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Magdy N, Abdelkader NF, Zaki HF, Kamel AS. Potential exacerbation of polycystic ovary syndrome by saccharin sodium Via taste receptors in a letrozole rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 191:114874. [PMID: 39032681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The most common cause of anovulatory infertility is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is closely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Artificial sweetener, notably saccharin sodium (SS), has been utilized in management of obesity in PCOS. However, accumulating evidence points towards SS deleterious effects on ovarian physiology, potentially through activation of ovarian sweet and bitter taste receptors, culminating in a phenotype reminiscent of PCOS. This research embarked on exploration of SS influence on ovarian functions within a PCOS paradigm. Rats were categorized into six groups: Control, Letrozole-model, two SS groups at 2 dose levels, and two groups receiving 2 doses of SS with Letrozole. The study underscored SS capability to potentiate PCOS-related anomalies. Elevated cystic profile with outer thin granulosa cells, were discernible. This owed to increased apoptotic markers as cleaved CASP-3, mirrored by high BAX and low BCL-2, with enhanced p38-MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. This manifestation was accompanied by activation of taste receptors and disruption of steroidogenic factors; StAR, CYP11A1, and 17β-HSD. Thus, SS showed an escalation in testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, and LH/FSH ratio, insinuating a perturbation in endocrine regulation. It is found that there is an impact of taste receptor downstream signaling on ovarian steroidogenesis and apoptosis instigating pathophysiological milieu of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Magdy
- Quality Assurance, National Food Safety Authority, Bab El-Louq, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Yang L, Wang S, Jin J, Wang J, Chen W, Xue Y, Sheng L, Zhai Y, Yao W. Sucralose triggers insulin resistance leading to follicular dysplasia in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108644. [PMID: 38880404 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Sucralose, the extensively utilized sweetener, might lead to metabolic disorders with prolonged consumption, but it remains uncertain if sucralose has any impact on female reproductive health. We incorporated sucralose into drinking water and observed food intake, body weight, estrous cycle, follicular development, serum hormones, and insulin sensitivity of mice. The mice did not experience any changes in their food intake or body weight after consuming sucralose. However, they displayed irregularities in the estrous cycle, marked by a reduced count of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles, coupled with a significant increase in the number of antral follicles. There was a decline in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) levels, while testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels surged, leading to a notable elevation in the LH / FSH ratio. Sucralose also induced insulin resistance, as evidenced by elevated insulin levels and impaired insulin tolerance, which responded to an increase in bacterial-derived serum endotoxin. By eliminating insulin resistance with rosiglitazone (RSG), eradicating intestinal flora-derived endotoxins with neomycin (NEO), or enhancing intestinal barrier function with indole-3-carbinol (I3C), the abnormalities in estrous cycle, disruptions in follicular development, hormonal imbalances and elevation in serum endotoxins induced by sucralose were successfully reversed. The present study indicates that sucralose-induced follicular dysplasia in mice is probably related to impaired intestinal permeability, infiltration of endotoxins, initiation of systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenyue Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Lishui District Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 211299, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yongning Zhai
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Lishui District Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 211299, China; Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China.
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhu S, Li J, Li Z, Wang Z, Wei Q, Shi F. Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on growth and intestinal health by regulating hypothalamic RNA profile and ileum microbiota in guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4342-4353. [PMID: 38328855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly used in sweetened foods and beverages; however their role in metabolic regulation is still not clear. In this experiment, we used guinea pigs as an animal model to study the effect of NNS on body growth and intestinal health by modifying gut microbiota and hypothalamus-related proteins. RESULTS For a 28-day feeding experiment a total of 40 guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups, one control (CN) group and three treatments, in which three NNS were added to the diet: rebaudioside A (RA, 330 mg kg-1), sodium saccharin (SS, 800 mg kg-1), and sucralose (TGS, 167 mg kg-1), respectively. The TGS group exhibited significantly reduced food consumption in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05) whereas the RA group showed increased food consumption in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05). Notably, Taste receptor type 1 subunit 2 (T1R2) expression in the hypothalamus was significantly higher in the RA group than in the CN group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of appetite-stimulated genes arouti-related neuropeptide (AGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB) were significantly higher than those in the CN group (P < 0.05) but mRNA expressions of appetite-suppressed genes tryptophan hydroxylase 2(THP2) were significantly lower in the TGS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NNS in the guinea pig diets (RA, SS, TGS) significantly increased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae but decreased the relative abundance of Clostridia_vadin BB60 in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05). We also found that dietary supplementation with RA also significantly altered the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. CONCLUSION Our finding confirmed that dietary supplementation with RA and TGS affected body growth and intestinal health by modulating hypothalamic RNA profiles and ileum microbiota, suggesting that NNS should be included in guinea-pig feeding. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Junrong Li
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Ziqing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Degen G, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Passamonti S, Moldeus P, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wright M, Barat Baviera JM, Gott D, Herman L, Leblanc J, Wölfle D, Entrena JA, Consuelo C, Mech A, Multari S, Palaniappan V, Ruggeri L, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Castle L. Safety evaluation of the food additive steviol glycosides, predominantly Rebaudioside M, produced by fermentation using Yarrowia lipolyticaVRM. EFSA J 2023; 21:e8387. [PMID: 38125973 PMCID: PMC10731492 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additive and Flavourings (FAF Panel) provides a scientific opinion on the safety of a new process to produce steviol glycosides by fermentation of simple sugars using a genetically modified strain of Yarrowia lipolytica (named Y. lipolytica VRM). The manufacturing process may result in impurities different from those that may be present in the other steviol glycosides E 960a-d, therefore the Panel concluded that separate specifications are required for the food additive produced as described in the current application. Viable cells and DNA from the production strain are not present in the final product. The Panel considered that the demonstration of the absence of kaurenoic acid in the proposed food additive, using a method with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 mg/kg, is adequate to dispel the concerns for potential genotoxicity. Given that all steviol glycosides follow the same metabolic pathways, the Panel considered that the current steviol glycosides would fall within the same group of substances. Therefore, the Panel considered that the already existing data on rebaudioside M and structurally related steviol glycosides are sufficient, and a similar metabolic fate and toxicity is expected for the food additive. The results from the bacterial reverse mutation assay and the in vitro micronucleus assay were negative and indicated absence of genotoxicity from the food additive. The existing acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, expressed as steviol equivalents, was considered to be applicable to the proposed food additive. The Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for steviol glycosides, predominantly Rebaudioside M, produced by fermentation using Y. lipolytica VRM, to be used as a food additive at the proposed uses and use levels.
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Li J, Zhu S, Lv Z, Dai H, Wang Z, Wei Q, Hamdard E, Mustafa S, Shi F, Fu Y. Drinking Water with Saccharin Sodium Alters the Microbiota-Gut-Hypothalamus Axis in Guinea Pig. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1875. [PMID: 34201842 PMCID: PMC8300211 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of saccharin, as a type of sweetener additive, on the metabolism and development of mammals are still controversial. Our previous research revealed that saccharin sodium (SS) promoted the feed intake and growth of guinea pigs. In this experiment, we used the guinea pig model to study the physiological effect of SS in the microbiota-gut-hypothalamus axis. Adding 1.5 mM SS to drinking water increased the serum level of glucose, followed by the improvement in the morphology and barrier function of the ileal villus, such as SS supplementation which increased the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Saccharin sodium (SS) treatment activated the sweet receptor signaling in the ileum and altered GHRP hormone secretion. In the hypothalamus of SS and control (CN) group, RNA-seq identified 1370 differently expressed genes (796 upregulated, 574 downregulated), enriching into the taste signaling transduction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. LEfSe analysis suggested that Lactobacillaceae-Lactobacillus was the microbe with significantly increased abundance of ileum microorganisms in the SS-treated group, while Brevinema-Andersonii and Erysipelotrichaceae-Ilebacterium were the microbes with significantly increased abundance of the control. Furthermore, SS treatment significantly enhanced the functions of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation of ileal microflora compared to the CN group. Accordingly, SS treatment increased levels of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and N-valeric acid) in the ileal digesta. In summary, drinking water with 1.5 mM SS activated sweet receptor signaling in the gut and altered GHRP hormone secretion, followed by the taste signaling transduction in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Shanli Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Hongjian Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Enayatullah Hamdard
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Sheeraz Mustafa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.); (Z.W.); (Q.W.); (E.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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Jiang J, Liu S, Qi L, Wei Q, Shi F. Activation of Ovarian Taste Receptors Inhibits Progesterone Production Potentially via NO/cGMP and Apoptotic Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6052298. [PMID: 33367902 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Taste receptors are not only expressed in the taste buds, but also in other nongustatory tissues, including the reproductive system. Taste receptors can be activated by various tastants, thereby exerting relatively physiologic functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms underlying ovarian taste receptor activation on progesterone production using saccharin sodium as the receptor agonist in a pseudopregnant rat model. Taste 1 receptor member 2 (TAS1R2) and taste 2 receptor member 31 (TAS2R31) were demonstrated to be abundantly expressed in the corpora lutea of rats, and intraperitoneal injection of saccharin sodium can activate both of them and initiate their downstream signaling cascades. The activation of these ovarian taste receptors promoted nitric oxide (NO) production via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). NO production then increased ovarian cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels, which, in turn, decreased ovarian cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels. In addition, the activation of ovarian taste receptors induced apoptosis, possibly through NO and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. As a result, the activation of ovarian taste receptors reduced the protein expression of steroidogenesis-related factors, causing the inhibition of ovarian progesterone production. In summary, our data suggest that the activation of ovarian taste receptors inhibits progesterone production in pseudopregnant rats, potentially via NO/cGMP and apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingle Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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