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Saastamoinen M, Särkijärvi S, Suomala H. Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses-A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3568. [PMID: 34944342 PMCID: PMC8697880 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Six Finnhorse mares were used in a digestibility trial, in which six typical horse diets were compared. The diets were: (A) haylage 100%; (B) hay 100%; (C) hay 70% and oats 30%; (D) hay 70% and soybean meal + oats 30%; (E) hay 70%, rapeseed meal + oats 30% and (F) hay 70 %, linseed meal + oats 30%. The trial was conducted according to an unbalanced 6 × 4 Latin square design with four 3-week experimental periods. The experimental period consisted of 17-day preliminary feeding which was followed by a 4-day total faecal and urine collection periods to evaluate N excretion. The digestibilities of DM (p < 0.001) and OM (p < 0.001) in the haylage-only diet were lower compared to the other diets. The supplemental protein feeds improved the diet digestibility of CP (p = 0.002) compared to a hay + oats diet. Furthermore, the DM (p = 0.019), OM (p = 0.006), and CP (p = 0.016) digestibilities of the soya-supplemented diet were better than those of the rapeseed- and linseed-supplemented diets. Faecal excretion was greater for haylage (19.3 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) and hay (18.7 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) diets (p < 0.001) compared with the other diets. Urine excretion was also greater for forage-only diets compared with diets including protein supplements. Horses excreted 14.0 L urine/day on haylage-only diet (p = 0.026) and 14.3 L/day on a hay-only diet (p = 0.003). Horses excreted more nitrogen in their urine than in dung. N excretion differed between the diets. Horses on a haylage-only diet excreted 51.6 g N in faeces/day and on hay-only diet 51.4 g N/day. On the other hand, when protein content in forages increased, N excretion via urine increased (haylage vs. dried hay). Horses excreted less N in urine with hay-only diet than with haylage-only or protein-supplemented diets (p < 0.001). When N excreted in faeces and urine was counted together, horses excreted less N with a hay-only diet (p < 0.001) than with a supplemented one (oats and/or protein feeds). The results showed that feed choices affected the amount of nitrogen excreted. Feeding recommendations should consider not only the horse category and work level, but also the protein source. When good quality protein is fed, smaller N intakes can be applied to reduce the N excretion via urine and dung. At the farm level, improved understanding of feed quality, as well as feeding planning and practices, is a way to decrease the risk of N leaching and evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Saastamoinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Susanna Särkijärvi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Heli Suomala
- Department of Animal Science, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
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Park T, Yoon J, Kim A, Unno T, Yun Y. Comparison of the Gut Microbiota of Jeju and Thoroughbred Horses in Korea. Vet Sci 2021; 8:81. [PMID: 34064714 PMCID: PMC8151153 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The large intestine of horses is an anaerobic fermentative chamber filled with fibrolytic bacteria that play essential roles in digesting and absorbing nutrients for energy production. Although Jeju horses are a prominent local breed in Korea, few studies have investigated the gut microbiota of Jeju horses; (2) Methods: This study performed sequencing of V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the partial 16S rRNA genes obtained from horse fecal samples and compared the gut microbiota between Jeju and Thoroughbred horses. Thirty and 24 fecal samples were obtained from Jeju and Thoroughbred horses, respectively; (3) Results: The gut microbiota belonged to 23 phyla and 159 families. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant and predominant phyla, followed by Verrucomicrobia, Euryachaeota, and Spirochaete. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B), which is known as a relevant marker of gut dysbiosis, was 1.84 for Jeju horses, whereas it was 1.76 for Thoroughbred horses. Moreover, at the genus level, 21 genera were significantly different between the Jeju and Thoroughbred horses (p < 0.05); (4) Conclusions: The Thoroughbred horse's gut microbiotas had significantly higher diversity than the Jeju horses (p < 0.05). In addition, beneficial commensal bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids thus providing a significant source of energy are also more abundant in Thoroughbred horses. These results provide novel information on the horse gut microbiota and insights for further studies related to the horse gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (T.P.); (J.Y.); (A.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (T.P.); (J.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (T.P.); (J.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Youngmin Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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Zhao Y, Li B, Bai D, Huang J, Shiraigo W, Yang L, Zhao Q, Ren X, Wu J, Bao W, Dugarjaviin M. Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Mongolian and Thoroughbred Horses by High-throughput Sequencing of the V4 Region of the 16S rRNA Gene. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:1345-52. [PMID: 26954132 PMCID: PMC5003997 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hindgut of horses is an anaerobic fermentative chamber for a complex and dynamic microbial population, which plays a critical role in health and energy requirements. Research on the gut microbiota of Mongolian horses has not been reported until now as far as we know. Mongolian horse is a major local breed in China. We performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes V4 hypervariable regions from gut fecal material to characterize the gut microbiota of Mongolian horses and compare them to the microbiota in Thoroughbred horses. Fourteen Mongolian and 19 Thoroughbred horses were used in the study. A total of 593,678 sequence reads were obtained from 33 samples analyzed, which were found to belong to 16 phyla and 75 genera. The bacterial community compositions were similar for the two breeds. Firmicutes (56% in Mongolian horses and 53% in Thoroughbred horses) and Bacteroidetes (33% and 32% respectively) were the most abundant and predominant phyla followed by Spirochaete, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Fibrobacteres. Of these 16 phyla, five (Synergistetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, TM7, and Chloroflexi) were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two breeds. At the genus level, Treponema was the most abundant genus (43% in Mongolian horses vs 29% in Thoroughbred horses), followed by Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Anaeroplasma, which were detected in higher distribution proportion in Mongolian horses than in Thoroughbred horses. In contrast, Oscillibacter, Fibrobacter, Methanocorpusculum, and Succinivibrio levels were lower in Mongolian horses. Among 75 genera, 30 genera were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two breeds. We found that the environment was one of very important factors that influenced horse gut microbiota. These findings provide novel information about the gut microbiota of Mongolian horses and a foundation for future investigations of gut bacterial factors that may influence the development and progression of gastrointestinal disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jinlong Huang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Wunierfu Shiraigo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Qinan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiujuan Ren
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Wuyundalai Bao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Mongolian Horse Genetic Resources Protection and Industrial Engineering Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China
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