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Tuek-Um S, Yangtara S, Surachetpong W, Kaewmongkol S, Kaewmongkol G, Thengchaisri N. Bacterial DNA and osteoarthritis in dogs with patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet World 2023; 16:2049-2054. [PMID: 38023283 PMCID: PMC10668564 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2049-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The association between bacterial DNA in stifle joints, including those with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and medial patellar luxation (MPL), and osteoarthritis in dogs remains elusive. This study investigated the potential association between the detection of bacterial DNA and osteoarthritis in dogs using a broad-range polymerase chain reaction technique targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Materials and Methods Synovial fluid (35 samples) and knee tissue samples (32 samples) were obtained from 35 dogs diagnosed with CCLR (n = 20; 11 males and nine females) or MPL (n = 15; five males and 10 females) who underwent a surgical operation between October 2014 and April 2015. Results Dogs with CCLR had a higher average osteoarthritis score than those with MPL (2.0 ± 0.9 vs. 0.5 ± 0.9; p = 0.005). Bacterial DNA was detected in the stifle joints of 60.71% of dogs with MPL. Pelomonas spp. (25.00%), Halomonas spp. (17.86%), and 5 other species (17.86%) were the most frequently identified bacteria. Bacterial DNA was detected in 41.03% of dogs with CCLR. Pelomonas spp. (15.38%), Sphingomonas spp. (10.26%), Halomonas spp. (5.13%), and 4 other species (10.26%) were the most frequently identified bacteria. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of bacterial DNA obtained from tissue samples (46.88%) or joint fluid samples (51.43%). The presence of bacterial DNA was not associated with the type of knee injury (MPL or CCLR; p = 1.000). There was a higher prevalence of bacterial DNA in samples from dogs with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis (94.44%) than in those with minimal osteoarthritis (41.18%), and a significant association between the presence of bacterial DNA and moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis was identified (p < 0.01). Conclusion Dogs with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis were more likely to have bacterial DNA in their stifle joints than those with no or minimal osteoarthritis. These findings provide valuable insight into the potential role of bacterial DNA in joint tissue or joint fluid and the development of osteoarthritis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirun Tuek-Um
- Surgery Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkhen campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Yangtara
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sarawan Kaewmongkol
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gunn Kaewmongkol
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Diogo CC, Trevail R, Moreno‐Aguado B, Quinn R. Long‐term outcome of infectious sacroiliitis due to
Pasteurella multocida
in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cardoso Diogo
- Department of Veterinary Neurology Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
| | - Raquel Trevail
- Department of Veterinary Neurology Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
| | - Beatriz Moreno‐Aguado
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
| | - Robert Quinn
- Department of Small Animal Surgery Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood UK
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Allen BA, Evans SJM. Diagnostic accuracy of cytology for the detection of bacterial infection in fluid samples from veterinary patients. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:252-257. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Columbus OH USA
| | - Samantha J. M. Evans
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Columbus OH USA
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Phillips TF, Bleyaert HF. Retrospective evaluation of 103 cases of septic arthritis in dogs. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e938. [PMID: 34558080 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines inciting causes, diagnosis, treatment and risk factors for the recurrence and outcome of septic arthritis (SA) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Medical records spanning 17 years from five referral hospitals were surveyed for presumptive and confirmed cases of SA. RESULTS SA was identified in 103 cases. Spontaneous septic SA was the most common inciting cause. The most commonly affected joints were the stifle (40%) and elbow (24%). Pre-existing osteoarthritis (OA) was present in 63% of septic joints and was associated with recurrence (p = 0.03). Treatment with antibiotics prior to presentation was associated with a negative synovial fluid culture (p = 0.014). A successful outcome was associated with early treatment (p = 0.001) and SA due to direct penetration (p = 0.04) or spontaneous cause (p = 0.003). Recurrence was more likely in dogs with unsuccessful outcomes (p = 0.004) and bodyweights >30 kg (p = 0.009). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE SA should be considered as a differential diagnosis in large breed dogs with pre-existing OA presenting with either an acute or chronic monoarthropathy. In the majority of cases, a successful outcome was achieved regardless of treatment type. Recurrence rates were low, but associated with pre-existing OA and higher bodyweight. Although treatment should be implemented as soon as possible to maximise outcome success, synovial fluid samples should ideally be obtained before empiric antibiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa F Phillips
- Surgery Department, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Helga F Bleyaert
- Surgery Department, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Albertini GM, Marsh OJR, Raj J, Stabile F. Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis secondary to septic arthritis due to
Pasteurella multocida
in a bull terrier puppy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Raj
- Internal Medicine Department Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon UK
| | - Fabio Stabile
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department Southfields Veterinary Specialists Basildon UK
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Prior S, Arthurs G. Bacterial infective stifle arthritis secondary to a migrating grass seed foreign body in an adult dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom
- Dick White Referrals Cambridgeshire United Kingdom
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Goh D, House A. Presumed septic sacroiliitis in a puppy with unilateral hind limb lameness and sciatic nerve neuropathy. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1530-1535. [PMID: 33966356 PMCID: PMC8464234 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old female entire Dachshund presented with an acute onset of left hind limb lameness following intense play. There were concurrent intermittent neurological deficits in the left hind limb, and pain in the lumbosacral region and on dorsal flexion of the tail. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed an asymmetric widening of the left sacroiliac joint with loss of cortical margins, accompanied by mild osteolytic changes of the adjacent ilium and sacrum highly suggestive of septic sacroiliitis. There was also perilesional steatitis in the region of the sciatic nerve. An 8-week course of antimicrobial therapy was prescribed. Complete resolution of all clinical signs was noted at a 7-month follow up. Sacroiliitis should be considered as a differential for unilateral hind limb lameness with or without intermittent sciatic neuropathy in a puppy in the absence of other orthopaedic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derniese Goh
- Peninsula Emergency and Referral HospitalMorningtonVic.Australia
| | - Arthur House
- Peninsula Emergency and Referral HospitalMorningtonVic.Australia
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Vilén A, Nilson B, Petersson AC, Cigut M, Nielsen C, Ström H. Detection of bacterial DNA in synovial fluid in dogs with arthritis: a comparison between bacterial culture and 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:34. [PMID: 34461947 PMCID: PMC8404341 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Septic arthritis (SA) is a serious condition in dogs that requires a prompt diagnosis and treatment to minimize long-term joint pathology. Although bacterial detection in synovial fluid (SF) through culture or cytology is often performed to confirm diagnosis, the sensitivity of these tests is low. The need for a reliable diagnostic tool to confirm the presence of bacteria in SF in humans has led to the increased use of 16S rRNA (i.e., ribosomal RNA) gene sequencing by polymerase chain reaction (16S rRNA PCR). The aim of this prospective clinical study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of 16S rRNA PCR with bacterial culture on blood agar plates after pre-incubation of SF in paediatric blood bacterial culture bottles to identify bacteria in dogs with clinical signs of SA and to investigate the usefulness of these methods as diagnostic tools. Results Ten dogs with clinical signs of SA, nine with osteoarthritis (OA, control group) and nine with clinical signs of immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA, second control group) were examined. Bacterial culture was positive in seven of 10 dogs with clinical SA, of which only two were positive by 16S rRNA PCR. The sensitivity of 16S rRNA PCR and bacterial culture analysis for dogs with clinical SA were 20% and 70%, respectively. All SF samples collected from control group (n = 9) and second control group (n = 14) animals were negative on culture, and 16S rRNA PCR rendered a specificity of 100%. Conclusions Our study showed a lower sensitivity of 16S rRNA PCR than bacterial culture for dogs with clinical SA. Our findings suggest that there is currently no advantage in using 16S rRNA PCR as a diagnostic tool for dogs with clinical SA. Furthermore, our study indicates that pre-incubation in paediatric blood bacterial culture bottles before bacterial cultivation on blood agar plates might enhance bacterial culture sensitivity compared to other culture methods.
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Cox T, Maddox TW, Pettitt R, Wustefeld-Janssens B, Innes J, Comerford E. Investigation of Variables Associated with Surgical Site Infection following the Management of Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture with a Lateral Fabellotibial Suture. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 33:409-416. [PMID: 32987438 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated variables associated with surgical site infection (SSI) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture managed with stifle joint examination and lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study of dogs that had stifle arthroscopy, stifle arthrotomy, or a combination of both, followed by lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. All cases had a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Lameness grades were recorded preoperatively, and at 6-week and final follow-up. RESULTS One hundred fifty procedures in 130 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Overall, SSI rate was 17.3% and removal of the lateral fabellotibial suture was performed in 53% of SSI. Multivariable analysis showed significant association between SSI and bodyweight (p = 0.013), and induction using propofol (p = 0.029). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis showed a greater proportion of dogs had a higher lameness grade at 6-week (p = 0.021) and final follow-up (p = 0.002) assessments in the infected compared with non-infected dogs. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a higher SSI incidence than previously reported in dogs undergoing a lateral fabellotibial suture for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Bodyweight and induction with propofol were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative SSI. Owners could be advised of an increased SSI risk in larger dogs and consideration should be given to selection of induction agent. Dogs that develop an SSI have a worse lameness grade at 6-week and final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institutes of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pettitt
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brandan Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - John Innes
- CVS Group PLC, ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Telford Court, Gates Road, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institutes of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lavallée JM, Shmon C, Beaufrère H, Chirino-Trejo M, Linn K. Influence of clipping on bacterial contamination of canine arthrocentesis sites before and after skin preparation. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1307-1314. [PMID: 32519394 PMCID: PMC7586887 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of hair removal as part of the aseptic skin preparation of canine arthrocentesis sites and to characterize the bacterial flora remaining after aseptic skin preparation. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. STUDY POPULATION Thirteen shorthaired beagle-cross dogs. METHODS A coin toss was used to randomly determine to have one carpus, elbow, tarsus, and stifle clipped. The contralateral side was left unclipped. Aseptic skin preparation was performed on all sites with 4% chlorhexidine followed by 70% isopropyl alcohol. The skin of each site was sampled for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures before and after aseptic skin preparation. Bacterial cultures were submitted for laboratory testing to determine the colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria and bacterial species isolated for each site. RESULTS Each group (clipped and unclipped) included 52 sites. Aseptic skin preparation reduced bacterial CFU in both groups. There was no association between values for CFU per milliliter after skin preparation of dogs and side (P = .07), joint (P = .71), pre-aseptic skin preparation CFU (P = .94), or clipping (P = .42). Staphylococcus spp were the most common of the bacterial species cultured. CONCLUSION In clean shorthaired dogs without visible evidence of dermatological disease, leaving arthrocentesis sites unclipped rather than performing traditional surgical clipping did not result in increased bacterial skin counts after aseptic skin preparation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study we did not find evidence to support that clipping of canine arthrocentesis sites is required for effective aseptic skin preparation. A prospective clinical trial is required to determine whether a change in practice would be associated with increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Lavallée
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cindy Shmon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuel Chirino-Trejo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kathleen Linn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Gilbertie JM, Schnabel LV, Stefanovski D, Kelly DJ, Jacob ME, Schaer TP. Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria influence survival to discharge for horses with septic synovial structures: 206 Cases (2010-2015). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:64-73. [PMID: 30389045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of synovial structures can cause infections that are difficult to treat. Systemic and local antimicrobials and repeated joint lavages are the mainstays of therapy. However, despite aggressive treatments, infection may persist, leading to significant tissue damage or death of the patient. In order to investigate the impact of bacterial culture and antimicrobial resistance on survival to discharge, we reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the University of Pennsylvania's large animal teaching hospital from 2010-2015. Two-hundred and six cases with a definitive diagnosis of septic synovitis and a synovial fluid sample submitted for microbiological culture were included in the study. Of these horses, 48% were culture negative and 52% were positive for any bacterial growth, of which 66% were gram-positive and 28% were gram-negative aerobic organisms with 4% anaerobic and 2% fungal organisms. Overall survival to discharge from hospital was 86%. Horses that had negative growth on culture were more likely to survive until discharge (p < 0.02). Multivariable analyses revealed that the likelihood of euthanasia was significantly associated with identification of coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp. (OR 7.66, 5.46-10.74, p < 0.0001), β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (OR 5.18, 3.56-7.55, p < 0.0001), Enterococcus spp. (OR 18.38, 11.45-29.52, p = 0.002), Enterobacteriaceae (OR 31.37, 22.28-44.17, p < 0.0001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 9.31, 5.30-16.34, p = 0.0004) or other gram-negative species (OR 3.51, 2.07-5.94, p = 0.001). Multi-drug resistance and gram-negative bacteria species were associated with significantly decreased survival rates (OR 119.24, 70.57-201.46, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, prognosis for survival to discharge was poor for horses that were infected with gram-negative organisms, particularly those with MDR phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gilbertie
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States; North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Donna J Kelly
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Megan E Jacob
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States.
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One-stage revision of an infected cementless total hip replacement. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29:541-546. [PMID: 27761578 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-01-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A two-year-old, 44 kg dog with a right Helica cementless total hip replacement (THR) was radiographically diagnosed with implant loosening eight months after the index total hip replacement procedure. Subsequent synoviocentesis and synovial fluid culture revealed a methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp infection of the right THR. A one-stage revision using a hybrid BFX cementless acetabular cup and CFX cemented femoral stem was performed. Vancomycin and micro-silver antimicrobial powder impregnated cement were used in the revision. At re-evaluation 27 months following the revision procedure, the patient did not exhibit any signs of lameness. Radiographic images confirmed stable implants, with bone ingrowth into the cup and no signs of implant loosening. Our report demonstrates the success of a one-stage THR revision when faced with a multi-drug resistant periprosthetic infection, when combined with the use of micro-silver antimicrobial powder and culture-based antibiotic impregnated cement therapy.
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Brown G, Maddox T, Baglietto Siles MM. Client-assessed long-term outcome in dogs with surgical site infection following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Vet Rec 2016; 179:409. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Brown
- Grove Referrals; Grove Veterinary Group; Fakenham UK
| | - T. Maddox
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus Neston Wirral CH43 5SQ UK
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In this issue - June 2015. Aust Vet J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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