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Schubert R, Gaynullina D, Shvetsova A, Tarasova OS. Myography of isolated blood vessels: Considerations for experimental design and combination with supplementary techniques. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176748. [PMID: 37168231 PMCID: PMC10165122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the mechanisms of regulation of vascular tone is an urgent task of modern science, since diseases of the cardiovascular system remain the main cause of reduction in the quality of life and mortality of the population. Myography (isometric and isobaric) of isolated blood vessels is one of the most physiologically relevant approaches to study the function of cells in the vessel wall. On the one hand, cell-cell interactions as well as mechanical stretch of the vessel wall remain preserved in myography studies, in contrast to studies on isolated cells, e.g., cell culture. On the other hand, in vitro studies in isolated vessels allow control of numerous parameters that are difficult to control in vivo. The aim of this review was to 1) discuss the specifics of experimental design and interpretation of data obtained by myography and 2) highlight the importance of the combined use of myography with various complementary techniques necessary for a deep understanding of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schubert
- Physiology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rudolf Schubert,
| | - Dina Gaynullina
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga S. Tarasova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- State Research Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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The Role of Sympathetic Nerves in Osteoporosis: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010033. [PMID: 36672541 PMCID: PMC9855775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a systemic bone disease, is characterized by decreased bone density due to various reasons, destructed bone microstructure, and increased bone fragility. The incidence of osteoporosis is very high among the elderly, and patients with osteoporosis are prone to suffer from spine fractures and hip fractures, which cause great harm to patients. Meanwhile, osteoporosis is mainly treated with anti-osteoporosis drugs that have side effects. Therefore, the development of new treatment modalities has a significant clinical impact. Sympathetic nerves play an important role in various physiological activities and the regulation of osteoporosis as well. Therefore, the role of sympathetic nerves in osteoporosis was reviewed, aiming to provide information for future targeting of sympathetic nerves in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Kirschner
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
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Aalkjær C, Nilsson H, De Mey JGR. Sympathetic and Sensory-Motor Nerves in Peripheral Small Arteries. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:495-544. [PMID: 33270533 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small arteries, which play important roles in controlling blood flow, blood pressure, and capillary pressure, are under nervous influence. Their innervation is predominantly sympathetic and sensory motor in nature, and while some arteries are densely innervated, others are only sparsely so. Innervation of small arteries is a key mechanism in regulating vascular resistance. In the second half of the previous century, the physiology and pharmacology of this innervation were very actively investigated. In the past 10-20 yr, the activity in this field was more limited. With this review we highlight what has been learned during recent years with respect to development of small arteries and their innervation, some aspects of excitation-release coupling, interaction between sympathetic and sensory-motor nerves, cross talk between endothelium and vascular nerves, and some aspects of their role in vascular inflammation and hypertension. We also highlight what remains to be investigated to further increase our understanding of this fundamental aspect of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Nilsson
- Department Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Deptartment Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Ramiro IBL, Yandell M, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Ellgaard L, Safavi-Hemami H. Curses or Cures: A Review of the Numerous Benefits Versus the Biosecurity Concerns of Conotoxin Research. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E235. [PMID: 32708023 PMCID: PMC7460000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotoxins form a diverse group of peptide toxins found in the venom of predatory marine cone snails. Decades of conotoxin research have provided numerous measurable scientific and societal benefits. These include their use as a drug, diagnostic agent, drug leads, and research tools in neuroscience, pharmacology, biochemistry, structural biology, and molecular evolution. Human envenomations by cone snails are rare but can be fatal. Death by envenomation is likely caused by a small set of toxins that induce muscle paralysis of the diaphragm, resulting in respiratory arrest. The potency of these toxins led to concerns regarding the potential development and use of conotoxins as biological weapons. To address this, various regulatory measures have been introduced that limit the use and access of conotoxins within the research community. Some of these regulations apply to all of the ≈200,000 conotoxins predicted to exist in nature of which less than 0.05% are estimated to have any significant toxicity in humans. In this review we provide an overview of the many benefits of conotoxin research, and contrast these to the perceived biosecurity concerns of conotoxins and research thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden E. Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
| | - Iris Bea L. Ramiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
| | - Mark Yandell
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. Michael McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
- George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Baldomero M. Olivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
| | - Lars Ellgaard
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; (W.E.B.-Y.); (I.B.L.R.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.M.M.); (B.M.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Niendorf T, Frydman L, Neeman M, Seeliger E. Google maps for tissues: Multiscale imaging of biological systems and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13392. [PMID: 31549487 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Institute of Physiology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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Cao LL, Holmes AP, Marshall JM, Fabritz L, Brain KL. Dynamic monitoring of single-terminal norepinephrine transporter rate in the rodent cardiovascular system: A novel fluorescence imaging method. Auton Neurosci 2020; 223:102611. [PMID: 31901784 PMCID: PMC6977090 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we validate the use of a novel fluorescent norepinephrine transporter (NET) substrate for dynamic measurements of transporter function in rodent cardiovascular tissue; this technique avoids the use of radiotracers and provides single-terminal resolution. Rodent (Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice) hearts and mesenteric arteries (MA) were isolated, loaded with NET substrate Neurotransmitter Transporter Uptake Assay (NTUA) ex vivo and imaged with confocal microscopy. NTUA labelled noradrenergic nerve terminals in all four chambers of the heart and on the surface of MA. In all tissues, a temperature-dependent, stable linear increase in intra-terminal fluorescence upon NTUA exposure was observed; this was abolished by NET inhibitor desipramine (1 μM) and reversed by indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amine tyramine (10 μM). NET reuptake rates were similar across the mouse cardiac chambers. In both species, cardiac NET activity was significantly greater than in MA (by 62 ± 29% (mouse) and 21 ± 16% (rat)). We also show that mouse NET reuptake rate was twice as fast as that in the rat (for example, in the heart, by 94 ± 30%). Finally, NET reuptake rate in the mouse heart was attenuated with muscarinic agonist carbachol (10 μM) thus demonstrating the potential for parasympathetic regulation of norepinephrine clearance. Our data provide the first demonstration of monitoring intra-terminal NET function in rodent cardiovascular tissue. This straightforward method allows dynamic measurements of transporter rate in response to varying physiological conditions and drug treatments; this offers the potential to study new mechanisms of sympathetic dysfunction associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily L Cao
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Janice M Marshall
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Keith L Brain
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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