonrandomized studies and animal experiments show benefits of IABP therapy. However, recent large randomized trials do not show benefit of IABP therapy, which has led to a downgrading in the guidelines. In our view, this dichotomy between trials and practice might be the result of insufficient understanding of the prerequisites needed for effective IABP therapy, that is, exhausted autoregulation, and of not including the right patient population in trials. The population included in recent large randomized trials has been heterogeneous, also including patients in whom benefit of IABP could not be expected. The clinical condition in which most benefit is expected, that is persistent ischemia in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, is discussed in this review. In conclusion, this review aims to explain the physiological principles needed for effective IABP therapy, to reflect critically on the large randomized trials, and to solve some of the controversies in this field.
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