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Zhao R, Han W, Tang K, Shao R, Zhu P, Zhang S, Xu P, He Y. Function of normal oral mucosa revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1481-1494. [PMID: 35894175 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The functions of oral mucosa include barrier, sensation, and secretion. The barrier protection function is particularly important, which includes physical barrier and immunological barrier. Few studies have revealed the function of oral mucosa by displaying the map of normal oral mucosal cells from the perspective of single cells. Here, single-cell transcriptome sequencing was used to bring a relatively comprehensive map of the normal oral mucosal cells. In total, 26,398 cells from three cases of normal oral mucosa were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing and 14 distinct cell groups were defined, 7 of which were immune cells. We performed subgroup classification and heterogeneity analysis of epithelial cells, T cells, and macrophagocytes, which found a subpopulation of epithelial cells with high expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, a subpopulation CD8+ GZMK+ T cells, and two kinds of active macrophagocytes. Meanwhile, we identified ligand-receptor pairs among the major cell types to explore the interactions and how they maintain the homeostasis of normal oral mucosa. Based on these results, the epithelial barrier function, immunological barrier function, and potential maintenance function of stromal cells in the oral mucosa were described at the single-cell level, which provides basic data resources for further studies of oral mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Zhao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kailin Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruru Shao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingyi Zhu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Leung DYL, Tham CC. Normal-tension glaucoma: Current concepts and approaches-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:247-259. [PMID: 35040248 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) has remained a challenging disease. We review, from an epidemiological perspective, why we should redefine normality, act earlier at lower pre-treatment intraocular pressure (IOP) level, and the role of ocular perfusion pressures, noting that perfusion is affected by defective vascular bed autoregulation and endothelial dysfunction. The correlation of silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) and NTG may indicate that NTG belongs to a wider spectrum of small vessel diseases (SVD), with its main pathology being also on vascular endothelium. Epidemiological studies also suggested that vascular geometry, such as fractal dimension, may affect perfusion efficiency, occurrence of SCI, SVD and glaucoma. Artificial intelligence with deep learning, may help predicting NTG progression from vascular geometry. Finally, we review latest evidence on the role of minimally-invasive glaucoma surgery, lasers, and newer drugs. We conclude that IOP is not the only modifiable risk factors as, many vascular risk factors are readily modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Y L Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung . Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Afşin A, Bozyılan E, Asoğlu R, Yavuz F, Dündar A. Effects of eight weeks exercise training on serum levels of adropin in male volleyball players. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:297-302. [PMID: 33794077 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of an eight week exercise program on the lipid profile in serum, serum levels of adropin, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in male volleyball players. METHODS Sixteen healthy male volleyball players participated in this study. Subjects performed eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training, and body mass index (BMI), body fat ratio, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), adropin, SBP, and DBP values were measured at the start (untrained) and end (trained) of training. Non-HDL-C was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from TC. RESULTS Body fat percentage and BMI values decreased significantly after eight weeks of exercise training. There was a statistically significant decrease in the post-test values of LDL-C, TG, non-HDL-C, and DBP compared to pre-test measurements. There was a significant increase in the trained levels of adropin and HDL-C compared to untrained levels. Pearson's correlation analyses revealed a negative and significant relationship between changes in DBP and adropin levels before and after exercise. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of exercise training decreased LDL-C, TG, non-HDL-C, and DBP and an increased serum levels of adropin in male volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmecit Afşin
- Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Eren Bozyılan
- High School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Adiyaman, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Asoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Fethi Yavuz
- Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Aykut Dündar
- High School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Adiyaman, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Nassir CMNCM, Ghazali MM, Hashim S, Idris NS, Yuen LS, Hui WJ, Norman HH, Gau CH, Jayabalan N, Na Y, Feng L, Ong LK, Abdul Hamid H, Ahamed HN, Mustapha M. Diets and Cellular-Derived Microparticles: Weighing a Plausible Link With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:632131. [PMID: 33718454 PMCID: PMC7943466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger neuroinflammation and the subsequent neurodegenerative cascade. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Despite being the most common neurodegenerative condition with cerebrocardiovascular axis, understanding about it remains poor. Interestingly, modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet including high intake of processed food, high-fat foods, and animal by-products are known to influence the non-neural peripheral events, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular stress through cellular inflammation and oxidation. One key outcome from such events, among others, includes the cellular activations that lead to elevated levels of endogenous cellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). MPs can be produced from various cellular origins including leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, microbiota, and microglia. MPs could act as microthrombogenic procoagulant that served as a plausible culprit for the vulnerable end-artery microcirculation in the brain as the end-organ leading to CSVD manifestations. However, little attention has been paid on the potential role of MPs in the onset and progression of CSVD spectrum. Corroboratively, the formation of MPs is known to be influenced by diet-induced cellular stress. Thus, this review aims to appraise the body of evidence on the dietary-related impacts on circulating MPs from non-neural peripheral origins that could serve as a plausible microthrombosis in CSVD manifestation as a precursor of neurodegeneration. Here, we elaborate on the pathomechanical features of MPs in health and disease states; relevance of dietary patterns on MP release; preclinical studies pertaining to diet-based MPs contribution to disease; MP level as putative surrogates for early disease biomarkers; and lastly, the potential of MPs manipulation with diet-based approach as a novel preventive measure for CSVD in an aging society worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sabarisah Hashim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Lee Si Yuen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Wong Jia Hui
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haziq Hazman Norman
- Anatomy Unit, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Chuang Huei Gau
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, University of Queensland (UQ), Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuri Na
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Linqing Feng
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Haja Nazeer Ahamed
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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The role of semaphorins in small vessels of the eye and brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105044. [PMID: 32590102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel diseases, such as ischemic retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are increasingly recognized in patients with diabetes, dementia and cerebrovascular disease. The mechanisms of small vessel diseases are poorly understood, but the latest studies suggest a role for semaphorins. Initially identified as axon guidance cues, semaphorins are mainly studied in neuronal morphogenesis, neural circuit assembly, and synapse assembly and refinement. In recent years, semaphorins have been found to play important roles in regulating vascular growth and development and in many pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis after stroke and retinopathy. Growing evidence indicates that semaphorins affect the occurrence, perfusion and regression of both the macrovasculature and microvasculature by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, barrier function and inflammatory response of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory effects of semaphorins on the cell components of the vessel wall and their potential roles in microvascular diseases, especially in the retina and cerebral small vessel. Finally, we discuss potential molecular approaches in targeting semaphorins as therapies for microvascular disorders in the eye and brain.
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Góes Junior AMDO, Albuquerque FBAD, Beckmann FA, Centeno FV, Andrade MCD, Vieira WDB. Sexo e idade e sua influência sobre a anatomia da aorta abdominal e seus ramos. J Vasc Bras 2020; 19:e20200073. [PMID: 34211522 PMCID: PMC8218012 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Contexto Não se sabe ao certo como a idade e o sexo do paciente influenciam na anatomia da aorta abdominal e de seus ramos. Objetivos Determinar os padrões anatômicos (diâmetro e angulações) mais frequentes da aorta abdominal e de seus ramos e a influência do sexo e da idade dos pacientes sobre esses padrões. Métodos Foram avaliadas tomografias computadorizadas de abdome com contraste endovenoso de 157 pacientes. Foram aferidos calibre e angulação de artérias abdominais em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, agrupados em cinco faixas etárias: 20 a 30 anos, 31 a 40 anos, 41 a 50 anos, 51 a 60 anos e 61 a 70 anos. Foram analisadas 18 variáveis: seis ângulos de emergências arteriais, nove diâmetros arteriais, taxas de dilatação, sexo e faixa etária. Para a obtenção das medidas, utilizou-se o programa de computador RadiAnt 4.2.1 DICOM viewer (Medixant, Poznan, Polônia). Resultados Entre as 157 tomografias, 69 eram de homens e 88, de mulheres. Apresentaram diferença estatística (p < 0,05): ângulo de origem e diâmetro da artéria mesentérica superior; ângulo e diâmetro das artérias renais; diâmetro das artérias ilíacas comuns; diâmetro e taxa de dilatação em diversos segmentos da aorta, exceto na porção proximal ao tronco celíaco. Conclusões Os diâmetros da aorta (em diversos segmentos) e de seus ramos (exceto da artéria renal esquerda) aumentam progressivamente com o passar da idade em ambos os sexos e são maiores e possuem taxa de dilatação mais elevada em homens do que em mulheres da mesma faixa etária. Entre os sexos, o ângulo de emergência da artéria mesentérica superior foi maior em homens, exceto entre 20 e 30 anos; o ângulo de origem da artéria renal esquerda foi maior em mulheres entre 51 e 60 anos.
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Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) refers to conditions where damage to arterioles and capillaries is predominant, leading to reduced, or interrupted perfusion of the affected organ. Data suggest that when this condition is evident in any organ, it is already systemic in its occurrence and consequences. SVD affects primarily organs that receive significant portions of cardiac output such as the brain, the kidney, and the retina. Thus, SVD is a major etiologic cause in debilitating conditions such as renal failure, blindness, lacunar infarcts, and dementia. The factors that lead to this devastating condition include all the known vascular risk factors when they are not strictly controlled, but lifestyles that include sedentary existence, obesity, and poor sleep patterns are also recognized drivers of SVD. In addition, depression is now recognized as a vascular risk factor. Inflammation is a mediator of SVD, but it is not known which factor(s) predominate in its etiology. This article emphasizes the need for more investigations to define this link further and suggests clinical and societal responses that might reduce the major impacts of this condition on populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M Hakim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Pagan LU, Gomes MJ, Okoshi MP. Endothelial Function and Physical Exercise. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 111:540-541. [PMID: 30365677 PMCID: PMC6199517 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Urbano Pagan
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil
| | - Mariana Janini Gomes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil
| | - Marina Politi Okoshi
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil
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Yang Z, He LJ, Sun SR. Role of Endothelial Cells in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:145-163. [PMID: 31399965 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis has been regarded as the common pathway of end-stage renal failure. Understanding the fundamental mechanism that leads to renal fibrosis is essential for developing better therapeutic options for chronic kidney diseases. So far, the main abstractions are on the injury of tubular epithelial cells, activation of interstitial cells, expression of chemotactic factor and adhesion molecule, infiltration of inflammatory cells and homeostasis of ECM. However, emerging studies revealed that endothelial cells (ECs) might happen to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) dependent and/or independent endothelial dysfunction, which were supposed to accelerate renal fibrosis and are identified as new mechanisms for the proliferation of myofibroblasts as well. In this chapter, we are about to interpret the role of ECs in renal fibrosis and analyze the related molecules and pathways of both EndMT and EndMT independent endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Jie He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shi-Ren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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