Using 24-hr ocular dimensional profile recorded with a sensing contact lens to identify primary open-angle glaucoma patients with intraocular pressure constantly below the diagnostic threshold

A first-in-human pilot study of a novel electrically-passive metamaterial-inspired resonator-based ocular sensor embedded contact lens monitoring intraocular pressure fluctuations

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with no cure, but early treatment and effective monitoring can often slow the progression of the disease. Monitoring of glaucoma is based on the measurement of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) that is a physiological parameter related to the mechanical state and parameters of the eye. Conventionally, diagnosing and assessing the progression of glaucoma is based on the method of measuring IOP discretely at clinics. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of continuously monitoring IOP for 24 h to elucidate the effect of circadian rhythm. In this work, a metamaterial-inspired electrically-passive sensor-embedded contact lens is presented to monitor the IOP fluctuations based on a first-in-human pilot study. The sensor inside the contact lens is an electrically passive, metamaterial-based resonator that can be measured using a wearable antenna patch. The system has been tested with six healthy volunteers during an experiment to induce deliberate IOP changes via water-loading and placing the individuals in supine position using a recliner seat. The initial data compared with tonometer measurements suggest that the system can be used to assess the variation of IOP continuously.

Advancements in Wearable and Implantable Intraocular Pressure Biosensors for Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review

Glaucoma, marked by its intricate association with intraocular pressure (IOP), stands as a predominant cause of non-reversible vision loss. In this review, the physiological relevance of IOP is detailed, alongside its potential pathological consequences. The review further delves into innovative engineering solutions for IOP monitoring, highlighting the latest advancements in wearable and implantable sensors and their potential in enhancing glaucoma management. These technological innovations are interwoven with clinical practice, underscoring their real-world applications, patient-centered strategies, and the prospects for future development in IOP control. By synthesizing theoretical concepts, technological innovations, and practical clinical insights, this review contributes a cohesive and comprehensive perspective on the IOP biosensor's role in glaucoma, serving as a reference for ophthalmological researchers, clinicians, and professionals.