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Akaras N, Ileriturk M, Gur C, Kucukler S, Oz M, Kandemir FM. The protective effects of chrysin on cadmium-induced pulmonary toxicity; a multi-biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89479-89494. [PMID: 37453011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of chrysin (CHR) on experimental cadmium (Cd)-induced lung toxicity in rats. To this end, rats were divided into five groups; Control, CHR, Cd, Cd + CHR25, Cd + CHR50. In the study, rats were treated with CHR (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) 30 min after giving Cd (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The effects of Cd and CHR treatments on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ER stress, apoptosis and tissue damage in rat lung tissues were determined by biochemical and histological methods. Our results revealed that CHR therapy for Cd-administered rats could significantly reduce MDA levels in lung tissue while significantly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH levels. CHR agent exerted antiinflammatory effect by lowering elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β IL-6, TNF-α, RAGE and NRLP3 in Cd-induced lung tissue. Moreover CHR down-regulated Cd-induced ER stress markers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Bax) lung tissue. CHR up-regulated the Bcl-2 gene, an anti-apoptotic marker. Besides, CHR attenuated the side effects caused by Cd by modulating histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall and collagen increase. Immunohistochemically, NF-κB and Caspase-3 expressions were intense in the Cd group, while these expressions were decreased in the Cd + CHR groups. These results suggest that CHR exhibits protective effects against Cd-induced lung toxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and histological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Akaras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ileriturk
- Department of Animal Science, Horasan Vocational College, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cihan Gur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Oz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Animal models of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: an overview of molecular mechanisms and characteristics. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:699-723. [PMID: 34741237 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive loss of pulmonary function. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease has been reported as a severe adverse effect of some drugs, such as bleomycin, amiodarone, and methotrexate. Based on good characteristics, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) animal model has played a key role in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and recapitulates the specific pathology in patients and helps develop therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and characteristics of given fibrotic drug-induced animal models for PFs. Together with the key publications describing these models, this brief but detailed overview would be helpful for the pharmacological research with animal models of PFs. Potential mechanisms underlying drug induced lung toxicity.
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Al-Hassan S, Attia H, Alomar H, Arafa M, Ali RA. The inhibitory mechanisms of losartan and vitamin D on amiodarone-induced lung inflammation in rats: Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein-1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22923. [PMID: 34590760 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone (AMD), an antiarrhythmic drug, is used cautiously due to its lung toxicity that is characterized by alveolar inflammation followed by fatal fibrosis. AMD induces lung inflammation via increasing the alveolar macrophages and disturbing the balance of T-helper-1 (Th1) and Th2 cells cytokines. In this study, the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway in AMD-induced lung inflammation was evaluated. Also, the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of losartan and/or vitamin D were investigated following 7, 14, and 28 days of AMD administration. AMD resulted in lung injury, inflammatory infiltration, and increased pulmonary levels of inflammatory cytokines starting from Week 1 of exposure. A significant increase in serum levels of interleukin-4 along with a significant reduction of interferon-gamma, in addition to strong expression of CD68, were reported after 14 and 28 days of AMD administration reflecting Th1/Th2 cytokines imbalance and the accumulation of alveolar macrophages, respectively. The phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) and AP-1 was significantly enhanced starting from Week 1 of exposure. Marked expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 and massive deposition of collagen were detected after 28 days reflecting late fibrosis. All these abnormalities were significantly mitigated by vitamin D and its combination with losartan. Losartan alone has less prominent anti-inflammatory effects particularly after 28 days; however, it efficiently prevented late fibrosis. This study concludes that MAPKs/AP-1 pathway is involved in AMD-induced lung inflammation and that vitamin D and/or losartan could be used as a prophylactic agent to prevent AMD-induced lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pricing and Pharmacoeconomics, Drug Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Mansours University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hatun Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Arafa
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Motawea A, Ahmed DAM, El-Mansy AA, Saleh NM. Crucial Role of PLGA Nanoparticles in Mitigating the Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4713-4737. [PMID: 34267519 PMCID: PMC8276877 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amiodarone (AMD) is a widely used anti-arrhythmic drug, but its administration could be associated with varying degrees of pulmonary toxicity. In attempting to circumvent this issue, AMD-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (AMD-loaded NPs) had been designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS AMD was loaded in NPs by the nanoprecipitation method using two stabilizers: bovine serum albumin and Kolliphor® P 188. The physicochemical properties of the AMD-loaded NPs were determined. Among the prepared NPs, two ones were selected for further investigation of spectral and thermal analysis as well as morphological properties. Additionally, in vitro release patterns were studied and kinetically analyzed at different pH values. In vitro cytotoxicity of an optimized formula (NP4) was quantified using A549 and Hep-2 cell lines. In vivo assessment of the pulmonary toxicity on Sprague Dawley rats via histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations was applied. RESULTS The developed NPs achieved a size not more than 190 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of more than 88%. Satisfactory values of loading capacity and yield were also attained. The spectral and thermal analysis demonstrated homogeneous entrapment of AMD inside the polymeric matrix of NPs. Morphology revealed uniform, core-shell structured, and sphere-shaped particles with a smooth surface. Furthermore, the AMD-loaded NPs exhibited a pH-dependent and diffusion-controlled release over a significant period without an initial burst effect. NP4 demonstrated a superior cytoprotective efficiency by diminishing cell death and significantly increasing the IC50 by more than threefold above the pure AMD. Also, NP4 ameliorated AMD-induced pulmonary damage in rats. Significant downregulation of inflammatory mediators and free radicle production were noticed in the NP4-treated rats. CONCLUSION The AMD-loaded NPs could ameliorate the pulmonary injury induced by the pure drug moieties. Cytoprotective, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties were presented by the optimized NPs (NP4). Future studies may be built on these findings for diminishing AMD-induced off-target toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Motawea
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed A El-Mansy
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Histology, Horus University, Dumyat al Jadidah, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Ibrahim Fouad G, R Mousa M. The protective potential of alpha lipoic acid on amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis and hepatic injury in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3433-3448. [PMID: 33973131 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone (AMD) is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug prescribed to treat cardiac tachyarrhythmias; however, AMD has been reported to provoke pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the influence of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on AMD-induced PF and hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. AMD administration resulted in elevated lung contents of hydroxyproline (Hyp), malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased serum levels of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and glucose. On the other side, lung content of glutathione reduced (GSH) and serum levels of total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly decreased. Histopathologically, AMD caused PF, produced a mild hepatic injury, and increased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Treatment with ALA produced a significant reversal of the oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammation parameters with reductions in α-SMA expressions, leading to amelioration of histopathological lesions. ALA might provide supportive therapy in AMD-receiving cardiovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed R Mousa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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赵 海, 谭 振, 何 利, 朱 世, 颜 如, 寇 宏, 彭 健. [Amiodarone promotes heat-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse HL1 atrial myocytes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:406-411. [PMID: 33849832 PMCID: PMC8075778 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.03.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the injury types of atrial myocytes induced by heat exposure and the effect of amiodarone on heat-induced injuries in atrial myocytes. OBJECTIVE The optimal temperature for heat exposure and optimal concentration of amiodarone were determined by measuring the cell viability exposed to different temperatures and different concentrations of amiodarone. Heat exposure of HL1 atrial myocytes was conducted using a water bath, and the effect of amiodarone on cell viability was assessed with MTS method; cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, SOD and MDA were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). OBJECTIVE Compared with the blank control cells, the cells exposed to a temperature of 52 ℃ showed a significantly decreased survival rate and a lowered SOD activity (P < 0.001) with increased IL-1β and MDA levels (P < 0.01) and markedly increased apoptosis rate and IL-6 level (P < 0.001). Compared with the heat exposure group, amiodarone resulted in significantly decreased survival rate of the atrial myocytes (P < 0.01), obviously decreased SOD activity (P < 0.05), and increased cell apoptosis rate (P < 0.05) and IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and TNF-α levels (P < 0.01 or 0.001). OBJECTIVE Heat exposure induces apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse HL1 atrial myocytes, and amiodarone can enhance the effects of heat exposure to aggravate the cell injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- 海玉 赵
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 振林 谭
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 利伟 何
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 世杰 朱
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 如玉 颜
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 宏强 寇
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 健 彭
- />南方医科大学南方医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510515Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Liu J, Wang Y, Liu S, Cao S, Xu C, Zhang M, Liu S. Protocol for a prospective multicenter cross-sectional observational study to investigate the role of air pollution on allergic rhinitis prevalence. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19497. [PMID: 32176091 PMCID: PMC7440339 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a major chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract. A large number of epidemiological investigations have shown that the prevalence of AR is increasing, resulting in a large social burden. Importantly, the impact of air pollution on health is a widespread concern. We aim to evaluate association of air pollution and AR risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective study includes patients undergoing AR. The exclusion criteria will be as follows: Patients with nasal infection, nasal polyps, nasal tumors, mental disorders, and immunodeficiency will be excluded. Air pollution levels of ambient air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO), and O3, and patient data will be collected. The correlation analysis will be performed in air pollutants and AR risk. DISCUSSION This study will provide correlation of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 for AR in several aspects, including symptom score, drug score, quality of life score, asthma control score, side effects, and laboratory examination such as nasal function test, serum total immunoglobulin E, and nasal secretion smear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of De Yang City, De Yang
| | - Yongkuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of De Yang City, De Yang
| | - Sisi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of De Yang City, De Yang
| | - Shuwei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of De Yang City, De Yang
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Jane Lab, Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital of De Yang City, De Yang
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
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Weng J, Tu M, Wang P, Zhou X, Wang C, Wan X, Zhou Z, Wang L, Zheng X, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen C. Amiodarone induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108889. [PMID: 31071512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is a potent antidysrhythmic agent that can cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that myofibroblast differentiation is related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. In the present study, we treated human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELFs) with amiodarone, and investigated the relative molecular mechanism of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pathway determinants PD98059 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor). Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The secretion of collagen Ⅰ was detected by ELISA. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), ERK1/2, phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38), and p38 MAPK were investigated using Western blot analysis. The levels of α-SMA and vimentin were also determined by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. We report that amiodarone promoted cell proliferation and collagen Ⅰ secretion, induced α-SMA and vimentin protein and mRNA expression accompanied by increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and furthermore, PD98059 and SB203580 remarkably reduced the proliferative response of HELFs compared with amiodarone group and greatly attenuated α-SMA, vimentin and collagen Ⅰ protein production induced by amiodarone. Taken together, our study suggests that amiodarone regulates cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation in HELFs through modulating ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, and these signal pathways may therefore represent an attractive treatment modality in amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Tu
- Department of Medical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xinlong Wan
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Medical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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El-Mohandes EM, Moustafa AM, Khalaf HA, Hassan YF. The role of mast cells and macrophages in amiodarone induced pulmonary fibrosis and the possible attenuating role of atorvastatin. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:467-480. [PMID: 28836856 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1350750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone (AM) is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug. We investigated the role of mast cells and macrophages on AM induced pulmonary fibrosis and the action of atorvastatin on this fibrosis. Rats were allocated into four groups; negative control (1), positive control (2), 30 mg/kg body weight/day AM (3) and AM + 10 mg/kg/day atorvastatin (4). Lungs were harvested and prepared for histology and immunohistochemistry. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of group 3 exhibited disorganized lung architecture. We found cellular debris in the lumen of both intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchioles with partial disruption of the thickened epithelial lining and mononuclear cellular infiltration into the lamina propria. We also observed thickening of the epithelial lining and the smooth muscle layer. Congested, dilated and thickened blood capillaries and thickened inter-alveolar septa were observed with mononuclear cellular infiltrates in the lung of group 3. Most alveoli were collapsed, but some dilated ones were detected. In some alveoli, type ІІ pneumocytes were increased, while type I cells were decreased. We observed significant increases in the amount of collagen in the thickened inter-alveolar septa, around bronchioles and around blood capillaries in sections from group 3. We found a significant increase in mast cells and alveolar macrophages in group 3 compared to group 1. Mast cells and macrophages appear to play important roles in AM induced pulmonary fibrosis. Atorvastatin appears to attenuate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M El-Mohandes
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - A M Moustafa
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - H A Khalaf
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - Y F Hassan
- a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
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