1
|
Costa Fechine CO, Sakai Valente NY, Romiti R, Senna MM. Correlation of clinical and trichoscopy features with the degree of histologic inflammation in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia in a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 91:161-163. [PMID: 38537747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo Romiti
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maryanne Makredes Senna
- Department of Dermatology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Starace M, Cedirian S, Rapparini L, Quadrelli F, Pampaloni F, Bruni F, Piraccini BM. Enhanced Insights into Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: Advancements in Pathogenesis Understanding and Management Strategies. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:1457-1477. [PMID: 38822213 PMCID: PMC11169308 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-024-01186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) represents a distinctive form of primary lymphocytic scarring alopecia characterized by fronto-temporal hair recession and eyebrow hair loss. While predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, FFA also occurs in women of reproductive age and men, with variations observed across different ethnic groups. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors and inflammatory pathways contribute to its pathogenesis, with evolving diagnostic criteria enhancing accuracy. FFA treatment lacks standardization, encompassing topical, systemic and physical therapies, while hair transplantation remains a temporary solution. This article reviews the current understanding of FFA, aiming to provide clinicians with updated insights for its management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Starace
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephano Cedirian
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luca Rapparini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Quadrelli
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Pampaloni
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruni
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca M Piraccini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krzesłowska WJ, Woźniacka A. The Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Treatment Dilemma. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2137. [PMID: 38610902 PMCID: PMC11012663 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a type of cicatricial alopecia predominantly observed in postmenopausal women, with the incidence rising since its initial description in 1994. The exact etiopathogenesis of the disease has not been completely elucidated. FFA is characterized by an inflammatory process affecting the hair follicles of the fronto-temporal hairline, leading to its gradual recession. Eyebrows, particularly the lateral parts, may also be affected. Early diagnosis and an implementation of effective therapy to limit the inflammatory process are crucial in halting disease progression. Various treatment possibilities have been reported, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, as well as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, retinoids, and antimalarial agents. The use of phototherapy and surgical procedures has also been described. However, most available data have been obtained retrospectively, frequently consisting of descriptions of case reports or small case series, and not from randomized controlled trials. In addition, the etiopathogenesis of FFA remains unclear and its course unpredictable, occasionally being linked with spontaneous stabilization. Hence, no precise guidelines exist regarding treatment modalities. Therefore, the aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive review of the efficacy of existing therapeutic modalities for FFA and to highlight novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Woźniacka
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doche I, Valente N, Sotto MN, Rivitti-Machado MC, Aoki V, Gerlero P, Hordinsky MK. Correlation of clinical, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescence findings in lesional and nonlesional scalp of frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planopilaris - An observational study. JAAD Int 2023; 13:7-9. [PMID: 37575512 PMCID: PMC10413340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Doche
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neusa Valente
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian N. Sotto
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Gerlero
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria K. Hordinsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Verma S, Marak A, Paul D, Dey B. A Retrospective Study of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia from North-East India. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:598-602. [PMID: 38371592 PMCID: PMC10868975 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_290_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is an important cause of scarring alopecia seen mostly in post-menopausal women but sometimes in pre-menopausal women and men. Although considered a variant of lichen planopilaris due to its histopathological characteristics, it has distinct clinical features and associations, which make it a unique entity. We hereby report a series of patients with FFA from North-East India. Aims and Objective This study aimed to analyse the clinical and histopathological characteristics of FFA. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analysed clinical records and histopathological features of FFA cases diagnosed in the Dermatology Outpatient Department from April 2013 to February 2023. Results A total of 21 patients, who were diagnosed with FFA from April 2013 to February 2023, were analysed. Of these, 19 patients were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 9.5:1. The mean age of study population was 48.33 years. The majority of the patients were from the post-menopausal age group (15/19 females, 78.94%). Lichen planus pigmentosus (6, 28.57%) was the most commonly associated disease, followed by androgenetic alopecia and lichen planopilaris (2 each, 9.52%). The main histological features noted were perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate in 18 (85.71%), followed by hydropic degeneration of basal follicular keratinocytes in 15 (71.42%) and melanin incontinence in 14 (66.66%) patients. Conclusion Our study is the first study from North-East India focusing on the clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of FFA. Furthermore, with respect to the recent development in FFA, our study attempted to determine the clinical significance of the proposed criteria for the diagnosis of FFA patients by Tolkachjov et al. (2018), viz. International FFA Cooperative Group Criteria (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Verma
- From the Department of Dermatology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Anita Marak
- From the Department of Dermatology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Debopriya Paul
- From the Department of Dermatology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Biswajit Dey
- Department of Pathology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kinoshita-Ise M, Fukuyama M, Ohyama M. Recent Advances in Understanding of the Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Hair Loss Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093259. [PMID: 37176700 PMCID: PMC10179687 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair-loss diseases comprise heterogenous conditions with respective pathophysiology and clinicopathological characteristics. Major breakthroughs in hair follicle biology and immunology have led to the elucidation of etiopathogenesis of non-scarring alopecia (e.g., alopecia areata, AA) and cicatricial alopecia (e.g., lichen planopilaris, LPP). High-throughput genetic analyses revealed molecular mechanism underlying the disease susceptibility of hair loss conditions, such as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL). Hair loss attracted public interest during the COVID-19 pandemic. The knowledge of hair loss diseases is robustly expanding and thus requires timely updates. In this review, the diagnostic and measurement methodologies applied to hair loss diseases are updated. Of note, novel criteria and classification/scoring systems published in the last decade are reviewed, highlighting their advantages over conventional ones. Emerging diagnostic techniques are itemized with clinical pearls enabling efficient utilization. Recent advances in understanding the etiopathogenesis and management for representative hair diseases, namely AGA, FPHL, AA, and major primary cicatricial alopecia, including LPP, are comprehensively summarized, focusing on causative factors, genetic predisposition, new disease entity, and novel therapeutic options. Lastly, the association between COVID-19 and hair loss is discussed to delineate telogen effluvium as the predominating pathomechanism accounting for this sequela.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Kinoshita-Ise
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karim N, Mirmirani P, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rice RH. Protein profiling of forehead epidermal corneocytes distinguishes frontal fibrosing from androgenetic alopecia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283619. [PMID: 37000833 PMCID: PMC10065298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein profiling offers an effective approach to characterizing how far epidermis departs from normal in disease states. The present pilot investigation tested the hypothesis that protein expression in epidermal corneocytes is perturbed in the forehead of subjects exhibiting frontal fibrosing alopecia. To this end, samples were collected by tape stripping from subjects diagnosed with this condition and compared to those from asymptomatic control subjects and from those exhibiting androgenetic alopecia. Unlike the latter, which exhibited only 3 proteins significantly different from controls in expression level, forehead samples from frontal fibrosing alopecia subjects displayed 72 proteins significantly different from controls, nearly two-thirds having lower expression. The results demonstrate frontal fibrosing alopecia exhibits altered corneocyte protein expression in epidermis beyond the scalp, indicative of a systemic condition. They also provide a basis for quantitative measures of departure from normal by assaying forehead epidermis, useful in monitoring response to treatment while avoiding invasive biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paradi Mirmirani
- Department of Dermatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Vallejo, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nguyen B, Hu JK, Tosti A. Eyebrow and Eyelash Alopecia: A Clinical Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:55-67. [PMID: 36183302 PMCID: PMC9870835 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Madarosis is characterized by either complete or partial loss of eyebrow or eyelash hair. Etiologies for madarosis are varied, and accurate diagnosis is the first step in clinical management. Many studies have described findings related to specific causes of madarosis, but few have summarized the collective literature. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview on the symptomatology, diagnosis, trichoscopy findings, and treatment of eyebrow and eyelash alopecia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Nguyen
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1295 NW 14th St, Suite L, Miami, FL, 33125, USA.
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Jamie Katy Hu
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1295 NW 14th St, Suite L, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1295 NW 14th St, Suite L, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lobato-Berezo A, Gonzalez-Farré M, Marcantonio O, Pujol RM. Dystrophic xanthomization secondary to lichen planus pigmentosus associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7251-7252. [PMID: 36205600 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orianna Marcantonio
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kopera D, Cerroni L, Trüeb R. [Frontal hypopigmentation with band-like alopecia]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 73:744-746. [PMID: 35347356 PMCID: PMC9427918 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Kopera
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036, Graz, Österreich.
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036, Graz, Österreich
| | - Ralph Trüeb
- Haarcenter Wallisellen, Wallisellen, Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
[Frontal fibrosing alopecia-update]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:344-352. [PMID: 35394176 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients presenting with frontal fibrosing alopecia (FAA) is increasing not only in hair clinics. The recognition of the peculiar clinical pattern and associated symptoms is an important prerequisite to ensure adequate counseling and therapeutic management of the patients. Experimental studies and a range of case series give first insights into the pathogenesis, possible trigger factors, clinical course of disease and treatment options. The clinical spectrum of FFA extends beyond the typical recession of the frontal hair line initially observed in postmenopausal women. Younger women, men and rarely adolescents may also be affected. Band-like extension to the occiput, diffuse bitemporal hair thinning, eyebrow and body hair involvement as well as facial papules are part of the clinical spectrum. Similar to lichen planopilaris, inflammation and fibrosis with involvement of the stem cell region result in permanent loss of hair follicles. Which additional factors contribute to the characteristic pattern remains to be elucidated. Currently, therapeutic management largely relies on anti-inflammatory treatment with combined topical, intralesional and systemic administration depending on disease activity. The chronic progressive course, sometimes even in the absence of pronounced inflammation remains a challenge for both the affected individuals and the treating physicians. Controlled studies are required to develop evidence-based recommendations and to explore novel treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cummins DM, Marshall C, Asfour L, Bryden A, Champagne C, Chiang YZ, Fairhurst D, Farrant P, Heal C, Holmes S, Joliffe V, Jones J, Kaur MR, Meah N, Messenger A, Mowbray M, Takwale A, Tziotzios C, Wade M, Wong S, Zaheri S, Harries M. Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia survey of severity assessment methods in routine clinical practice and validation of the IFFACG measurement guidance. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:903-909. [PMID: 34826169 DOI: 10.1111/ced.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of validated and responsive outcome measures in the management of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) significantly limits our ability to assess disease progression and treatment response over time. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to understand how FFA extent and progression is currently assessed in UK specialist centres, validate components of the International FFA Cooperative Group (IFFACG) statement on FFA assessment, and identify pragmatic advice to improve FFA management in clinic. METHODS Consultant Dermatologists with a specialist interest in hair loss (n=17) were invited to take part. Preferred FFA assessment methods were explored using questionnaires and clinical scenarios. Participants were asked to identify and mark the current hairline in 10 frontal and 10 temporal hairline images, with assessment repeated 3 months later (to assess intra-individual variability) and 12 months later (to test whether inter-individual accuracy could be improved with simple instruction). RESULTS All 17 clinicians (100%) completed the questionnaire at each time interval. We identified a wide variation in assessment techniques between our experts. Measurements were perceived as the most accurate method of assessing frontal recession whereas photography was preferred for temporal recession. Inter-rater reliability between clinicians measuring the frontal hairline scenarios indicated a moderate strength of agreement (ICC 0.613; 95% CI: 0.398 to 0.848), yet intra-rater reliability was found to be poor with wide limits of agreement (-8.71mm to 9.92mm) on follow-up. Importantly, when clear guidance was provided on how the hairline should be identified (questionnaire 3), inter-rater reliability improved significantly, with an ICC 0.702 suggesting moderate agreement (95% CI: 0.508 to 0.890; p<0.001). A similar pattern was seen with temporal hairline measurements, which again improved in accuracy with instruction. CONCLUSION We show that accuracy of measurements in FFA can be improved with simple instruction and validate components of the IFFACG measurement recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Cummins
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C Marshall
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - L Asfour
- Sinclair Dermatology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Bryden
- Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Champagne
- Department of Dermatology, Watford General Hospital, West Hertfordshire Hospitals, Vicarage Rd, Watford, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Y Z Chiang
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Fairhurst
- Department of Dermatology, Pontefract General Infirmary, Friarwood Lane, Pontefract, West Yorkshire, WF8 1PL, UK
| | - P Farrant
- Department of Dermatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, BN2 3EW, UK
| | - C Heal
- Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Holmes
- Alan Lyell Centre for Dermatology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - V Joliffe
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - J Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK and The Hospital of St. John and St. Elizabeth, St. John's Wood, London, NW8 9NH, UK
| | - M R Kaur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Solihull, B91 2JL, UK
| | - N Meah
- Department of Dermatology, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St Helens, UK
| | - A Messenger
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - M Mowbray
- Department of Dermatology, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, KY12 0SU, UK
| | - A Takwale
- Department of Dermatology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, UK
| | - C Tziotzios
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Wade
- The London Skin and Hair Clinic, London, WC1V 7DN, UK
| | - S Wong
- HCA, The Shard, St. Thomas Street, London, SE1 9BS
| | - S Zaheri
- Department of Dermatology, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - M Harries
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kinoshita-Ise M. Refining the diagnosis and assessment methodology in frontal fibrosing alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:1092-1093. [PMID: 34605004 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Kinoshita-Ise
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|