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Harfmann D, Florea A. Experimental envenomation with honeybee venom melittin and phospholipase A2 induced multiple ultrastructural changes in adrenocortical mitochondria. Toxicon 2023; 229:107136. [PMID: 37116588 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Bee stings represent a public health subject, but the mechanisms involved in bee venom toxicity are not yet fully understood. To evaluate the reactions of adrenocortical cells, through which organisms respond to stress, two honeybee venom components: melittin (Mlt) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were tested as potential chemical stressors. Modifications were investigated with transmission electron microscopy and microanalysis. A single dose of Mlt (31 mg/kg) or PLA2 (9.3 mg/kg) was injected in rats of groups ML and PL; daily doses of Mlt (350 μg/kg) or PLA2 (105 μg/kg) were injected 30 days in rats of groups M30 and P30. Adrenocortical cells in ML group showed ultrastructural degenerative alterations of nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria that exhibited lipid inclusions and mitochondrial cristae (MC) re-organized into mono- or multimembrane large vesicles, and whorls of membranes. Many MC were degenerated. In the M30 group, similar ultrastructural changes, but of lower amplitude were noted; lipid cytosolic droplets were heterogenous. MC diameters in Mlt groups (melittin treated groups) were significantly higher than in control (C) group. In PL group, mitochondria contained large lipid inclusions, vesicular MC of different sizes and multiple membranes, and debris, or whorl structures. In P30 group MC were tubular with increased diameters. In both PLA2 groups (PLA2 treated groups) MC were significantly larger than in C group. We concluded that Mlt and PLA2 were powerful stressors, toxic at the tested doses, cellular reactions concerning in all groups mainly mitochondria, but also other cellular compartments. Apart from degenerative regression of MC, the rearrangement of tubular MC occurred into one or multiple large multimembrane vesicular MC. Reactions to the high doses were more pronounced, with the highest amplitude in ML group, and the lowest in P30 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Harfmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Florea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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2
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Zache E, Cajueiro J, Andrade Neto A, Almeida L, Colares R, Afonso J, Souza M, Arenales A. Anaphylactic shock with pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration due to honeybee attack in a donkey: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A case of a donkey attacked by Africanized honeybee is reported here with clinical signs of agitation, dehydration, congestion of the ocular mucous membranes, tongue edema, tachycardia and inspiratory dyspnea, and progression to death. At necropsy, diffuse, severe subcutaneous edema at face and cervical regions and severe diffuse pulmonary hyperemia with abundant edema without parenchymal collapse were observed. Microscopically, marked, diffuse deep dermis and panniculus carnosus edema and marked diffuse alveolar edema, with moderate population of eosinophils predominantly around larger caliber vessels were noted. The final diagnosis of anaphylactic shock was supported by history, clinical signs, and anatomic pathology findings. This is the first report of a honeybee attack with pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration in a mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Zache
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - L. Almeida
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - R.R. Colares
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - M.I. Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - A. Arenales
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
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Veado HC, Conceição RS, Nogueira K, Fino TCM, Silva AS, Castro MB, Soto-Blanco B, Câmara ACL. Massive Africanized honeybee stings in two hair sheep and a mare. Toxicon 2020; 177:35-40. [PMID: 32056832 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The findings of massive Africanized honeybee stings in two hair sheep and a mare are reported. One sheep died 15 h after attack, and the survivors developed skin necrosis on the sting sites. Pathological evaluation revealed necrosis in the dermis, degeneration of the tubular epithelial cells, and multifocal hemorrhages in heart and spleen. The massive attack by Africanized honeybees induced lesions in the skin, heart, muscles, kidneys, and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique C Veado
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Galpão 4, Granja do Torto, Brasília, DF 70636-200, Brazil
| | - Raffaela S Conceição
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Galpão 4, Granja do Torto, Brasília, DF 70636-200, Brazil
| | - Kaique Nogueira
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Galpão 4, Granja do Torto, Brasília, DF 70636-200, Brazil
| | - Tayná Cardim M Fino
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Galpão 4, Granja do Torto, Brasília, DF 70636-200, Brazil
| | - Anahi S Silva
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Via L4 Norte s/n, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Marcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Via L4 Norte s/n, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31275-013, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Galpão 4, Granja do Torto, Brasília, DF 70636-200, Brazil.
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Nair R, Riddle EA, Thrall MA. Hemolytic anemia, spherocytosis, and thrombocytopenia associated with honey bee envenomation in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:620-623. [PMID: 31228292 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes a massive honey bee envenomation in a 14-month-old male Belgian Malinois dog from St. Kitts, West Indies. Acute and delayed onsets of hemolytic anemia, echinocytosis, spherocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria developed following envenomation. The dog recovered after treatment with glucocorticoids and supportive therapy. Spherocytosis, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia in patients with massive bee envenomation are likely due to the direct toxic effects of the primary components of bee venom, melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ). Mellitin causes hemolysis by forming large pores in erythrocytes resulting in leakage of hemoglobin and also causes spectrin stiffening and resultant echinocyte and spherocyte formation. Melittin also stimulates PLA2 , a hydrolase that causes echinocytosis and spherocytosis, in vivo and in vitro, and mitochondrial breakdown in platelets. However, delayed manifestations could be attributed to immune-mediated mechanisms from the generation of antibodies against damaged erythrocytes and platelet membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Nair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Emily A Riddle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Mary Anna Thrall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Florea A, Puică C, Hamed S, Tilinca M, Matei H. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes experimentally induced by bee venom in seminiferous epithelium via structural-functional alteration of Sertoli cells. Micron 2017; 102:1-14. [PMID: 28830057 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We tested here the ability of bee venom (BV) to interfere with spermatogenesis in rats in two experimental conditions. The histopathological changes were assessed with brightfield microscopy using a novel staining technique, based on methylene blue, orange G and ponceau xylidine. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to identify fine subcellular changes. BV injection for 30days in daily doses of 700μg BV/kg resulted in reducing testicular weight, along with significant larger diameters of seminiferous tubules and reduced number of Sertoli cells (SCs). SCs were vacuolated, detached from the basement membrane, many necrosed, leading to the basement membrane denudation. Germ cells layers were separated by empty spaces conferring a rarefied aspect to the tissue, and spermatids were detached into lumen. Thus, the seminiferous epithelium was significantly thinned. Many Leydig cells (LCs) were in a necrotic state, with disrupted plasma membrane and without smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The acute treatment with a single LD50 of 62mgBV/kg, was followed by focal disruptions of the basement membrane and localized areas of necrosis, mainly affecting the SCs. Most of the observed SCs as well as some spermatogonia were highly vacuoled, empty spaces being observed within the epithelium. The SCs count was significantly decreased. Spermatids had also the tendency of separation from the SCs, and the significant larger diameter of the tubules found was associated with a thicker epithelium. Many LCs were necrosed, with disrupted plasma membrane, swollen mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum and implicitly showing rarefied cytoplasm. We concluded that BV was a testicular toxicant affecting both the LCs and the seminiferous tubules. The SCs cells represented the primary target site of BV whose effects were next extended upon the germ cells. In all cells, BV triggered unspecific degenerative changes that could impaire spermatogenesis. The present study also proposes an alternative staining technique very useful in assessing the histopathological aspects of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Florea
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Constantin Puică
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Research, 48 Gheorgh Bilaşcu St., 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sami Hamed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mariana Tilinca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu St., 540139 Târgu-Mureş, Romania
| | - Horea Matei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Rahman MM, Lee SJ, Kim GB, Yang DK, Alam MR, Kim SJ. An accidental fatal attack on domestic pigeons by honey bees in Bangladesh. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1489-93. [PMID: 26028022 PMCID: PMC4667669 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatalities among avian species due to multiple bee stings are rare. Sixteen pigeons on a
farm in Bangladesh each suffered multiple bee stings. Ten of the pigeons died before
treatment, 5 (4–11 stings) died within 12 hr after treatment, and 1 pigeon (only 3 stings)
survived. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin,
erythrocytes, thrombocytes, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased significantly after the incident,
but leucocytes, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, ALT, AST, LDH, CK,
creatinine, BUN and UA increased markedly. Overall, the hematological and biochemical
changes in the bee-stung pigeons were similar to those of mammals; however, avian species
may be more sensitive to bee stings than mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza Active Surveillance Network Program, FAO and Department of Livestock Service, Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Faridpur Sadar, Faridpur, Bangladesh
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Jackson AE. In this issue - May 2014. Aust Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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