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Silver J, Silva JR. A Sequence Analysis of the Behaviors and Experiences of the Deadliest Public Mass Shooters. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23468-NP23494. [PMID: 35430903 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221078818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researchers of public mass shooters are increasingly focusing on the pre-attack behaviors and experiences of these offenders. Varying in scope from consideration of individual factors to more generalized life course and threat assessment analyses, their scholarship has identified behavioral and experiential factors associated with public mass shooters. However, what is generally missing from this body of research is consideration of the order in which the offender encounters these factors, and prior related research has shown that analyzing sequences allows for insights not available from a catalogue of common characteristics. To address this shortcoming, we use a sample of offenders from 1999 to 2020 for whom the most detailed data is available and conduct a sequence analysis of their stressors, antisocial behaviors, mental health issues, and planning and preparation activities. We calculate proximity coefficients for each variable in relation to all others, capturing both local and distant connections between and among them. Our findings reveal relatively coherent phases in the lives of attackers, highlight the centrality of family problems and interest in past mass killings in the overall sequence, and provide new context to understanding the effect of mental health issues and firearms acquisition in the lives of offenders. A discussion of findings illustrates potential intervention points that may have been overlooked, as well suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Silver
- Department of Criminal Justice, 8719Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Silva
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, 15665William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
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Keatley DA, Quinn-Evans L, Joyce T, Richards L. Behavior Sequence Analysis of Victims' Accounts of Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP19290-NP19309. [PMID: 34521294 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211043587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) relates not only to physical forms of abuse, but also psychological, emotional, economic, and financial controlling behaviors. IPV is a dynamic, complex phenomenon that occurs over a relatively long period of time. While several measures of IPV exist, a method that can track the progression and escalation of such behaviors in relationships could offer more understanding and highlight key intervention points for individuals in such relationships. Behavior Sequence Analysis is used in the current research to map the chain and progression of behaviors in multiple real-world cases of IPV. Results indicate clear sequential clusters of behaviors such as physical and psychological abuse, and coercive controlling behaviors such as gaslighting, restricting movement, and removing freedoms. Overall, this research stands as a foundation framework to build a greater understanding of the processes and pathways of IPV, and offers workers in the field a novel method to assist with interviewing and intervening in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Keatley
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA), Perth, Western Australia
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - L Quinn-Evans
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA), Perth, Western Australia
- University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - T Joyce
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA), Perth, Western Australia
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Lockwood J, Babbage C, Bird K, Thynne I, Barsky A, Clarke DD, Townsend E. A comparison of temporal pathways to self-harm in young people compared to adults: A pilot test of the Card Sort Task for Self-harm online using Indicator Wave Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:938003. [PMID: 36713895 PMCID: PMC9878399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-harm is complex, multifaceted, and dynamic, typically starts in adolescence, and is prevalent in young people. A novel research tool (the Card Sort Task for Self-harm; CaTS) offers a systematic approach to understanding this complexity by charting the dynamic interplay between multidimensional factors in the build-up to self-harm. Sequential analysis of CaTS has revealed differences in key factors between the first and the most recent episode of self-harm in adolescence. Rates of self-harm typically decline post-adolescence, but self-harm can continue into adulthood. A comparison between factors linked to self-harm in young people vs. adults will inform an understanding of how risk unfolds over time and clarify age-specific points for intervention. A pilot online adaptation (CaTS-online) and a new method (Indicator Wave Analysis; IWA) were used to assess key factors in the build-up to self-harm. METHODS Community-based young people (n = 66; 18-25 years, M = 21.4; SD = 1.8) and adults (n = 43; 26-57 years, M = 35; SD = 8.8) completed CaTS-online, documenting thoughts, feelings, events, and behaviours over a 6-month timeline for the first ever and most recent self-harm. A notable interdependence between factors and time points was identified using IWA. RESULTS Positive emotion at and immediately after self-harm exceeded the threshold for both groups for both episodes. Feeling better following self-harm was more pronounced for the first-ever episodes. Impulsivity was an important immediate antecedent to self-harm for both groups at both episodes but most markedly for young people. Acquired capability was notable for adults' most recent episodes, suggesting this develops over time. Burdensomeness was only more notable for adults and occurred 1 week prior to a recent episode. Both groups revealed patterns of accessing support that were helpful and unhelpful. CONCLUSION Commonalities and differences in the temporal organisation of factors leading to and following self-harm were identified in young people and adult pathways which shed light on age-specific factors and possible points of intervention. This has implications for clinical support and services around approaches to positive feelings after self-harm (especially for first-ever self-harm), feeling of burdensomeness, impulsivity, and acquired capability leading up to self-harm. Support is provided for card-sort approaches that enable the investigation of the complex and dynamic nature of pathways to self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lockwood
- National Institute of Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Babbage
- National Institute of Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Bird
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Thynne
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Barsky
- School of Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David D Clarke
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Townsend
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Cummins TM, English O, Minnis H, Stahl D, O’Connor RC, Bannister K, McMahon SB, Ougrin D. Assessment of Somatosensory Function and Self-harm in Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2116853. [PMID: 34255048 PMCID: PMC8278268 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Self-harm is a risk factor for suicide in adolescents, with the prevalence highest in young people in group and residential care programs. Although no established risk factors for self-harm exist, adolescents who self-harm may have decreased pain sensitivity, but this has not been systematically investigated. Objective To assess somatosensory function using quantitative sensory testing (QST) in children and adolescents living in care grouped by the number of episodes of self-harm in the past year and compare their somatosensory profiles with community control participants to investigate associations with the incidence or frequency of self-harm. Design, Setting, and Participants Recruitment for this cross-sectional study began January 2019 and ended March 2020. Exclusion criteria included intellectual disability (intelligence quotient <70), autism spectrum disorder, or recent serious injury. Children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with no underlying health conditions were recruited from local authority residential care settings in Glasgow, UK, and schools and youth groups in London and Glasgow, UK. The volunteer sample of 64 participants included adolescents ages 13 to 17 years (34 [53%] females; 50 [78%] living in residential care; mean [SD] age, 16.34 [1.01] years) with varying incidents of self-harm in the past year (no episodes, 31 [48%]; 1-4 episodes, 12 [19%]; and ≥5 episodes, 2 [33%]). Exposures Participants were tested using a standardized QST protocol to establish baseline somatosensory function. Main Outcomes and Measures Associations between somatosensory sensitivity, incidence and frequency of self-harm, residential status, age, gender, and prescription medication were calculated. Secondary outcomes assessed whether self-harm was associated with specific types of tests (ie, painful or nonpainful). Results A total of 64 participants ages 13 to 17 years completed testing (mean [SD] age, 16.3 [1.0] years; 34 [53%.] females and 30 [47%] males; 50 [78%] living in group homes). Adolescents with 5 or more self-harm incidences showed significant pain hyposensitivity compared with community control participants after adjusting for age, gender, and prescription drug use (SH group with 5 or more episodes vs control: -1.03 [95% CI, -1.47 to -0.60]; P < .001). Hyposensitivity also extended to nonpainful stimuli, similarly adjusted (SH group with 5 or more episodes vs control: -1.73; 95% CI, -2.62 to -0.84; P < .001). Pressure pain threshold accounted for most of the observed variance (31.1% [95% CI, 10.5% to 44.7%]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that sensory hyposensitivity is a phenotype of Adolescents who self-harm and that pressure pain threshold has clinical potential as a quick, inexpensive, and easily interpreted test to identify adolescents at increased risk of repeated self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum M. Cummins
- Neurorestoration, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Central Modulation of Pain, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver English
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Minnis
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Clinical and Research Centre, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rory C. O’Connor
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Bannister
- Central Modulation of Pain, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B. McMahon
- Neurorestoration, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Ougrin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Correia R, Jackson D. Risk to self: identifying and managing risk of suicide and self-harm. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2020.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThis article summarises key areas of research informing understanding of vulnerability factors and risk assessment and management across the lifespan, with particular reference to risk to self (self-harm and suicide). It relates the discussion to people attending sexual assault referral centres (SARCs), but is applicable in a range of clinical settings. Although people accessing SARCs often present with mental health difficulties and various other vulnerabilities, SARC practitioners often do not have specialist training in working with mental health difficulties, including individuals at risk to self. We discuss developmental differences that should be considered when assessing and managing risk to self, and examine relationships between mental health difficulties, risk to self, and rape and/or sexual assault. Finally, we offer advice on how to respond to risk presented by individuals who have experienced sexual violence.
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Michael O O. Influence of adverse socio-emotional risk factors on the physical and mental health needs of children and young people in public care of a South-West England local authority. CLINICAL JOURNAL OF NURSING CARE AND PRACTICE 2020; 4:001-009. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.cjncp.1001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Hambleton AL, Hanstock TL, Halpin S, Dempsey C. Initiation, meaning and cessation of self-harm: Australian adults’ retrospective reflections and advice to adolescents who currently self-harm. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2020.1737509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlea L. Hambleton
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanya L. Hanstock
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Halpin
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Caitlin Dempsey
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Keatley DA, Walters I, Parke A, Joyce T, D. Clarke D. Mapping the pathways between recreational cannabis use and mood disorders: A Behaviour Sequence Analysis approach. Health Promot J Austr 2019; 31:38-46. [DOI: 10.1002/hpja.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Keatley
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA) Perth WA Australia
- School of LawMurdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Isobel Walters
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA) Perth WA Australia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Lincoln Lincoln UK
| | - Adrian Parke
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA) Perth WA Australia
- School of Media, Culture and SocietyUniversity of West of Scotland Paisley UK
| | - Tara Joyce
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA) Perth WA Australia
| | - David D. Clarke
- Researchers in Behaviour Sequence Analysis (ReBSA) Perth WA Australia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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Lomas T. The spatial contours of wellbeing: A content analysis of metaphor in academic discourse. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2018.1450437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lomas
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
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Lockwood J, Townsend E, Royes L, Daley D, Sayal K. What do young adolescents think about taking part in longitudinal self-harm research? Findings from a school-based study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2018; 12:23. [PMID: 29743942 PMCID: PMC5932833 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-018-0230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research about self-harm in adolescence is important given the high incidence in youth, and strong links to suicide and other poor outcomes. Clarifying the impact of involvement in school-based self-harm studies on young adolescents is an ethical priority given heightened risk at this developmental stage. METHODS Here, 594 school-based students aged mainly 13-14 years completed a survey on self-harm at baseline and again 12-weeks later. Change in mood following completion of each survey, ratings and thoughts about participation, and responses to a mood-mitigation activity were analysed using a multi-method approach. RESULTS Baseline participation had no overall impact on mood. However, boys and girls reacted differently to the survey depending on self-harm status. Having a history of self-harm had a negative impact on mood for girls, but a positive impact on mood for boys. In addition, participants rated the survey in mainly positive/neutral terms, and cited benefits including personal insight and altruism. At follow-up, there was a negative impact on mood following participation, but no significant effect of gender or self-harm status. Ratings at follow-up were mainly positive/neutral. Those who had self-harmed reported more positive and fewer negative ratings than at baseline: the opposite pattern of response was found for those who had not self-harmed. Mood-mitigation activities were endorsed. CONCLUSIONS Self-harm research with youth is feasible in school-settings. Most young people are happy to take part and cite important benefits. However, the impact of participation in research appears to vary according to gender, self-harm risk and method/time of assessment. The impact of repeated assessment requires clarification. Simple mood-elevation techniques may usefully help to mitigate distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lockwood
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK ,0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ellen Townsend
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Self-Harm Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Leonie Royes
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Self-Harm Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Daley
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK ,0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kapil Sayal
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK ,0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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