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Ito T, Morita M, Okuno S, Inaba K, Shiba K, Munehara H, Koya Y, Homma M, Awata S. Fertilization modes and the evolution of sperm characteristics in marine fishes: Paired comparisons of externally and internally fertilizing species. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9562. [PMID: 36479029 PMCID: PMC9720005 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization mode may affect sperm characteristics, such as morphology, velocity, and motility. However, there is little information on how fertilization mode affects sperm evolution because several factors (e.g., sperm competition) are intricately intertwined when phylogenetically distant species are compared. Here, we investigated sperm characteristics by comparing seven externally and four internally fertilizing marine fishes from three different groups containing close relatives, considering sperm competition levels. The sperm head was significantly slenderer in internal fertilizers than in external fertilizers, suggesting that a slender head is advantageous for swimming in viscous ovarian fluid or in narrow spaces of the ovary. In addition, sperm motility differed between external and internal fertilizers; sperm of external fertilizers were only motile in seawater, whereas sperm of internal fertilizers were only motile in an isotonic solution. These results suggest that sperm motility was adapted according to fertilization mode. By contrast, total sperm length and sperm velocity were not associated with fertilization mode, perhaps because of the different levels of sperm competition. Relative testis mass (an index of sperm competition level) was positively correlated with sperm velocity and negatively correlated with the ratio of sperm head length to total sperm length. These findings suggest that species with higher levels of sperm competition have faster sperm with longer flagella relative to the head length. These results contradict the previous assumption that the evolution of internal fertilization increases the total sperm length. In addition, copulatory behavior with internal insemination may involve a large genital morphology, but this is not essential in fish, suggesting the existence of various sperm transfer methods. Although the power of our analyses is not strong because of the limited number of species, we propose a new scenario of sperm evolution in which internal fertilization would increase sperm head length, but not total sperm length, and change sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Masaya Morita
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research CenterUniversity of the RyukyusMotobuJapan
| | - Seiya Okuno
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaJapan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Munehara
- Usujiri Fisheries Station, Field Science Center for Northern BiosphereHokkaido UniversityHakodateJapan
| | - Yasunori Koya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of EducationGifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | | | - Satoshi Awata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
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2
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Johnson BD, Anderson AP, Small CM, Rose E, Flanagan SP, Hendrickson-Rose C, Jones AG. The evolution of the testis transcriptome in pregnant male pipefishes and seahorses. Evolution 2022; 76:2162-2180. [PMID: 35863060 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In many animals, sperm competition and sexual conflict are thought to drive the rapid evolution of male-specific genes, especially those expressed in the testes. A potential exception occurs in the male pregnant pipefishes, where females transfer eggs to the males, eliminating testes from participating in these processes. Here, we show that testis-related genes differ dramatically in their rates of molecular evolution and expression patterns in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae) compared to other fish. Genes involved in testis or sperm function within syngnathids experience weaker selection in comparison to their orthologs in spawning and livebearing fishes. An assessment of gene turnover and expression in the testis transcriptome suggests that syngnathids have lost (or significantly reduced expression of) important classes of genes from their testis transcriptomes compared to other fish. Our results indicate that more than 50 million years of male pregnancy have removed syngnathid testes from the molecular arms race that drives the rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clayton M Small
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Emily Rose
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia, 31698
| | - Sarah P Flanagan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | | | - Adam G Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844
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3
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Bustani GS, Baiee FH. Semen extenders: An evaluative overview of preservative mechanisms of semen and semen extenders. Vet World 2021; 14:1220-1233. [PMID: 34220124 PMCID: PMC8243668 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1220-1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is fundamental for all living things as it ensures the continued existence of a species and an improved economy in animal husbandry. Reproduction has developed since history, and diverse processes, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, have been developed. Semen extenders were discovered and developed to protect sperm from harmful factors, such as freeze and osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and cell injury by ice crystals. Semen extenders preserve sperm by stabilizing its properties, including sperm morphology, motility, and viability and membrane, acrosomal, and DNA integrity. Therefore, semen extenders must provide a favorable pH, adenosine triphosphate, anti-cooling and anti-freeze shock, and antioxidant activity to improve semen quality for fertilization. Hence, this review provides precise data on different semen extenders, preservative mechanisms, and essential additives for semen extenders in different animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falah Hasan Baiee
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa 54003, Najaf, Iraq
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4
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Qin G, Luo W, Tan S, Zhang B, Ma S, Lin Q. Dimorphism of sex and gonad-development-related genes in male and female lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, based on transcriptome analyses. Genomics 2018; 111:260-266. [PMID: 30445213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seahorse is characterized by its male pregnancy and sex-role reversal. To better understand the sexual dimorphism of male and female seahorses based on essential genes, we performed systematic transcriptome studies for both genders. A total of 157,834,590 cleaned reads were obtained and assembled into 129,268 transcripts and 31,764 could be annotated. Results showed that 176 up-regulated and 391 down-regulated transcripts were identified in the male seahorses compared with those in females. Genes involved in sex differentiation, such as dmrt1, sox9, fem1 and vasa, were identified and characterized. Moreover, the essential genes involved in reproductive molecular pathway were identified and analyzed in seahorses. In conclusion, the present study provides an archive for the future systematic research on seahorse sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Wei Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shaobo Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
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Golpour A, Pšenička M, Niksirat H. Ultrastructural Localization of Intracellular Calcium During Spermatogenesis of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:1155-1161. [PMID: 27866505 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium regulates many intracellular events such as growth and differentiation during different stages of gamete development. The aim of this study was to localize and quantify the intracellular distribution of calcium during different developmental stages of spermatogenesis in sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus, using a combined oxalate-pyroantimonate technique. The distribution of calcium was described in spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, and spermatozoon stages. In the spermatogonium and spermatocyte, calcium deposits were mainly localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The spermatid had calcium in the nucleus, developing acrosomal vesicle, and cytoplasm. Intracellular calcium transformed from scattered deposits in spermatogonia and spermatocyte stages into an unbound form in spermatid and the spermatozoon. The proportion of area covered by calcium increased significantly (p<0.05) from early to late stages of spermatogenesis. The largest proportion of area covered by calcium was observed in the nucleus of the spermatozoon. In conclusion, although most of the intracellular calcium is deposited in limited areas of the spermatogonium and spermatocyte, it is present an unbound form in the larger area of spermatids and spermatozoa which probably reflects changes in its physiological function and homeostasis during the process of male gamete production in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Golpour
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters,South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses,Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology,Zátiší 728/II,389 25 Vodňany,Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pšenička
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters,South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses,Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology,Zátiší 728/II,389 25 Vodňany,Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters,South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses,Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology,Zátiší 728/II,389 25 Vodňany,Czech Republic
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6
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Piras F, Biagi F, Taddei AR, Fausto AM, Farina V, Zedda M, Floris A, Franzoi P, Carcupino M. Male gonads morphology, spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure of the seahorseHippocampus guttulatus(Syngnathidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze dalla Natura e del Territorio; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Francesca Biagi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dalla Natura e del Territorio; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Anna Rita Taddei
- Centro Grandi Attrezzature, sez. di Microscopia Elettronica (CIME); Università della Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici; Agro-alimentari e Forestali; Università della Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Vittorio Farina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Marco Zedda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Antonello Floris
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Piero Franzoi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali; Informatica e Statistica; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; Venezia Italy
| | - Marcella Carcupino
- Dipartimento di Scienze dalla Natura e del Territorio; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
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Piras F, Biagi F, Floris A, Farina V, Zedda M, Franzoi P, Carcupino M. Intra- and intermale variability of mature sperm traits analysed in two brackish water populations of the pipefish Syngnathus abaster (Syngnathidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Francesca Biagi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Antonello Floris
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Vittorio Farina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Marco Zedda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Piero Franzoi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali; Informatica e Statistica; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; Venezia Italy
| | - Marcella Carcupino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio; Università di Sassari; Sassari Italy
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