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Huang D, Thompson JA, Chen SC, Adams A, Pitout I, Lima A, Zhang D, Jeffery RCH, Attia MS, McLaren TL, Lamey TM, De Roach JN, McLenachan S, Aung-Htut MT, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Chen FK. Characterising splicing defects of ABCA4 variants within exons 13-50 in patient-derived fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109276. [PMID: 36209838 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 4 gene (ABCA4)-associated retinopathy, Stargardt disease, is the most common monogenic inherited retinal disease. Given the pathogenicity of numerous ABCA4 variants is yet to be examined and a significant proportion (more than 15%) of ABCA4 variants are categorized as splice variants in silico, we therefore established a fibroblast-based splice assay to analyze ABCA4 variants in an Australian Stargardt disease cohort and characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of ABCA4 variants. A cohort of 67 patients clinically diagnosed with Stargardt disease was recruited. Genomic DNA was analysed using a commercial panel for ABCA4 variant detection and the consequences of ABCA4 variants were predicted in silico. Dermal fibroblasts were propagated from skin biopsies, total RNA was extracted and the ABCA4 transcript was amplified by RT-PCR. Our analysis identified a total of 67 unique alleles carrying 74 unique variants. The most prevalent splice-affecting complex allele c.[5461-10T>C; 5603A>T] was carried by 10% of patients in a compound heterozygous state. ABCA4 transcripts from exon 13 to exon 50 were readily detected in fibroblasts. In this region, aberrant splicing was evident in 10 out of 57 variant transcripts (18%), carried by 19 patients (28%). Patient-derived fibroblasts provide a feasible platform for identification of ABCA4 splice variants located within exons 13-50. Experimental evidence of aberrant splicing contributes to the pathogenic classification for ABCA4 variants. Moreover, identification of variants that affect splicing processes provides opportunities for intervention, in particular antisense oligonucleotide-mediated splice correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Thompson
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shang-Chih Chen
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Abbie Adams
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ianthe Pitout
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alanis Lima
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dan Zhang
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachael C Heath Jeffery
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary S Attia
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terri L McLaren
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tina M Lamey
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John N De Roach
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - May Thandar Aung-Htut
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australia; PYC Therapeutics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sheremet NL, Strelnikov VV. [Clinical and genetic aspects of ABCA4-associated inherited retinal diseases]. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:367-374. [PMID: 34669350 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2021137052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and genetic characteristics of ABCA4-associated inherited retinal diseases have been studied for more than 2 decades, since the identification of the ABCA4 protein in 1978 and the ABCA4 gene in 1997. ABCA4 mutations were initially associated with autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). It has now been established that mutations in this gene can cause other inherited retinal diseases, such as cone-rod dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa. In addition, the phenotypes of ABCA4-associated diseases can vary greatly from the classic presentation of Stargardt disease, from loss of central vision in adolescence to disease with early onset and rapid progression or late onset and milder course. ABCA4-associated diseases are inherited in autosomal recessive manner, i.e. the disease develops only if both alleles of the gene are damaged, one inherited from the father and the other inherited from the mother. As with many other recessive hereditary diseases, which are characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, the diversity of the phenotypes of ABCA4-associated retinal diseases is explained by combinations of sequence variants in the ABCA4 gene inherited by patients from their parents. Despite the fact that in this respect inherited retinal diseases associated with mutations in the ABCA4 gene do not fundamentally differ from other autosomal recessive traits, due to the structure of the gene and the protein encoded by it, there are a number of features thatshould be taken into account when performing molecular diagnostics, predicting the possibility of manifestation and the course of the disease, and planning the approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Sheremet
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Strelnikov
- Bochkov Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Al-Khuzaei S, Broadgate S, Foster CR, Shah M, Yu J, Downes SM, Halford S. An Overview of the Genetics of ABCA4 Retinopathies, an Evolving Story. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1241. [PMID: 34440414 PMCID: PMC8392661 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stargardt disease (STGD1) and ABCA4 retinopathies (ABCA4R) are caused by pathogenic variants in the ABCA4 gene inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The gene encodes an importer flippase protein that prevents the build-up of vitamin A derivatives that are toxic to the RPE. Diagnosing ABCA4R is complex due to its phenotypic variability and the presence of other inherited retinal dystrophy phenocopies. ABCA4 is a large gene, comprising 50 exons; to date > 2000 variants have been described. These include missense, nonsense, splicing, structural, and deep intronic variants. Missense variants account for the majority of variants in ABCA4. However, in a significant proportion of patients with an ABCA4R phenotype, a second variant in ABCA4 is not identified. This could be due to the presence of yet unknown variants, or hypomorphic alleles being incorrectly classified as benign, or the possibility that the disease is caused by a variant in another gene. This underlines the importance of accurate genetic testing. The pathogenicity of novel variants can be predicted using in silico programs, but these rely on databases that are not ethnically diverse, thus highlighting the need for studies in differing populations. Functional studies in vitro are useful towards assessing protein function but do not directly measure the flippase activity. Obtaining an accurate molecular diagnosis is becoming increasingly more important as targeted therapeutic options become available; these include pharmacological, gene-based, and cell replacement-based therapies. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current status of genotyping in ABCA4 and the status of the therapeutic approaches being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoud Al-Khuzaei
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-K.); (M.S.)
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | | | - Mital Shah
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jing Yu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Susan M. Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.A.-K.); (M.S.)
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Level 6 John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (S.B.); (J.Y.)
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Next-Generation Sequencing Applications for Inherited Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115684. [PMID: 34073611 PMCID: PMC8198572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a collection of phenotypically and genetically diverse conditions. IRDs phenotype(s) can be isolated to the eye or can involve multiple tissues. These conditions are associated with diverse forms of inheritance, and variants within the same gene often can be associated with multiple distinct phenotypes. Such aspects of the IRDs highlight the difficulty met when establishing a genetic diagnosis in patients. Here we provide an overview of cutting-edge next-generation sequencing techniques and strategies currently in use to maximise the effectivity of IRD gene screening. These techniques have helped researchers globally to find elusive causes of IRDs, including copy number variants, structural variants, new IRD genes and deep intronic variants, among others. Resolving a genetic diagnosis with thorough testing enables a more accurate diagnosis and more informed prognosis and should also provide information on inheritance patterns which may be of particular interest to patients of a child-bearing age. Given that IRDs are heritable conditions, genetic counselling may be offered to help inform family planning, carrier testing and prenatal screening. Additionally, a verified genetic diagnosis may enable access to appropriate clinical trials or approved medications that may be available for the condition.
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Westin IM, Jonsson F, Österman L, Holmberg M, Burstedt M, Golovleva I. EYS mutations and implementation of minigene assay for variant classification in EYS-associated retinitis pigmentosa in northern Sweden. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7696. [PMID: 33833316 PMCID: PMC8032658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degenerations. The ortholog of Drosophila eyes shut/spacemaker, EYS on chromosome 6q12 is a major genetic cause of recessive RP worldwide, with prevalence of 5 to 30%. In this study, by using targeted NGS, MLPA and Sanger sequencing we uncovered the EYS gene as one of the most common genetic cause of autosomal recessive RP in northern Sweden accounting for at least 16%. The most frequent pathogenic variant was c.8648_8655del that in some patients was identified in cis with c.1155T>A, indicating Finnish ancestry. We also showed that two novel EYS variants, c.2992_2992+6delinsTG and c.3877+1G>A caused exon skipping in human embryonic kidney cells, HEK293T and in retinal pigment epithelium cells, ARPE-19 demonstrating that in vitro minigene assay is a straightforward tool for the analysis of intronic variants. We conclude, that whenever it is possible, functional testing is of great value for classification of intronic EYS variants and the following molecular testing of family members, their genetic counselling, and inclusion of RP patients to future treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Maria Westin
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frida Jonsson
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lennart Österman
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Monica Holmberg
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie Burstedt
- Clinical Science/Ophthalmology, University of Umeå, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Xu S, Coku A, Muraleedharan CK, Harajli A, Mishulin E, Dahabra C, Choi J, Garcia WJ, Webb K, Birch D, Goetz K, Li W. Mutation Screening in the miR-183/96/182 Cluster in Patients With Inherited Retinal Dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:619641. [PMID: 33425925 PMCID: PMC7785829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.619641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) is a heterogenous blinding eye disease and affects more than 200,000 Americans and millions worldwide. By far, 270 protein-coding genes have been identified to cause IRD when defective. However, only one microRNA (miRNA), miR-204, has been reported to be responsible for IRD when a point-mutation occurs in its seed sequence. Previously, we identified that a conserved, polycistronic, paralogous miRNA cluster, the miR-183/96/182 cluster, is highly specifically expressed in all photoreceptors and other sensory organs; inactivation of this cluster in mice resulted in syndromic IRD with multi-sensory defects. We hypothesized that mutations in the miR-183/96/182 cluster in human cause IRD. To test this hypothesis, we perform mutation screening in the pre-miR-183, -96, -182 in >1000 peripheral blood DNA samples of patients with various forms of IRD. We identified six sequence variants, three in pre-miR-182 and three in pre-miR-96. These variants are in the pre-miRNA-182 or -96, but not in the mature miRNAs, and are unlikely to be the cause of the IRD in these patients. In spite of this, the nature and location of these sequence variants in the pre-miRNAs suggest that some may have impact on the biogenesis and maturation of miR-182 or miR-96 and potential roles in the susceptibility to diseases. Although reporting on negative results so far, our study established a system for mutation screening in the miR-183/96/182 cluster in human for a continued effort to unravel and provides deeper insight into the potential roles of miR-183/96/182 cluster in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ardian Coku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chithra K. Muraleedharan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ali Harajli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Eric Mishulin
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chafic Dahabra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Class of 2020, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - William J. Garcia
- College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kaylie Webb
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kerry Goetz
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weifeng Li
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ji X, Wang Z, Niu S, Ding C. Non-template synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres coated with a DNA-cross-linked hydrogel for the simultaneous imaging of dual biomarkers in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5271-5274. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent nanoprobe was designed based on porous-carbon nanospheres and DNA hybrid hydrogel for the simultaneous imaging of triphosadenine and biothiol in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
| | - Caifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology
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Ji X, Wang J, Niu S, Ding C. Size-controlled DNA-cross-linked hydrogel coated silica nanoparticles served as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of adenosine triphosphate in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5243-5246. [PMID: 30989156 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have designed a ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for adenosine triphosphate sensing and imaging in living cells, based on silica nanoparticles and a DNA-functionalized hybrid hydrogel. This ratiometric detecting method could validly avoid false-positive signals. Due to its controllable size, favorable biocompatibility and biostability, the nanohydrogel exhibited high cellular permeability and fast response in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Junning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Caifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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