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Ghanem M, Archer G, Crestani B, Mailleux AA. The endocrine FGFs axis: A systemic anti-fibrotic response that could prevent pulmonary fibrogenesis? Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108669. [PMID: 38795981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease for which therapeutic options are limited, with an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets. IPF is thought to be the consequence of repeated microlesions of the alveolar epithelium, leading to aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal communication and the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. The reactivation of developmental pathways, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), is a well-described mechanism during lung fibrogenesis. Secreted FGFs with local paracrine effects can either exert an anti-fibrotic or a pro-fibrotic action during this pathological process through their FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate residues as co-receptors. Among FGFs, endocrine FGFs (FGF29, FGF21, and FGF23) play a central role in the control of metabolism and tissue homeostasis. They are characterized by a low affinity for heparan sulfate, present in the cell vicinity, allowing them to have endocrine activity. Nevertheless, their interaction with FGFRs requires the presence of mandatory co-receptors, alpha and beta Klotho proteins (KLA and KLB). Endocrine FGFs are of growing interest for their anti-fibrotic action during liver, kidney, or myocardial fibrosis. Innovative therapies based on FGF19 or FGF21 analogs are currently being studied in humans during liver fibrosis. Recent data report a similar anti-fibrotic action of endocrine FGFs in the lung, suggesting a systemic regulation of the pulmonary fibrotic process. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the protective effect of endocrine FGFs during the fibrotic processes, with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Archer
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, FHU APOLLO, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France.
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Qi X, Li J, Caussy C, Teng GJ, Loomba R. Epidemiology, screening, and co-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00875. [PMID: 38722246 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as NAFLD, is increasingly recognized as a prevalent global burden. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), another important metabolic disease, is considered a major contributor to the development of MASLD. MASLD and T2DM have a strong association with each other due to shared pathogenic mechanisms. The co-existence of the 2 diseases increases the risk of liver-related adverse outcomes and imposes a heavier burden on extrahepatic outcomes, representing a substantial public health issue. Effective assessment and management of T2DM combined with MASLD necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. The emergence of numerous RCTs has shed light on the treatment of T2DM combined with MASLD. This review uncovers the epidemiology of the intertwined T2DM and MASLD, offers insights into the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in patients with T2DM, glucose monitoring in the MASLD population, and provides comprehensive co-management strategies for addressing both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Qi
- Department of Radiology, Center of Portal Hypertension, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging and Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Nanjing, China
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cyrielle Caussy
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- MASLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Department of Radiology, Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rohit Loomba
- MASLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Lin R, Zhou J, Sun Q, Xin X, Hu Y, Zheng M, Feng Q. Meta-analysis: Efficacy and safety of fibroblast growth factor 21 analogues for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:802-811. [PMID: 38297816 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the effects and safety of these analogues on NASH and NASH-related fibrosis remain unexplored. AIMS To estimate the efficacy and safety of FGF21 analogues for treating NASH and NASH-related fibrosis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies up to 11 October 2023. Primary outcomes were defined as the fibrosis improvement ≥1 stage without worsening of NASH and NASH resolution without worsening fibrosis. Secondary outcomes included biomarkers of fibrosis, liver injury, and metabolism. Treatment-related adverse events were also analysed. RESULTS Nine studies, including 1054 patients with biopsy-proven NASH and stage F1-F4 fibrosis, were identified. Seven studies reported histological outcomes. The relative risk (RR) for obtaining fibrosis improvement ≥1 stage efficacy was 1.79 (95% CI 1.29-2.48, I2 = 37%, p < 0.001) with FGF21 analogues relative to placebo. Although no statistically significant difference was observed between FGF21 analogues in NASH resolution, sensitivity analyses and fragility index suggest that this result is unstable. The drugs improved hepatic fat fraction (HFF), along with other biomarkers of fibrosis, liver injury, and metabolism (MRE, LSM, Pro-C3, ELF, ALT, AST, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C). Additionally, no significant difference in serious adverse event incidence rate was observed (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.82-1.94, I2 = 24%, p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS FGF21 analogues appear as promising agents for the treatment of NASH and NASH-related fibrosis, and they generally seem to be safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutao Lin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinmei Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Geladari E, Alexopoulos T, Vasilieva L, Tenta R, Kontogianni M, Alexopoulou A. Letter: Severe underweight and sarcopenia in decompensated cirrhosis are associated with high FGF21 levels. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:795-796. [PMID: 38401142 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Alkhouri et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17709 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17907
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Geladari
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Alexopoulos
- Gastroenterology Department, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Roxane Tenta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Meropi Kontogianni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Alexopoulou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Alkhouri N, Tseng L, Balic K, Mansbach H, Margalit M. Letter: Severe underweight and sarcopenia in decompensated cirrhosis are associated with high FGF21 levels-authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:797-798. [PMID: 38401143 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Alkhouri et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17709 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17881
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Tseng
- 89bio, San Francisco, California, USA
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