1
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Zheng E, Madura P, Grandos J, Broncel M, Pawlos A, Woźniak E, Gorzelak-Pabiś P. When the same treatment has different response: The role of pharmacogenomics in statin therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115966. [PMID: 38061135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are one of the most potently prescribed and thoroughly researched medications, predominantly utilized for managing cardiovascular diseases by modulating serum cholesterol levels. Despite the well-documented efficacy of statins in reducing overall mortality via attenuating the risk of cardiovascular diseases, notable interindividual variability in therapeutic responses persists as such variability could compromise the lipid-lowering efficacy of the drug, potentially increasing susceptibility to adverse effects or attenuating therapeutic outcomes.This phenomenon has catalysed a growing interest in the scientific community to explore common genetic polymorphisms within genes that encode for pivotal enzymes within the pharmacokinetic pathways of statins. In our review, we focus to provide insight into potentially clinically relevant polymorphisms associated with statins' pharmacokinetic participants and assess their consequent implications on modulating the therapeutic outcomes of statins among distinct genetic carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Zheng
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Madura
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Grandos
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawlos
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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2
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Ghorbannezhad G, Mehrabadi S, Golampour-Shamkani N, Barjasteh A, Etesamizadeh P, Tayyebi M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Avan A. Genetic Determinants of Response to Statins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:20-28. [PMID: 38204221 PMCID: PMC11107471 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x267793231220114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to identify patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who could most benefit from the treatment approach, patients vary in their benefit from therapy and propensity for adverse drug events. Genetic variability in individual responses to drugs (pharmacogenetics) is considered an essential determinant in responding to a drug. Thus, understanding these pharmacogenomic relationships has led to a substantial focus on mechanisms of disease and drug response. In turn, understanding the genomic and molecular bases of variables that might be involved in drug response is the main step in personalized medicine. There is a growing body of data evaluating drug-gene interactions in recent years, some of which have led to FDA recommendations and detection of markers to predict drug responses (e.g., genetic variant in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes for prediction of drug response in warfarin treatment). Also, statins are widely prescribed drugs for the prevention of CVD. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are the most common statins used to manage dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the pharmacogenetics of statins, which are being used to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghorbannezhad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Mehrabadi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Golampour-Shamkani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Barjasteh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Poorya Etesamizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tayyebi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Li W, Iusuf D, Sparidans RW, Wagenaar E, Wang Y, de Waart DR, Martins MLF, van Hoppe S, Lebre MC, van Tellingen O, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 knockout and humanized mice; insights into the handling of bilirubin and drugs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106724. [PMID: 36907287 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1/SLCO2B1) facilitates uptake transport of structurally diverse endogenous and exogenous compounds. To investigate the roles of OATP2B1 in physiology and pharmacology, we established and characterized Oatp2b1 knockout (single Slco2b1-/- and combination Slco1a/1b/2b1-/-) and humanized hepatic and intestinal OATP2B1 transgenic mouse models. While viable and fertile, these strains exhibited a modestly increased body weight. In males, unconjugated bilirubin levels were markedly reduced in Slco2b1-/- compared to wild-type mice, whereas bilirubin monoglucuronide levels were modestly increased in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- compared to Slco1a/1b-/- mice. Single Slco2b1-/- mice showed no significant changes in oral pharmacokinetics of several tested drugs. However, markedly higher or lower plasma exposure of pravastatin and the erlotinib metabolite OSI-420, respectively, were found in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- compared to Slco1a/1b-/- mice, while oral rosuvastatin and fluvastatin behaved similarly between the strains. In males, humanized OATP2B1 strains showed lower conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels than control Slco1a/1b/2b1-deficient mice. Moreover, hepatic expression of human OATP2B1 partially or completely rescued the impaired hepatic uptake of OSI-420, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- mice, establishing an important role in hepatic uptake. Expression of human OATP2B1 in the intestine was basolateral and markedly reduced the oral availability of rosuvastatin and pravastatin, but not of OSI-420 and fluvastatin. Neither lack of Oatp2b1, nor overexpression of human OATP2B1 had any effect on fexofenadine oral pharmacokinetics. While these mouse models still have limitations for human translation, with additional work we expect they will provide powerful tools to further understand the physiological and pharmacological roles of OATP2B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dilek Iusuf
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Els Wagenaar
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yaogeng Wang
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margarida L F Martins
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie van Hoppe
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Shatnawi A, Kamran Z, Al-Share Q. Pharmacogenomics of lipid-lowering agents: the impact on efficacy and safety. Per Med 2022; 20:65-86. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. The lipid-lowering drugs are considered the cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the lack of efficacy and associated adverse effects, ranging from mild-to-moderate to potentially life-threatening, lead to therapy discontinuation. Numerous reports support the role of gene polymorphisms in drugs' pharmacokinetic parameters and their associated adverse reactions. Therefore, this study aims to understand the pharmacogenomics of lipid-lowering drugs and the impact of genetic variants of key genes on the drugs' efficacy and toxicity. Indeed, genetically guided lipid-lowering therapy enhances overall safety, improves drug adherence and achieves long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Shatnawi
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Room 402, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zourayz Kamran
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Administrative Sciences, University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
| | - Qusai Al-Share
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Assistant Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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5
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Medwid S, Price HR, Taylor DP, Mailloux J, Schwarz UI, Kim RB, Tirona RG. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) Genetic Variants: In Vitro Functional Characterization and Association With Circulating Concentrations of Endogenous Substrates. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713567. [PMID: 34594217 PMCID: PMC8476882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1, gene SLCO2B1) is an uptake transporter that is thought to determine drug disposition and in particular, the oral absorption of medications. At present, the clinical relevance of SLCO2B1 genetic variation on pharmacokinetics is poorly understood. We sought to determine the functional activity of 5 of the most common missense OATP2B1 variants (c.76_84del, c.601G>A, c.917G>A, c.935G>A, and c.1457C>T) and a predicted dysfunctional variant (c.332G>A) in vitro. Furthermore, we measured the basal plasma concentrations of endogenous OATP2B1 substrates, namely estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), pregnenolone sulfate, coproporphyrin I (CPI), and CPIII, and assessed their relationships with SLCO2B1 genotypes in 93 healthy participants. Compared to reference OATP2B1, the transport activities of the c.332G>A, c.601G>A and c.1457C>T variants were reduced among the substrates examined (estrone sulfate, DHEAS, CPI, CPIII and rosuvastatin), although there were substrate-dependent effects. Lower transport function of OATP2B1 variants could be explained by diminished cell surface expression. Other OATP2B1 variants (c.76-84del, c.917G>A and c.935G>A) had similar activity to the reference transporter. In the clinical cohort, the SLCO2B1 c.935G>A allele was associated with both higher plasma CPI (42%) and CPIII (31%) concentrations, while SLCO2B1 c.917G>A was linked to lower plasma CPIII by 28% after accounting for the effects of age, sex, and SLCO1B1 genotypes. No association was observed between SLCO2B1 variant alleles and estrone sulfate or DHEAS plasma concentrations, however 45% higher plasma pregnenolone sulfate level was associated with SLCO2B1 c.1457C>T. Taken together, we found that the impacts of OATP2B1 variants on transport activities in vitro were not fully aligned with their associations to plasma concentrations of endogenous substrates in vivo. Additional studies are required to determine whether circulating endogenous substrates reflect OATP2B1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Medwid
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hayley R Price
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel P Taylor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jaymie Mailloux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ute I Schwarz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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7
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Kinzi J, Grube M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. OATP2B1 - The underrated member of the organic anion transporting polypeptide family of drug transporters? Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114534. [PMID: 33794186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) was one of the first cloned members of the SLCO family. However, its physiological and pharmacological role is still poorly understood, and object of a current debate on the transporter's relevance. Within this commentary, we summarize the data currently available on the transporter's expression and its substrates and highlight the strength and difficulties of the methods that have been applied to gather these data. The conclusion drawn from these findings was that OATP2B1 due to its intestinal expression is most likely involved in oral drug absorption of its substrate and therefore prone for interactions. This has been tested in in vivo drug interaction and/or pharmacogenetic studies. While some of these support the notion of OATP2B1 being of relevance in drug absorption, the pharmacogenetic findings are rather inconclusive. We will explain our thoughts why OATP2B1 may not influence the general systemic pharmacokinetic of certain substrates, but possibly local distribution processes, like the transfer across the blood-brain-barrier. Besides the pharmacokinetic aspects, there are data on endogenous molecules like coproporphyrins and sulfated steroids. Therefore, we will also highlight possible physiological roles of OATP2B1, which are driven by its expression pattern in the tubular cells of the kidney as well as its expression in the blood brain barrier. Finally we also deal with the advantages and disadvantages in the use of animal models to decipher the role of OATP2B1 in pharmacokinetics of its substrates and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Kinzi
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grube
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Kee PS, Chin PKL, Kennedy MA, Maggo SDS. Pharmacogenetics of Statin-Induced Myotoxicity. Front Genet 2020; 11:575678. [PMID: 33193687 PMCID: PMC7596698 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.575678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of lipid-lowering medications, have been a keystone treatment in cardiovascular health. However, adverse effects associated with statin use impact patient adherence, leading to statin discontinuation. Statin-induced myotoxicity (SIM) is one of the most common adverse effects, prevalent across all ages, genders, and ethnicities. Although certain demographic cohorts carry a higher risk, the impaired quality of life attributed to SIM is significant. The pathogenesis of SIM remains to be fully elucidated, but it is clear that SIM is multifactorial. These factors include drug-drug interactions, renal or liver dysfunction, and genetics. Genetic-inferred risk for SIM was first reported by a landmark genome-wide association study, which reported a higher risk of SIM with a polymorphism in the SLCO1B1 gene. Since then, research associating genetic factors with SIM has expanded widely and has become one of the foci in the field of pharmacogenomics. This review provides an update on the genetic risk factors associated with SIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Siu Kee
- Gene Structure and Function Laboratory, Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Martin A. Kennedy
- Gene Structure and Function Laboratory, Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Simran D. S. Maggo
- Gene Structure and Function Laboratory, Carney Centre for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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Yang J, Wang Z, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang H, Gui C. Functional Characterization Reveals the Significance of Rare Coding Variations in Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 (SLCO2B1). Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3966-3978. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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10
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Ogura J, Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Stimulatory effect on the transport mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:181-191. [PMID: 32373198 PMCID: PMC7193449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is one of causes of adverse drug events and can result in life-threatening consequences. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 is a major uptake transporter in the intestine and contributes to transport various clinically used therapeutic agents. The intestine has a high risk of DDI, because it has a special propensity to be exposed to a high concentration of drugs. Thus, understanding drug interaction mediated by OATP2B1 in the absorption process is important for the prevention of adverse drug events, including decrease in the therapeutic effect of co-administered drugs. Acute drug interaction occurs through the direct inhibitory effect on transporters, including OATP2B1. Moreover, some compounds such as clinically used drugs and food components have an acute stimulatory effect on transport of co-administered drugs by OATP2B1. This review summarizes the acute stimulatory effect on the transport mediated by OATP2B1 and discusses the mechanisms of the acute stimulatory effects of compounds. There are two types of acute stimulatory effects, substrate-independent and -dependent interactions on OATP2B1 function. The facilitating translocation of OATP2B1 to the plasma membrane is one of causes for the substrate-independent acute stimulatory effect. On the contrary, the substrate-dependent effect is based on the direct binding to the substrate-binding site or allosteric progesterone-binding site of OATP2B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ogura
- Corresponding author. Tohoku University Hospital, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan. Tel.: +81 22 7177541
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11
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Ceballos-Macías JJ, Madriz-Prado R, Vázquez Cárdenas NA, Aguilar-Salinas C, Tusié-Luna MT, Flores-Real JA, Ortega-Gutiérrez G, Vargas-Sánchez J, Lara-Sánchez C, Hernández-Moreno A. Use of PCSK9 Inhibitor in a Mexican Boy with Compound Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Case Report. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvz018. [PMID: 32104752 PMCID: PMC7035209 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the case of an 8-year-old Mexican male, with a 3-year-old clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, and the difficulties encountered in his treatment while in our care. His treatment started with a regimen consisting of ezetimibe/simvastatin, cholestyramine, and a dietary plan of 1600 calories, with a limited intake of 200 mg of cholesterol per day. Problems arose when the patient's low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels did not meet ideal targets, which prompted the use of LDL cholesterol apheresis (not available in Mexico) for 6 months. As a last resort, PCSK9 inhibitors were administered but the LDL levels remained in the 600 mg/dL range. AmbryGenetics conducted a genetic test employing the Sanger method. The results suggested that there were 2 different mutations for each allele of the same LDL receptor gene (c.249delTinsGG and p.(Cys109Arg)), located in exons 3 and 4, respectively. We identified compound heterozygous mutations in our index case, with him having both the p.C109R mutation (from the maternal lineage), as well as a c.249delTinsGG mutation (from the paternal lineage). The p.C109R mutation has been previously reported, not only in Mexico, but in European regions (Germany, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy) as well. Functional studies indicated a residual enzymatic activity of 15% to 30% for heterozygotes. To date, the variant c.249delTinsGG has not been reported. This case study illustrates the fact that in Mexico there are limited options available for treatment in such a scenario. As medical professionals, we are limited by the tools at our disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan Ceballos-Macías
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Unidad de Especialidades Médicas de la Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Edo MX, Mexico
| | - Ramón Madriz-Prado
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Unidad de Especialidades Médicas de la Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Edo MX, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán.,Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, CDMX. Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán.,Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, CDMX. Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Lara-Sánchez
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Unidad de Especialidades Médicas de la Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Edo MX, Mexico
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12
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Nie Y, Yang J, Liu S, Sun R, Chen H, Long N, Jiang R, Gui C. Genetic polymorphisms of human hepatic OATPs: functional consequences and effect on drug pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:297-317. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1629043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Rocha KCE, Pereira BMV, Rodrigues AC. An update on efflux and uptake transporters as determinants of statin response. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:613-624. [PMID: 29842801 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1482276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are used in the treatment of dyslipidemia promoting primary and secondary prevention against detrimental cardiovascular events. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) membrane transporters transport statins across the cell membrane. Differences in drug transporter tissue expression and activity contribute to variability in statin pharmacokinetics (PK) and response. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to discuss factors impacting transporter expression and the effect this has on statin efficacy and safety. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions (DDI), nuclear receptors, and microRNAs affect statin PK and pharmacodynamics. Expert opinion: Genetic variants of ABCG2 and SLCO1B1 transporters affect statin PK and, as a result, the intended lipid-lowering response. However, the effect size is small, limiting its applicability in clinical practice. Furthermore, genetic variants do not totally explain the observed intervariability in statin response. Thus, it is likely that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of drug transporters are also highly involved. Further studies are required to understand the contribution of each of these new factors in statin disposition and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cunha E Rocha
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Alice Cristina Rodrigues
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Yee SW, Brackman DJ, Ennis EA, Sugiyama Y, Kamdem LK, Blanchard R, Galetin A, Zhang L, Giacomini KM. Influence of Transporter Polymorphisms on Drug Disposition and Response: A Perspective From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:803-817. [PMID: 29679469 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic technologies have led to a wealth of information identifying genetic polymorphisms in membrane transporters, specifically how these polymorphisms affect drug disposition and response. This review describes the current perspective of the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) on clinically important polymorphisms in membrane transporters. ITC suggests that, in addition to previously recommended polymorphisms in ABCG2 (BCRP) and SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1), polymorphisms in the emerging transporter, SLC22A1 (OCT1), be considered during drug development. Collectively, polymorphisms in these transporters are important determinants of interindividual differences in the levels, toxicities, and response to many drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deanna J Brackman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ennis
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Landry K Kamdem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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