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Meunier S, Harroche A, Rauch A, Bally C, Huguenin Y, Voltzenlogel R, Tabélé C, Chambost H, Balençon M. Severe haemorrhages leading to a diagnosis of rare bleeding disorder occur at a very young age: A study from the FranceCoag network. Haemophilia 2024; 30:981-987. [PMID: 38738973 DOI: 10.1111/hae.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the context of severe unexplained haemorrhage (SH), it is usual to seek haematological evaluation and investigate for an inherited rare bleeding disorder (IRBD). In such circumstances, appropriate screen can discriminate between IRBD and suspected child abuse. Yet, little information is available about the frequency of SH in the population of patients with IRBD. AIM To collect epidemiologic data about SH and IRBD. METHOD The database of the FranceCoag network has collected information about IRBD since January 2004. Based on data gathered up to 16 March 2022, a retrospective search was conducted for of SH events having occurred before or at the time of IRBD diagnosis. Demographics and diagnosis circumstances were retrieved, as well as information about SH, defined as any life-threatening bleeding or intracranial haemorrhage. RESULTS Among the 13,433 patients of the database, 109 (0.8%) fulfilled inclusion criteria including a known date of IRBD diagnosis, haemophilia A or B (HA/HB) being the most frequent (82.5%). IRBD was discovered as a consequence of an SH event in 82.6% of the cases while CNS was involved in 55%. Severe and moderate HA/HB and other severe IRBD presented significantly more intracranial haemorrhage (p < .02) and a lower age at diagnosis (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS These data support that any unusual SH should raise a suspicion of IRBD. Particularly before 1-year of age, it is suggested to first confirm moderate or severe haemophilia and severe IRBD by standard coagulation tests (APTT, PT and fibrinogen), combined with a clotting FXIII assay as first-line investigation. Subsequent assays of coagulation factors should be performed in the case of abnormal values, in second-line investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Meunier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon- Centre de Référence Hémophilie - Unité d'Hémostase Clinique CHU de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Annie Harroche
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique Centre de Traitement de l'Hémophilie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Rauch
- Unité d'Hémostase Clinique et Biologique - Pôle d'Hématologie Transfusion - Institut Cœur Poumon, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Bally
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique Centre de Traitement de l'Hémophilie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Huguenin
- Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Maladies Hémorragiques Constitutionnelles, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Chambost
- Centre de Traitement des Hémophiles, Hôpital Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Balençon
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Caen & Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
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Moghadam AA, Manafzadeh AR, Nikoonia MR, Dajliry K, Ramezan F, Tabibian S. Molecular and clinical profile of rare bleeding disorders: A single-center retrospective study. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103921. [PMID: 38614915 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to their low frequency, there is little information on the molecular pathologies of rare bleeding disorders (RBD). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the molecular and clinical profiles of patients with RBD. METHODS A retrospective single-center study was conducted among patients with factor (F) II, FVII, FX, and FXIII deficiencies between March 20, 2000, and June 31, 2023. Data on patient demographics, genetic analysis, and laboratory results were documented for all patients. The disease severity was classified according to the clotting factor activity (except FXIII) as follows: >5%: mild, 1-5%: moderate, and <1%: severe. RESULTS A total of 79 patients were enrolled in this study. Three of the cases had FII (3.7%), 40 had FVII (50.6%), 20 had FX (25.3%), and 16 had FXIII deficiency (20.2%). The median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was six months for FII, 6.5 years for FVII, five months for FX, and 5.75 months for FXIII deficiencies, respectively. The major clinical manifestations were bruising, epistaxis, oral cavity bleeding, ecchymosis, and hemarthrosis. Consanguinity was present in 60 (76%) of patients. The majority of the patients had missense mutations. FVII mutations occurred primarily in exon 6, FX mutations affected mainly exons 2 and 7, and the majority of FXIII mutations occurred in exons 3 and 4. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of the causative mutations in patients with RBD provides an insight into the underlying molecular basis of these disorders and probably explains their variable clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ahmadfard Moghadam
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Manafzadeh
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Shadi Tabibian
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran.
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Savard P, Leguy-Seguin V, Chavy C, Genre-Volot F, Callegarin A, Amiral J, Bonnotte B, Lecompte T, de Maistre E. Iodoacetamide blank compensation in FXIII functional assays: Is it still necessary? Int J Lab Hematol 2023; 45:969-971. [PMID: 37293692 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Savard
- Laboratory Haematology, University Hospital Centre of Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Leguy-Seguin
- Division of Internal Medicine, Competence Centre for Autoimmune Cytopenia, University Hospital Centre of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Camille Chavy
- Division of Paediatrics, University Hospital Centre of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Genre-Volot
- Resources and Competence Centre for Constitutional Bleeding Disorders, University Hospital Centre of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Anamaria Callegarin
- Resources and Competence Centre for Constitutional Bleeding Disorders, University Hospital Centre of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Bernard Bonnotte
- Division of Internal Medicine, Competence Centre for Autoimmune Cytopenia, University Hospital Centre of Dijon, Dijon, France
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Lecompte
- Laboratory Haematology, University Hospital Centre of Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Faculty of medicine, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel de Maistre
- Laboratory Haematology, University Hospital Centre of Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperfibrinolysis induced by factor XIII deficiency (FXIIID) is extremely rare, and patients with no manifestations of active bleeding can easily and frequently be neglected in clinical practice, leading to a missed diagnosis. Herein, we report a rare case of idiopathic FXIIID with secondary hyperfibrinolysis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 69-year-old man presented with ecchymosis of the right arm and chest wall. DIAGNOSIS Considering the clinical picture, coagulation function test results, and FXIII activity, the patient was finally diagnosed with hyperfibrinolysis secondary to acquired factor XIII deficiency. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with fresh frozen plasma, aminomethylbenzoic acid, a prothrombin complex, etamsylate, dexamethasone, and cryoprecipitate. OUTCOMES The patient improved and was discharged after factor replacement therapy, and no further bleeding was reported 1 month after discharge. CONCLUSION This case report illustrates that the complications of Factor XIII deficiency may include hyperfibrinolysis. Since timely diagnosis of FXIIID is challenging, detailed coagulation factor examinations are needed for definitive diagnosis. It has been suggested that gene testing and antibody testing can help in diagnosis. If ideal treatment is not available, alternative treatment should be provided to reduce bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsu Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Lu’an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Lu’an People's Hospital, Luan, Anhui 237000, China
| | - Dengju Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000 China
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Department of Hematology, The Lu’an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Lu’an People's Hospital, Luan, Anhui 237000, China
- *Correspondence: Meiqi Ding, The Lu’ an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Lu’an People's Hospital, Luan, Anhui 237000, China (e-mail: )
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Rauch A, Valentino LA, Mills K, Witkop ML, Santaella ME, DiMichele D, Recht M, Susen S. Big picture initiatives in bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2022; 28 Suppl 4:53-60. [PMID: 35521733 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inherited bleeding disorders (IBD) community has witnessed significant therapeutic advances recently, yet important gaps persist, particularly for those with rare disorders and historically underserved populations. AIMS -To create a national research blueprint agenda, led by the National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF), enhancing patient-centric principles, accelerate research progress and address important gaps in care. -To review critical gaps that remain to be addressed in women with IBDs, who face specific bleeding challenges. METHODS The NHF research blueprint research agenda was defined by input from across the community, including caregivers and patients who are considered subject matter experts of their IBD, research leaders, allied health professionals and specialists, and representatives of the biopharmaceutical industry. In addition, two medical experts in the field of IBDs performed a comprehensive review to address the knowledge gaps in women with IBDs. RESULTS Two foundational principles of the NHF blueprint are: (1) it must deliver on key issues that significantly impact the lives of those affected by IBDs, and (2) the priorities defined are relevant and actionable aimed to achieve health equity among all those affected by IBDs. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for an optimal management of puberty, transition to adulthood and pregnancy. Even if strict guidelines are followed, recent studies show that women with IBDs are still facing a high burden. CONCLUSION NHF blueprint will be issued in 2022. A specific research agenda is needed in women with IBDs to further improve their management and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard A Valentino
- National Hemophilia Foundation, New York, New York, USA.,Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin Mills
- National Hemophilia Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael Recht
- American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Susen
- CHU Lille, Hematology Transfusion, LILLE, France
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6
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Measuring Factor XIII Inhibitors in Patients with Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Current Practices in Japan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061699. [PMID: 35330024 PMCID: PMC8955945 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare but serious coagulopathy. FXIII is critical in blood coagulation, and FXIII deficiencies can lead to uncontrolled or spontaneous bleeding. FXIII deficiencies can be congenital or acquired; acquired FXIII deficiency can be categorized as autoimmune and non-autoimmune. Immunological tests to measure FXIII inhibitors are required to diagnose acquired FXIII deficiency; however, appropriate test facilities are limited, which increases the turnaround time of these tests. In the case of critical bleeding, delayed test results may worsen prognosis due to delayed treatment. Here, we report a case of acquired FXIII deficiency, followed by a review of FXIII deficiency cases in Japan. We performed a systematic review to investigate the present conditions of the diagnosis and treatment of FXIII deficiency, including the measurement of FXIII inhibitors in Japan. FXIII inhibitor testing was only performed in 29.7 of acquired FXIII deficiency cases. Clinical departments other than internal medicine and pediatrics were often involved in medical treatment at the time of onset. Therefore, it is important for doctors in clinical departments other than internal medicine and pediatrics to consider FXIII deficiency and perform FXIII inhibitor testing when examining patients with prolonged bleeding of unknown cause or persistent bleeding after trauma.
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Tony S, Mevada R, Al Rawas A, Wali Y, Elshinawy M. Rare inherited coagulation disorders in young children in Oman. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:48-61. [PMID: 34016020 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1928801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rare coagulation disorders represent 3-5% of all inherited coagulation deficiencies and are usually inherited as autosomal recessive. Oman has high rate of consanguineous marriages; we aimed to study the prevalence, presentation and management in affected Omani children. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study in pediatric patients with rare coagulation disorders in a tertiary hospital in Oman from 2009 to 2020. Results: Rare coagulation disorders were diagnosed in 79 patients (39 males/40 females), aged 1 day to 13 years, accounting for 24.7% (79/319) of all children with inherited coagulation disorders; remainder included patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. FXI deficiency was most common with prevalence of 39.2%, followed by fibrinogen disorders 32.9%, FVII 18.9%, FV 5%, FXIII 2.5%, and FX deficiencies 1.2%. Manifestations ranged from mild to serious to rare/atypical; presentation at birth, ruptured-hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, splenic laceration-rupture, and sight-threatening retrobulbar-intraocular hemorrhage. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) occurred in 9/79 patients, it was initial mode of presentation in seven of them. Global developmental delay as a complication occurred in three. Standardized treatment strategies were used with prophylaxis initiation early in life in severely affected children. Conclusions: This ethnic group demonstrated unique features in terms of: heterogenous/atypical presentations; severe manifestations in moderate phenotype hypofibrinogenemia; clinical severity and laboratory phenotype correlation in FV deficiency; poor association between factor activity level and bleeding severity in FVII deficiency and severe bleeding tendency despite moderate laboratory phenotype in FXIII deficiency. We recommend multicenter collaboration to identify the genotype-phenotype correlation and therapeutic options of such rare, yet serious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha Tony
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman
| | | | - Abdulhakim Al Rawas
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman
| | - Yasser Wali
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman
| | - Mohamed Elshinawy
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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8
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Pelcovits A, Schiffman F, Niroula R. Factor XIII Deficiency: A Review of Clinical Presentation and Management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:1171-1180. [PMID: 34607717 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that can result in life-threatening bleeding and early fetal loss. FXIII not only is responsible for cross-linking fibrinogen to stabilize and strengthen clot formation but also facilitates wound healing and angiogenesis and plays an important role in fetal vitality. Modern therapeutics allow for prophylactic treatment that can prevent most major bleeding and increasing fetal viability. Early diagnosis is paramount due to the high risk of intracranial bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pelcovits
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Fred Schiffman
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Rabin Niroula
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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9
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Drumond A, Camelo RM. Quality of life of people with hereditary factor XIII deficiency treated at a reference centre. Haemophilia 2021; 27:e649-e653. [PMID: 34329524 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Drumond
- HEMOMINAS Foundation, Alameda Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Mesquita Camelo
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Xu PP, Ding BJ, Li MJ, Liu JP, Liu L, Xia A, Liu WQ, Zhou KS, Zhao HF, Zhou H, Song YP. [Hereditary coagulation factor XIII deficiency: three cases report and literaure review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:256-258. [PMID: 33910314 PMCID: PMC8081941 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - B J Ding
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - M J Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - J P Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - A Xia
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - W Q Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Units, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - K S Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - H F Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Y P Song
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou 450008, China
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11
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Hemorrhagic Shock after Neonatal Circumcision: Severe Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency. Case Rep Pediatr 2021; 2021:5550199. [PMID: 34007504 PMCID: PMC8110377 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5550199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A Caucasian male infant born full term via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery was given vitamin K after birth, circumcised on day of life (DOL) 1, and discharged from the nursery on DOL 2. At the time of circumcision, oozing from the surgical site was noted and initially resolved with silver nitrate. Over the next two days, he presented to local emergency rooms multiple times for recurrent bleeding, eventually developing hemorrhagic shock resulting in admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. After extensive work up, he was ultimately diagnosed with severe congenital factor XIII deficiency. Congenital factor XIII deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by normal prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) coagulation labs on routine screening, and has a high risk of complications, such as spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Although uncommon, when caring for a child with bleeding, physicians must have a high index of suspicion to make this diagnosis in order to initiate proper treatment and start prophylaxis given the risk of morbidity and mortality in untreated patients.
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12
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Mahlangu JN, Blanchette V, Klamroth R. Redefining prophylaxis in the modern era. Haemophilia 2021; 27 Suppl 3:21-27. [PMID: 32469108 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prophylaxis is the globally accepted standard of care for persons with haemophilia and presents many advantages over episodic treatment. The prophylaxis benefits include bleed reduction, reduction in musculoskeletal complications and improvement in the quality of life. The currently evolving novel therapies for the management of haemophilia has ushered a new era characterized by improved prophylaxis targets and outcomes. These redefined targets and outcomes have necessitated the need to also redefine prophylaxis. In this state-of-the-art review, we redefine prophylaxis in the modern era by revisiting its definition, presenting data to support higher trough levels to achieve with prophylaxis and introducing steady-state haemostasis as a possible new target for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny N Mahlangu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Haemophilia Comprehensive Care, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand and the NHLS, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Blanchette
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Klamroth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemophilia Treatment Centre, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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