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Huang J. Mendelian randomization indicates a causal contribution of type 2 diabetes to retinal vein occlusion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1146185. [PMID: 37223029 PMCID: PMC10200935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular disease that can cause severe visual impairment. Many observational studies have shown that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with RVO, but it remains unknown if the association is causal. The present study aimed to perform Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the causal contribution of genetically predicted T2DM to RVO. Methods We obtained summary-level data from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis including 48,286 cases and 250,671 controls for T2DM and from a genome wide association study of 372 cases and 182,573 controls in the FinnGen project for RVO. To verify the robustness of the results, an independent validation dataset for T2DM (12,931 cases and 57,196 controls) was used. In addition to the main MR analysis using the inverse variance weighted (fixed effect) approach, sensitivity analyses and multivariable MR adjusting for common risk factors of RVO were conducted. Results Genetically predicted T2DM was found to be causally associated with RVO risk (odds ratio (OR)=2.823, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.072-3.847, P=4.868×10-11). This association was supported by sensitivity analyses using the weighted median (OR=2.415, 95% CI: 1.411-4.132, P=1.294×10-3), weighted mode (OR=2.370, 95% CI: 1.321-4.252, P=5.159×10-3), maximum likelihood (OR=2.871, 95% CI: 2.100-3.924, P=3.719×10-11), MR-PRESSO (OR=2.823, 95% CI: 2.135-3.733, P=5.150×10-10), and MR-Egger (OR=2.441, 95% CI: 1.149-5.184, P=2.335×10-2) methods. In addition, this association persisted in multivariable MR after accounting for common RVO risk factors (OR=1.748, 95% CI: 1.238-2.467, P=1.490×10-3). The MR analyses using the validation dataset obtained consistent results. Conclusion This study indicates that genetically predicted T2DM may have a causal contribution to RVO. Future studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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[Cardiovascular risk factors, haemostasis and antithrombotic treatment in retinal vessel occlusion]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2022; 119:1129-1139. [PMID: 36344732 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-022-01751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Venous and arterial retinal vascular occlusions are age-related disorders, generally associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors, rather than an isolated ocular disease. As affected patients often also have an increased general risk for other vascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke, an interdisciplinary clarification of cardiovascular risk factors and systemic comorbidities is essential for all patients. Extended hemostaseological investigations may be recommended in those patients who do not match the typical risk profile. Patients at a young age by the time of manifestation, without conventional risk factors as well as patients with an increased risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome may require a selective clinical investigation including testing for thrombophilic risk factors. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated an association between coagulation and lipid metabolism disorders and the development of both retinal vein and artery occlusions in specific subgroups of patients. Therapeutic approaches to treat retinal vascular occlusions or reduce the long-term risk of recurrences with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs have not gained widespread acceptance. However, intravenous thrombolysis may be a valuable treatment option for central retinal artery occlusions within a short time to treatment therapeutic window. For defined disorders of the coagulation system, the administration of antithrombotic drugs to reduce the general vascular risk can be a reasonable approach. This article provides an overview of cardiovascular risk factors, the general vascular risk and the current state of knowledge on ophthalmologically relevant disorders of coagulation and lipid metabolism in patients with venous and arterial retinal vascular occlusions.
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Tang Y, Cheng Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu P, Wu H. Review: The Development of Risk Factors and Cytokines in Retinal Vein Occlusion. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:910600. [PMID: 35783660 PMCID: PMC9240302 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.910600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most prevalent retinal disease. Despite this, the pathogenic mechanisms and risk factors are not entirely clear. In this article, we review recent publications on the classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, ischemic changes, cytokines, and vital complications of RVO. Risk factors and cytokines are important for exploring the mechanisms and new treatment targets. Furthermore, risk factors are interrelated, making RVO mechanisms more complex. Cytokines act as powerful mediators of pathological conditions, such as inflammation, neovascularization, and macular edema. This review aims to summarize the updated knowledge on risk factors, cytokines of RVO and signaling in order to provide valuable insight on managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengjia Liu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Hong Wu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wu
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Thau A, Saffren B, Anderst JD, Carpenter SL, Levin AV. A review on clotting disorders and retinal hemorrhages: Can they mimic abuse? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 118:105070. [PMID: 34049052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristic findings of abusive head trauma (AHT) include retinal hemorrhages (RH). RH have many etiologies in childhood, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of possible child abuse. The relationship between RH and thrombophilia in children is not well established. OBJECTIVE In this literature review, we sought to assess whether retinal findings in pediatric patients with thrombophilia could mimic those of AHT. METHODS A literature search was performed to identify all cases of thrombophilia in children less than 18 years old with ocular manifestations. Disorders of thrombophilia including protein C and S deficiency, factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin variant, MTHFR mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated factor VIII, and elevated lipoprotein (a) were considered. All cases of pediatric thrombophilia with retinal examination or intraocular bleeding were included. If provided, descriptions of the RH were reviewed. RESULTS Our initial search yielded 514 results. Forty-three articles met our inclusion criteria. We identified 3 children with RH within the AHT usual age range (<5 years old), ages 5 weeks and 7 weeks old, in the setting of thrombophilia. One child had ocular findings that could potentially mimic abuse. No other indicators of abuse were present in this case. CONCLUSIONS Based on previous reports, thrombophilia alone has not been shown to clearly mimic abusive head trauma. In reported cases of thrombophilia with RH, the clinical picture and ophthalmic findings are usually distinct from abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrey Thau
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brooke Saffren
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James D Anderst
- Division of Child Adversity and Resilience, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shannon L Carpenter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Paciullo F, Giannandrea D, Virgili G, Cagini C, Gresele P. Role of Increased Lipoprotein (a) in Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. TH OPEN 2021; 5:e295-e302. [PMID: 34240002 PMCID: PMC8260280 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increased lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been associated with enhanced risk of cardiovascular events and more recently with venous thromboembolism. However, there is inconclusive data on the association between enhanced Lp(a) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). We aimed to assess the role of Lp(a) in RVO.
Methods
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies addressing the role of Lp(a) in RVO. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all published papers reporting Lp(a) levels. Main outcome measures consisted of Lp(a) levels in patients with (cases) or without (controls) RVO.
Results
We included 13 studies for a total of 1,040 cases and 16,648 controls. Lp(a) levels above normal limits were associated with RVO (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.7–3.34) and patients with RVO had higher Lp(a) levels than controls (weighted mean difference: 13.4 mg/dL, 95% CI 8.2–18.6).
Conclusion
Increased Lp(a) levels associate with RVO and should be included among diagnostic and prognostic indexes for this unusual-site vein thrombosis. Therapeutic interventions aimed to lower Lp(a) should be tested in RVO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paciullo
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - David Giannandrea
- Division of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Gubbio and Città di Castello Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Firenze and AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Cagini
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The retina is growingly recognized as a window into cerebrovascular and systemic vascular conditions. The utility of noninvasive retinal vessel biomarkers in cerebrovascular risk assessment has expanded due to advances in retinal imaging techniques and machine learning-based digital analysis. The purpose of this review is to underscore the latest evidence linking retinal vascular abnormalities with stroke and vascular-related cognitive disorders; to highlight modern developments in retinal vascular imaging modalities and software-based vasculopathy quantification. RECENT FINDINGS Longitudinal studies undertaken for extended periods indicate that retinal vascular changes can predict cerebrovascular disorders (CVD). Cerebrovascular ties to dementia provoked recent explorations of retinal vessel imaging tools for conceivable early cognitive decline detection. Innovative biomedical engineering technologies and advanced dynamic and functional retinal vascular imaging methods have recently been added to the armamentarium, allowing an unbiased and comprehensive analysis of the retinal vasculature. Improved artificial intelligence-based deep learning algorithms have boosted the application of retinal imaging as a clinical and research tool to screen, risk stratify, and monitor with precision CVD and vascular cognitive impairment. SUMMARY Mounting evidence supports the use of quantitative retinal vessel analysis in predicting CVD, from clinical stroke to neuroimaging markers of stroke and neurodegeneration.
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Hypertension and multiple cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk for retinal vein occlusions: results from the Gutenberg Retinal Vein Occlusion Study. J Hypertens 2020; 37:1372-1383. [PMID: 31145709 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although several risk factors for retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are known, what triggers RVO is unclear in many cases. We aimed to evaluate the relevance of multiple risk factors in patients with RVO. METHODS The Gutenberg RVO Study is an observational case-control study that assessed thrombophilic, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and drug-related risk factors in participants with RVO and the same number of matched controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis was chosen to estimate the risk of RVO due to several risk factors. RESULTS Of 92 patients with RVO, 46 (50%) had central RVO, 31 (33.7%) had branch RVO, and 15 (16.3) had hemi-RVO. Systemic hypertension was associated with RVO [any RVO: odds ratio (OR): 1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-2.88; branch RVO: OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.08-6.10]. The most frequent combinations of risk factors were hypertension with dyslipidemia (33 of 92, 35.9%) and hyperhomocysteinemia and high levels of factor VIII (10 of 92, 10.9%). An increase in the risk sum score by one additional risk factor corresponded to ORs of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.31-2.32) for cardiovascular risk factors, 1.38 (95% CI: 1.04-1.82) for thrombophilic risk factors, and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.20-1.70) for the total number of risk factors for RVO. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular risk factors are more important than other risk factors for the presence of RVO. The risk of RVO increased by approximately 40% with any additional risk factor and by 70% with any additional cardiovascular risk factor.
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Chen K, Hsiang E, Hsu M, Chou Y, Lin T, Chang Y, Tsai C, Li T, Woung L, Chen S, Peng C, Hwang D. Elevation of serum oxidative stress in patients with retina vein occlusions. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e290-e295. [PMID: 30259675 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retina vein occlusion (RVO) is a visual-threatening retinal disease that causes irreversible impaired quality of life. The contribution of oxidative stress behind clinical course of RVO was rarely investigated. The study aimed to measure the serum oxidative biomarker in patients with RVO to investigate further physical response. METHODS We measured the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), Sirutin 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-r), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), orkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), orkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3), catalase, (SOD) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) among 19 patients with cataract as control group and 36 patients with RVO, respectively. RESULTS The mean MDA, 8OHdG and hydrogen peroxide in the serum were significantly higher in patients with RVO compared with the results in control group subjects. Whereas SIRT1, PPAR-r, PGC-1, FOXO1, FOXO3, catalase and SOD levels in serum were significantly decreased in patients with RVO compared with control group. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the serum level of MDA, 8OHdG and hydrogen peroxide is increased in patients with RVO. Among these, the elevation of MDA, 8OHdG and hydrogen peroxide suggests the increasing of serum oxidative stress in RVO patients. All enzymes related reactive oxygen species scavenge were decreased. Thus, focal RVO may increase systemic oxidative stress within serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan‐Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - En‐Lin Hsiang
- Institute of Pharmacology National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Min‐Yen Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
- School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yueh‐Ching Chou
- Institute of Pharmacology National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tai‐Chi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yuh‐Lih Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Yao Tsai
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Taipei City Hospital TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Hsuan Li
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Lin‐Chung Woung
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Taipei City Hospital TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Jen Chen
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Hsien Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital and Fu‐Jen Catholic University Taipei Taiwan
| | - De‐Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
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Agard E, El Chehab H, Vie AL, Voirin N, Coste O, Dot C. Retinal vein occlusion and obstructive sleep apnea: a series of 114 patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e919-e925. [PMID: 30188014 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS A prospective and controlled study including 114 patients from January to September 2016, who were divided into two groups: 69 patients with RVO (RVO+) and 45 controls (RVO-), matched for age, sex and disease. All the patients completed a simple questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and underwent a RUSleeping® (portable monitoring device and then continuously monitored the subject's respiration to detect respiratory events). In addition, all patients with RVO were administered OSA screening with a polysomnography (PSG) during an overnight stay in the hospital, which was analysed by a single sleep apnea specialist. RESULTS Sleep apnea was suspected in 73.9% in the RVO group and 63% in the control group based on the simple questionnaire; 22% in the RVO group and 4.3% in the control group according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale; 82.6% in the RVO group and 55.6% in the control group (p = 0.005) according to RUSleeping® . Multivariate logistic regression analysis (based on RUsleeping® ) confirmed that RVO was associated with OSA (adjusted odds ratio, 5.65, [1.60-19.92], p = 0.007). All patients in the RVO group were confirmed by PSG, and finally, 91.5% were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA. Among the RVO+ patients, the mean apnea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was 42.2 events per hour (7.7-96.5). OSA was moderate in 22% patients and severe in 69.5% patients. There was no significant relationship between RVO severity and the PSG data variables. CONCLUSION The systematic screening of OSA with the gold standard PSG found a high prevalence of OSA in patients with RVO. The OSA is probably a risk factor associated with RVO. Polysomnography remains the gold standard method; nevertheless, the RUsleeping® RTS portable monitoring device can assess the presence and severity of sleep apnea with a low failure rate and a single use, prior to PSG, which is less available in clinical practice. Further studies with larger samples are needed to clarify the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Agard
- Department of Ophthalmology; Desgenettes Military Hospital; Lyon France
- French Military Health Service Academy; Val de Grâce; Paris France
| | - Hussam El Chehab
- Department of Ophthalmology; Desgenettes Military Hospital; Lyon France
- French Military Health Service Academy; Val de Grâce; Paris France
| | - Anne-Laure Vie
- Department of Ophthalmology; Desgenettes Military Hospital; Lyon France
| | | | | | - Corinne Dot
- Department of Ophthalmology; Desgenettes Military Hospital; Lyon France
- French Military Health Service Academy; Val de Grâce; Paris France
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Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Gianniello F, Artoni A, Martinelli I. Thrombophilic and cardiovascular risk factors for retinal vein occlusion. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 44:44-48. [PMID: 28684050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of thrombophilic and cardiovascular risk factors in different manifestations of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), i.e., central or branch RVO, and at different ages is still debated. AIMS To evaluate the association between thrombophilic and cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of RVO (overall, separately for central and branch RVO, and at different ages). METHODS Case-control study on 313 patients with a first objectively-confirmed RVO (216 central and 97 branch RVO) and 415 healthy individuals. RESULTS Antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiency (adjusted odds ratio [95%CI]: 15.60 [2.01-121]; p=0.009), hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy; 3.22 [1.38-7.49]; p=0.007), high factor VIII (FVIII) levels (3.08 [1.20-7.89]; p=0.019), factor V Leiden (2.93 [0.97-8.86]; p=0.058) and the presence of at least one cardiovascular risk factor (1.79 [1.00-3.23]; p=0.050) were associated with an increased risk of branch RVO. The association was weaker for central RVO, and limited to HHCy (2.15 [1.09-4.24]; p=0.027) and high FVIII (1.99 [0.90-4.42]; p=0.091). For HHCy, high FVIII and cardiovascular risk factors the association with the risk of RVO was stronger at an age>50years (3.41[1.29-8.99], p=0.013; 2.57[1.00-6.68], p=0.050; and 2.03[1.16-3.56], p=0.013, respectively) than ≤50years (1.93[0.85-4.36], p=0.114; 1.67[0.54-5.12], p=0.371; and 1.22[0.73-2.03], p=0.454, respectively), whereas classic inherited thrombophilia (antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiencies, factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation) was slightly more prevalent at an age≤50years (1.62 [0.76-3.45], p=0.210) than >50years (1.11[0.44-2.79], p=0.833). CONCLUSIONS Thrombophilic and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with RVO, particularly branch RVO. The risk of RVO associated with HHCy, high FVIII and cardiovascular risk factors is higher at an older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bucciarelli
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena M Passamonti
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gianniello
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Artoni
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida Martinelli
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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11
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Multiple thrombophile Risikomarker bei Patienten ≺65 Jahre mit venösen retinalen Gefäßverschlüssen. Ophthalmologe 2017; 114:1149-1154. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-017-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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