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Asmaa Y, Kakalia S, Irtza M, Malik R. The Diagnostic Association of Radiological and Clinicopathological Parameters in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53626. [PMID: 38449934 PMCID: PMC10916908 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, pneumonia is one of the significant causes of death in children under the age of five years. Assessment of disease severity is essential for clinical decision-making. Clinicians in resource-limited settings use the WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI) guidelines to diagnose and treat pneumonia. Chest X-rays and blood biomarkers are frequently performed in children presenting with pneumonia, but their role in clinical decision-making is limited. Objective To evaluate the association of chest X-ray results, clinical parameters, and blood inflammatory biomarkers with the severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children to decide which tests are helpful in accurately classifying the severity of pneumonia. Methods This cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, among 421 children aged two months to five years who were admitted with complaints of cough and difficulty breathing and were COVID-19 negative. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, including demographic information and clinical categorization of pneumonia severity using WHO criteria, SpO2 levels, chest X-rays, complete blood count (CBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels obtained within 24 hours of admission. Statistical evaluation of 323 children was done using SPSS version 26, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were applied to determine statistical significance. p-Value <0.05 was considered significant. Results The median age of the study population was eight months (IQR: 3-20 months); 113 (33.1%) were girls and 127 (37.2%) were underweight children. Eighteen (5.3%) patients had no pneumonia, 245 (71.8%) patients had non-severe pneumonia, and 78 (22.9%) patients had severe pneumonia. The clinical features of severe pneumonia were more common in children with radiologic findings of alveolar CAP than non-alveolar CAP (36.2% and 20%, respectively, p: 0.05). A higher percentage of patients with alveolar CAP had CRP >6 mg/dL than non-alveolar CAP (69.9% and 35%, respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with undernutrition (WAZ <-2 SD), hypoxemia (SpO2 <95%), and having CRP >6 mg/dL were associated with clinical features of severe pneumonia (46.1% vs. 33.8%, 100% vs 47.3%, and 67.9% vs 48.5%, respectively, p < 0.05). A significantly greater frequency of a bilateral multifocal distribution (p = 0.020), and the involvement of the right paracardiac region (p = 0.043) and the left lower lobe (p = 0.007) in those with severe pneumonia was observed. Conclusion Clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, along with the assessment of risk factors, including undernutrition and hypoxemia, should be adequate to diagnose pneumonia in children. Chest X-rays and CRP levels can be helpful in hospitalized children for whom physicians have difficulty deciding about antibiotic prescriptions, but their role in routinely classifying the severity of pneumonia in children is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Asmaa
- Department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Spenta Kakalia
- Department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Muhammad Irtza
- Medical College, Services Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rahat Malik
- Department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
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Xia Z, Fu X, Yuan X, Li J, Wang H, Sun J, Wu J, Tang L. Serum albumin to globulin ratio prior to treatment as a potential non-invasive prognostic indicator for urological cancers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1012181. [PMID: 36386921 PMCID: PMC9643875 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1012181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous clinical studies have reported an association between the pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) and survival outcomes of urological cancers. However, these conclusions remain controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the prognostic value of the AGR in urinary system tumors. Methods We retrieved eligible studies published up to June 2022 through a comprehensive search of multiple databases. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) were used to evaluated the predictive effect of the AGR before treatment in urinary system tumors. Heterogeneity test, random-effects models, fixed-effects models and sensitivity tests were used for analyses. Results A total of 21 studies with 18,269 patients were enrolled in our meta-analysis. We found that patients with urinary system cancer with low AGR prior to treatment had poor OS [HR = 1.93, 95% CI (1.56–2.39), p < 0.001], CSS [HR = 2.22, 95% CI (1.67–2.96), p < 0.001], RFS [HR = 1.69, 95% CI (1.29–2.22), p < 0.001], and PFS [HR = 1.29, 95% CI (0.54–3.07), p < 0.001]. For prostate cancer (PCa), a low pretreatment AGR was associated with poor BRFS [HR = 1.46, 95% CI (1.28–1.67), p < 0.001]. Also, a subgroup analysis, stratified by ethnicity, cancer type, cutoff value, sample size and publication year, was conducted. The results showed that worse OS and CSS were significantly associated with these factors. Conclusion Our meta-analysis revealed that the AGR before treatment could be used as a non-invasive predictive biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of urological cancer patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyou Xia
- Department of Urology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinzhu Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Urology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Ji Wu,
| | - Lingtong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People’s Hospital of Gao County, Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Lingtong Tang,
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Masarweh K, Gur M, Toukan Y, Bar-Yoseph R, Kassis I, Gut G, Hakim F, Nir V, Bentur L. Factors associated with complicated pneumonia in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:2700-2706. [PMID: 33991059 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity in children, despite advances in health care and anti-pneumococcal vaccine. Complicated pneumonia accounts for a significant burden with prolonged hospitalization. Finding risk factors for complicated pneumonia may help in tailoring management. We aimed to identify risk factors for developing complicated pneumonia and need for intervention. METHODS A retrospective single tertiary center study. Children admitted with a diagnosis of CAP and/or complicated pneumonia (parapneumonic effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, and lung abscess) on January 2001-March 2020 were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected using MDclone, a data acquisition tool. Risk factors for complicated pneumonia (on admission or during hospitalization) and risk for intervention were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 6778 children with pneumonia were included; 323 arrived at the Emergency Department with complicated pneumonia while 232 developed a complication during hospitalization. Risk factors for complicated pneumonia (on admission or during hospitalization) were Arab ethnicity, cardiac disease, increased age, and CRP and low O2 Sat (OR = 2.236 p < .001, OR = 4.376 p < .001, OR = 1.131 p < .001, OR = 1.065 p < .001 and OR = 0.959 p = .029, respectively). O2 Sat was lower, while fever and CRP were higher in patients with complicated pneumonia requiring intervention. CONCLUSIONS Identifying children at risk for complicated pneumonia may help in decision-making in the Emergency Department and during hospitalization. The increased risk of the Arab population for complicated pneumonia requires further understanding. Addressing the underlying socioeconomic and ethnic health inequities may help to decrease the disease burden in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Masarweh
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Gur
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yazeed Toukan
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Bar-Yoseph
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Imad Kassis
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Infectious Diseases Unit and Department of Pediatrics B, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Gut
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fahed Hakim
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vered Nir
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lea Bentur
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and CF Center, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Selvåg M, Thaulow CM. Half of all hospitalised children treated with antibiotics for pneumonia did not fulfil radiological, microbiological or laboratory criteria. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:1924-1931. [PMID: 33576065 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluating the management of paediatric pneumonia is important. We aimed to estimate the proportion of children receiving antibiotics for suspected community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that were likely to have a bacterial infection. Furthermore, we described antibiotic use in relation to guidelines. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study from a paediatric department in Norway. During 2017, all admitted children aged 0-17 years receiving antibiotics for CAP were enrolled in the study. We collected relevant data and defined likely CAP as one or more of the following: radiologically confirmed pneumonia, c-reactive protein of at least 100 mg/L, positive bacterial culture from blood or pleura, detection of bacteria from the nasopharynx associated with atypical pneumonia. RESULTS In total, 70 episodes of suspected CAP were included. Median age was 41.5 months, and 36 (51%) were girls. Of all treatments, 38 (54%) fulfilled our criteria for likely CAP. Median duration of treatment was 10 days. Of empirical treatments, 36 (57%) only involved penicillin. None of the children had neutropenia or complications, and only two needed intensive care. CONCLUSION Only half of children receiving antibiotics for suspected CAP were likely to have bacterial infection. Despite no obvious reason, antibiotic treatment was longer than currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Selvåg
- Department of Clinical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Christian Magnus Thaulow
- Department of Clinical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescence Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
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