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Zachos FE, Frantz AC, Kuehn R, Bertouille S, Colyn M, Niedziałkowska M, Pérez-González J, Skog A, Sprĕm N, Flamand MC. Genetic Structure and Effective Population Sizes in European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) at a Continental Scale: Insights from Microsatellite DNA. J Hered 2016; 107:318-26. [PMID: 26912909 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed more than 600 red deer (Cervus elaphus) from large parts of its European distribution range at 13 microsatellite loci, presenting the first continent-wide study of this species using nuclear markers. Populations were clearly differentiated (overall F ST = 0.166, Jost's D est = 0.385), and the BAPS clustering algorithm yielded mainly geographically limited and adjacent genetic units. When forced into only 3 genetic clusters our data set produced a very similar geographic pattern as previously found in mtDNA phylogeographic studies: a western group from Iberia to central and parts of Eastern Europe, an eastern group from the Balkans to Eastern Europe, and a third group including the threatened relict populations from Sardinia and Mesola in Italy. This result was also confirmed by a multivariate approach to analyzing our data set, a discriminant analysis of principal components. Calculations of genetic diversity and effective population sizes (linkage disequilibrium approach) yielded the lowest results for Italian (Sardinia, Mesola; N e between 2 and 8) and Scandinavian red deer, in line with known bottlenecks in these populations. Our study is the first to present comparative nuclear genetic data in red deer across Europe and may serve as a baseline for future analyses of genetic diversity and structuring in this widespread ungulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Zachos
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Alain C Frantz
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Ralph Kuehn
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Sabine Bertouille
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Marc Colyn
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Magdalena Niedziałkowska
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Javier Pérez-González
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Anna Skog
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Nikica Sprĕm
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
| | - Marie-Christine Flamand
- From the Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria (Zachos); Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, L-2160 Münster, Luxembourg (Frantz); Fondation faune-flore, 25, Rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg (Frantz); Unit of Molecular Zoology, Chair of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany (Kuehn); Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA (Kuehn); Département de l'Etude du Milieu naturel et agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, 23 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium (Bertouille); CNRS-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France (Colyn); Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland (Niedziałkowska); Grupo de Biología y Etología, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain (Perez-Gonzalez); Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway (Skog); Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Sprĕm); and Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Flamand)
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Queirós J, Godinho R, Lopes S, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J, Alves PC. Effect of microsatellite selection on individual and population genetic inferences: an empirical study using cross-specific and species-specific amplifications. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:747-60. [PMID: 25403329 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although whole-genome sequencing is becoming more accessible and feasible for nonmodel organisms, microsatellites have remained the markers of choice for various population and conservation genetic studies. However, the criteria for choosing microsatellites are still controversial due to ascertainment bias that may be introduced into the genetic inference. An empirical study of red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations, in which cross-specific and species-specific microsatellites developed through pyrosequencing of enriched libraries, was performed for this study. Two different strategies were used to select the species-specific panels: randomly vs. highly polymorphic markers. The results suggest that reliable and accurate estimations of genetic diversity can be obtained using random microsatellites distributed throughout the genome. In addition, the results reinforce previous evidence that selecting the most polymorphic markers leads to an ascertainment bias in estimates of genetic diversity, when compared with randomly selected microsatellites. Analyses of population differentiation and clustering seem less influenced by the approach of microsatellite selection, whereas assigning individuals to populations might be affected by a random selection of a small number of microsatellites. Individual multilocus heterozygosity measures produced various discordant results, which in turn had impacts on the heterozygosity-fitness correlation test. Finally, we argue that picking the appropriate microsatellite set should primarily take into account the ecological and evolutionary questions studied. Selecting the most polymorphic markers will generally overestimate genetic diversity parameters, leading to misinterpretations of the real genetic diversity, which is particularly important in managed and threatened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Queirós
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,SaBio Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R Godinho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Lopes
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - C Gortazar
- SaBio Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J de la Fuente
- SaBio Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - P C Alves
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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