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Siddiqui R, Swank S, Ozark A, Joaquin F, Travis MP, McMahan CD, Bell MA, Stuart YE. Inferring the evolution of reproductive isolation in a lineage of fossil threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus doryssus. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240337. [PMID: 38628124 PMCID: PMC11021931 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Darwin attributed the absence of species transitions in the fossil record to his hypothesis that speciation occurs within isolated habitat patches too geographically restricted to be captured by fossil sequences. Mayr's peripatric speciation model added that such speciation would be rapid, further explaining missing evidence of diversification. Indeed, Eldredge and Gould's original punctuated equilibrium model combined Darwin's conjecture, Mayr's model and 124 years of unsuccessfully sampling the fossil record for transitions. Observing such divergence, however, could illustrate the tempo and mode of evolution during early speciation. Here, we investigate peripatric divergence in a Miocene stickleback fish, Gasterosteus doryssus. This lineage appeared and, over approximately 8000 generations, evolved significant reduction of 12 of 16 traits related to armour, swimming and diet, relative to its ancestral population. This was greater morphological divergence than we observed between reproductively isolated, benthic-limnetic ecotypes of extant Gasterosteus aculeatus. Therefore, we infer that reproductive isolation was evolving. However, local extinction of G. doryssus lineages shows how young, isolated, speciating populations often disappear, supporting Darwin's explanation for missing evidence and revealing a mechanism behind morphological stasis. Extinction may also account for limited sustained divergence within the stickleback species complex and help reconcile speciation rate variation observed across time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheyma Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samantha Swank
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allison Ozark
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Franklin Joaquin
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew P. Travis
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Bell
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoel E. Stuart
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Liyandja TLD, Armbruster JW, Poopola MO, Stiassny MLJ. Evolutionary convergence in body shape obscures taxonomic diversity in species of the African Labeo forskalii group: Case study of L. parvus Boulenger 1902 and L. ogunensis Boulenger 1910. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:898-913. [PMID: 35763261 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Labeo is the third most diverse genus of African cyprinids and is widely distributed across the continent. Labeo parvus, a small species originally described from the Congo basin, has been considered the only species of the L. forskalii group distributed across five African ichthyofaunal provinces (Nilo-Sudan, Congo, Cuanza, and Upper and Lower Guinea). However, morphological similarity between L. parvus and numerous congeners remains a central cause of taxonomic confusion within the genus. Here we employed a phylogenetic comparative approach to assess phenotypic convergence among species of the L. forskalii group, investigate the taxonomic status of L. parvus sensu lato (sl) in west Africa, and reevaluate the composition and distribution of L. parvus sensu stricto (ss). Our phylogenetic analysis provides no support for a sister relationship between L. parvus ss and any of the west African Labeo parvus-like species. Geometric morphometric and molecular phylogenetic data indicate that L. parvus ss is a Congo basin endemic, and seemingly ecologically equivalent species found in west Africa are L. ogunensis, L. obscurus and other undescribed or previously synonymized species. We discuss our findings in terms of convergent evolution using phylomorphospace and tests for phylogenetic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobit L D Liyandja
- Richard Gilder Graduate School at American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Richard Gilder Graduate School at American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Teimori A, Esmaeili HR. Axial skeleton morphology of the Western Palearctic aphaniid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes; Family: Aphaniidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azad Teimori
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Esmaeili
- Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section Department of Biology College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
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Reyes Corral WD, Aguirre WE. Effects of temperature and water turbulence on vertebral number and body shape in Astyanax mexicanus (Teleostei: Characidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219677. [PMID: 31356643 PMCID: PMC6663064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes can modify the phenotypic characteristics of populations, which in turn can influence their evolutionary trajectories. In ectotherms like fishes, temperature is a particularly important environmental variable that is known to have significant impacts on the phenotype. Here, we raised specimens of the surface ecomorph of Astyanax mexicanus at temperatures of 20°C, 23°C, 25°C, and 28°C to examine how temperature influenced vertebral number and body shape. To increase biological realism, specimens were also subjected to two water turbulence regimes. Vertebral number was counted from x-rays and body shape variation was analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Temperature significantly impacted mean total vertebral number, which increased at the lowest and highest temperatures. Fish reared at lower temperatures had relatively more precaudal vertebrae while fish reared at higher temperatures had relatively more caudal vertebrae. Vertebral anomalies, especially vertebral fusions, were most frequent at the extreme temperature treatments. Temperature significantly impacted body shape as well, with fish reared at 20°C being particularly divergent. Water turbulence also impacted body shape in a generally predictable manner, with specimens reared in high turbulence environments being more streamlined and having extended dorsal and anal fin bases. Variation in environmental variables thus resulted in significant changes in morphological traits known to impact fish fitness, indicating that A. mexicanus has the capacity to exhibit a range of phenotypic plasticity when challenged by environmental change. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying this plasticity and whether adaptive plasticity has influenced the evolutionary radiation of the Characidae, are major directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Windsor E. Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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5
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Aguirre WE, Young A, Navarrete-Amaya R, Valdiviezo-Rivera J, Jiménez-Prado P, Cucalón RV, Nugra-Salazar F, Calle-Delgado P, Borders T, Shervette VR. Vertebral number covaries with body form and elevation along the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes in the Neotropical fish genusRhoadsia(Teleostei: Characidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Windsor E Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Prado
- Escuela de Gestión Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - Roberto V Cucalón
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fredy Nugra-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados de la Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paola Calle-Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Casilla, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Borders
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
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De Clercq A, Perrott MR, Davie PS, Preece MA, Owen MAG, Huysseune A, Witten PE. Temperature sensitive regions of the Chinook salmon vertebral column: Vestiges and meristic variation. J Morphol 2018; 279:1301-1311. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelbert De Clercq
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Matthew R. Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Davie
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - P. Eckhard Witten
- School of Veterinary Science; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Tague RG. Proximate cause, anatomical correlates, and obstetrical implication of a supernumerary lumbar vertebra in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:444-456. [PMID: 29159938 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three issues are considered on variation in number of presacral vertebrae (PSV) in humans: (1) sexual difference in number of PSV, (2) inactivation of Hoxd-11 gene as etiology for a supernumerary lumbar vertebra, and (3) anatomical correlates of a supernumerary lumbar vertebra, including lumbar-sacral nearthrosis, and pelvic size. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample was 407 skeletonized females and 1,318 males from United States; ages at death were 20 to 49 years. Two subsamples of males were used: (1) 98 with modal numbers of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae (PSV = 24) and (2) 45 with a supernumerary lumbar vertebra but modal numbers for other vertebral segments (PSV = 25). Measurements were taken of ulna, second metacarpal, vertebrae, femur, and pelvis; presence of lumbar-sacral nearthrosis was observed. RESULTS Although 90% of females and males have 24 PSV, females have higher frequency of 23 PSV and males have higher frequency of 25 PSV. Compared to males with 24 PSV, males with 25 PSV and supernumerary lumbar vertebra show (1) no difference in anatomies associated with inactivation of Hoxd-11, and (2) higher frequency of lumbar-sacral nearthrosis and smaller pelvic inlet circumference. DISCUSSION Sexual difference in number of PSV may be due to tempo of somite formation and Hox gene activation. Hypothesis is not supported that a supernumerary lumbar vertebra is due to inactivation of Hoxd-11. The presence of a supernumerary lumbar vertebra is associated with small pelvic inlet circumference, which can be obstetrically disadvantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Tague
- Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
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Morris MRJ, Petrovitch E, Bowles E, Jamniczky HA, Rogers SM. Exploring Jordan's rule in Pacific three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:645-663. [PMID: 28776706 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine Gasterosteus aculeatus were captured from seven locations along the Pacific coast of North America, ranging across 21·8° latitude to test Jordan's rule, i.e. that vertebral number should increase with increasing latitude for related populations of fish. Vertebral number significantly increased with increasing latitude for both total and caudal vertebral number. Increasing length with latitude (sensu Bergmann's rule) was also supported, but the predictions for Jordan's rule held when controlling for standard length. Pleomerism was weakly evidenced. Gasterosteus aculeatus exhibited sexual dimorphism for Jordan's rule, with both sexes having more vertebrae at higher latitudes, but only males showing a positive association between latitude and the ratio of caudal to abdominal vertebrae. The number of dorsal- and anal-fin rays and basals increased with increasing latitude, while pectoral-fin ray number decreased. This study reinforces the association between phenotypic variation and environmental variation in marine populations of G. aculeatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R J Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - E Petrovitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - E Bowles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - H A Jamniczky
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - S M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Malato G, Shervette VR, Navarrete Amaya R, Valdiviezo Rivera J, Nugra Salazar F, Calle Delgado P, Karpan KC, Aguirre WE. Parallel body shape divergence in the Neotropical fish genus Rhoadsia (Teleostei: Characidae) along elevational gradients of the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179432. [PMID: 28658255 PMCID: PMC5489170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical mountain streams are important contributors of biological diversity. Two species of the characid genus Rhoadsia differing for an ecologically important morphological trait, body depth, have been described from mountain streams of the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. Rhoadsia altipinna is a deeper-bodied species reported from low elevations in southwestern Ecuador and northern Peru, and Rhoadsia minor is a more streamlined species that was described from high elevations (>1200 m) in the Esmeraldas drainage in northwestern Ecuador. Little is known about these species and their validity as distinct species has been questioned. In this study, we examine how their body shape varies along replicated elevational gradients in different drainages of western Ecuador using geometric morphometrics and the fineness ratio. We also use sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c I gene and the second intron of the S7 nuclear gene to examine whether genetic data are consistent with the existence of two species. We found that body depth varies continuously among populations within drainages as a function of elevation, and that body shape overlaps among drainages, such that low elevation populations of R. minor in the Esmeraldas drainage have similar body depths to higher elevation R. altipinna in southern drainages. Although a common general trend of declining body depth with elevation is clear, the pattern and magnitude of body shape divergence differed among drainages. Sequencing of mitochondrial and nuclear genes failed to meet strict criteria for the recognition of two species (e.g., reciprocal monophyly and deep genetic structure). However, there was a large component of genetic variation for the COI gene that segregated among drainages, indicating significant genetic divergence associated with geographic isolation. Continued research on Rhoadsia in western Ecuador may yield significant insight into adaptation and speciation in Neotropical mountain streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Malato
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Virginia R. Shervette
- Department of Biology/Geology, University of South Carolina, Aiken, South Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Fredy Nugra Salazar
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados de la Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paola Calle Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Kirby C. Karpan
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Windsor E. Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Causes and consequences of intra-specific variation in vertebral number. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26372. [PMID: 27210072 PMCID: PMC4876516 DOI: 10.1038/srep26372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in vertebral number is taxonomically widespread. Much scientific attention has been directed towards understanding patterns of variation in vertebral number among individuals and between populations, particularly across large spatial scales and in structured environments. However, the relative role of genes, plasticity, selection, and drift as drivers of individual variation and population differentiation remains unknown for most systems. Here, we report on patterns, causes and consequences of variation in vertebral number among and within sympatric subpopulations of pike (Esox lucius). Vertebral number differed among subpopulations, and common garden experiments indicated that this reflected genetic differences. A QST-FST comparison suggested that population differences represented local adaptations driven by divergent selection. Associations with fitness traits further indicated that vertebral counts were influenced both by stabilizing and directional selection within populations. Overall, our study enhances the understanding of adaptive variation, which is critical for the maintenance of intraspecific diversity and species conservation.
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Reimchen T, Cox K. Differential temperature preferences of vertebral phenotypes in Gasterosteus. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Across a broad diversity of freshwater and marine fish that have wide latitudinal distributions, intraspecific variability in vertebral number shows a robust trend for higher vertebral counts in colder latitudes (Jordan’s Rule). Variability in this meristic trait is determined during early larval development by a combination of heritable and temperature-mediated influences. We experimentally evaluate for the first time whether different vertebral phenotypes from a population actively segregate across a temperature gradient, and if so, whether the segregation is consistent with broad geographical trends across taxa of greater vertebral counts that are associated with cooler waters. Using threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) from two populations, we conducted 22 trials with ∼50 fish per trial and a temperature gradient ranging from 2 to 15 °C among trials. Results show that six trials yielded statistically significant or near-significant results, of which five trials were in the predicted direction of more vertebrae in cooler waters. The effects were more expressed in fish with small bodies (35–55 mm) than in fish with larger bodies (60–85 mm) and in longer duration trials. We believe that these data are novel and are consistent with recent studies on swimming efficacy among vertebral phenotypes; the data also hint at much greater ecological functionality than is currently assumed by intrapopulation variation in this meristic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.E. Reimchen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - K.D. Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada
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