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Gerszon J, Büchse A, Genz B, Pollock Y, Gleeson B, Morris A, Sellars MJ, Moser RJ. The use of oral fluids and sock samples for monitoring key pathogens in pig populations for surveillance purposes. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106237. [PMID: 38820832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of co-infections and the association of over 50 viral and 46 bacterial pathogens with pig diseases, little is known about their simultaneous occurrence, particularly in commercial pig farming environments where health programs are in place. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the pathogen threshold of respiratory and enteric pathogens in pig herds using the Pork MultiPath™ (PMP1 and PMP2, respiratory and enteric respectively) technology, which detects multiple pathogens simultaneously in a single reaction with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, Mycoplasma hyrohinis, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus parasuis detected by PMP1 were effectively controlled during the nursery stage through strategic treatment with tiamulin. Even though the major respiratory incidences were reduced, the recorded coughing and sneezing rates were associated with the levels of H. parasuis and M. hyrohinis, which were set at 1356 and 1275 copies/reaction, respectively. In addition, one of the identified co-infection patterns indicated a strong relationship between the occurrence of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis at the sample and pen levels, highlighting the high likelihood of detecting these two pathogens together. Testing with enteric panel PMP2 revealed that the most frequently detected virulence factors during the early nursery stage were Escherichia coli genes for toxins - ST1, ST2, and fimbriae - F4 and F18. Moreover, a co-infection with Rotavirus B and C was often observed during the nursery stage, and a strong positive correlation between these two markers has been identified. Additionally, the levels of several markers, namely E. coli F4, F5, F18, LT, ST1, and ST2, have been associated with a higher likelihood of sickness in pig populations. In addition, the onset of Brachyspira pilosicoli during the nursery and grower stages was found to be associated with an increased risk of diarrhoea, with a set threshold at around 500 copies/reaction. Although simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is not yet widely used in the pig industry, it offers a significant advantage in capturing the diversity and interactions of co-infections. Testing pooled samples with Pork MultiPath™ is cost-effective and practical to regularly monitor the health status of pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gerszon
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Andreas Büchse
- Statistical Consultant, Über den Bächelwiesen 13, Hochspeyer 67691, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yvette Pollock
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Bernie Gleeson
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Andrew Morris
- Riverbend Pork Group, Level 1/487-489 Ruthven St, Toowoomba City, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Melony J Sellars
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Ralf J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Strydom A, Segone N, Coertze R, Barron N, Strydom M, O’Neill HG. Phylogenetic Analyses of Rotavirus A, B and C Detected on a Porcine Farm in South Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:934. [PMID: 38932226 PMCID: PMC11209240 DOI: 10.3390/v16060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are known to infect various avian and mammalian hosts, including swine. The most common RVs associated with infection in pigs are A, B, C and H (RVA-C; RVH). In this study we analysed rotavirus strains circulating on a porcine farm in the Western Cape province of South Africa over a two-year period. Whole genomes were determined by sequencing using Illumina MiSeq without prior genome amplification. Fifteen RVA genomes, one RVB genome and a partial RVC genome were identified. Phylogenetic analyses of the RVA data suggested circulation of one dominant strain (G5-P[6]/P[13]/P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1), typical of South African porcine strains, although not closely related to previously detected South African porcine strains. Reassortment with three VP4-encoding P genotypes was detected. The study also reports the first complete RVB genome (G14-P[5]-I13-R4-C4-M4-A10-T4-E4-H7) from Africa. The partial RVC (G6-P[5]-IX-R1-C1-MX-A9-N6-T6-EX-H7) strain also grouped with porcine strains. The study shows the continued circulation of an RVA strain, with a high reassortment rate of the VP4-encoding segment, on the porcine farm. Furthermore, incidents of RVB and RVC on this farm emphasize the complex epidemiology of rotavirus in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Strydom
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.S.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Neo Segone
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.S.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Roelof Coertze
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.S.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (N.B.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nikita Barron
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.S.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.S.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (N.B.)
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Wang J, Zhou J, Zhu X, Bian X, Han N, Fan B, Gu L, Cheng X, Li S, Tao R, Li J, Zhang X, Li B. Isolation and characterization of a G9P[23] porcine rotavirus strain AHFY2022 in China. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106612. [PMID: 38467166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) is a main pathogen causing diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. Various genotypes are prevalent in the Chinese pig herd. The genetic diversity of RVA lead to distinctly characteristics. In the present study, a porcine RVA strain, named AHFY2022, was successfully isolated from the small intestine tissue of piglets with severe diarrhea. The AHFY2022 strain was identified by cytopathic effects (CPE) observation, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), electron microscopy (EM), high-throughput sequencing, and pathogenesis to piglets. The genomic investigation using NGS data revealed that AHFY2022 exhibited the genotypes G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1, using the online platform the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) (https://www.bv-brc.org/). Moreover, experimental inoculation in 5-day-old and 27-day-old piglets demonstrated that AHFY2022 caused severe diarrhea, fecal shedding, small intestinal villi damage, and colonization in all challenged piglets. Taken together, our results detailed the virological features of the porcine rotavirus G9P[23] from China, including the whole-genome sequences, genotypes, growth kinetics in MA104 cells and the pathogenicity in suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xianyu Bian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Nan Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Laqiang Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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Dall Agnol AM, Guimarães NS, Leme RA, da Costa AR, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. The vaccination changed the profile of rotavirus infection with the increase of non-rotavirus A species diagnosis in one-week-old diarrheic piglets. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:991-996. [PMID: 38280092 PMCID: PMC10920487 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus (RV) is a major viral agent associated with severe diarrhea in newborn piglets. RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH are RV species that have already been identified in pigs. RVA is considered the most prevalent and relevant virus in pig production worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of RV infection associated with diarrhea in suckling piglets from regular RVA-vaccinated Brazilian pig herds between 2015 and 2021. Therefore, 511 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from suckling piglets aged up to 3 weeks from 112 pig farms located in three main Brazilian pork production regions. All piglets were born to RVA-vaccinated sows. The nucleic acids of RVA, RVC, and RVH were investigated by RT-PCR assays and RVB by semi-nested RT-PCR assay. Of the diarrheic fecal samples analyzed, 221/511 (43.3%) were positive for at least one of the RV species. Regarding the distribution of RV species among the positive fecal samples that presented with only one RV species, 99 (44.8%), 63 (28.5%), and 45 (20.4%) were identified as RVB, RVC, and RVA, respectively. RVH was not identified in diarrheic piglets with a single infection. More than one RV species was identified in 14/221 (6.3%) of the diarrheic fecal samples evaluated. Co-detection of RVB + RVH (11/221; 5.0%), RVA + RVB (1/221; 0.4%), RVA + RVC (1/221; 0.4%), and RVB + RVC (1/221; 0.4%) was identified in fecal samples. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the RVC and, mainly, RVB detection rates in single infections. This study allowed us to characterize the importance of other RV species, in addition to RVA, in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in piglets from pig herds with a regular vaccination program for RVA diarrhea control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alais M Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arthur R da Costa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice F Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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