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Prikhodko IV, Guria GT. The method for assessing the specificity of developing CAR therapies. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2024; 4:100172. [PMID: 39025235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2024.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antitumor chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy mainly dealt with an elevated sensitivity of CAR cells to target cells. However, CAR therapies are associated with nonspecific side effects: on-target off-tumor toxicity. Sensitivity and specificity of CAR cells are the most important properties of the recognition process of target cells among other cells. Current developments are mainly concentrated on exploring molecular biology methods for designing CAR cells with the highest sensitivity, while the problem of the CAR cell specificity is rarely considered. For the assessment of CAR cell specificity, we suggest that, in addition to an elevated level of CAR-antigen affinity, the ability of CARs for clustering should be taken into account. We assume that the CAR cell cytotoxicity is determined by CAR clustering. The latter is treated within the framework of nucleation theory. The master equation for the probability of CAR cell cytotoxicity is derived. The size of a critical CAR cluster is found to be one of two most essential parameters. The conditions for necessary sensitivity and sufficient specificity are explored. Relevant parametric diagrams are derived. Possible applications of the method for assessing the specificity of developing CAR therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Prikhodko
- Laboratory for Mathematical Modelling of Biological Processes, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Th Guria
- Laboratory for Mathematical Modelling of Biological Processes, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Chair of the Living Systems Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
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2
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Ahmed G, Alsouqi A, Szabo A, Samples L, Shadman M, Awan FT, Rojek AE, Riedell PA, Iqbal M, Fenske TS, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ito S, Hamadani M. CAR T-cell therapy in mantle cell lymphoma with secondary CNS involvement: a multicenter experience. Blood Adv 2024; 8:3528-3531. [PMID: 38701405 PMCID: PMC11261102 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gulrayz Ahmed
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Aseel Alsouqi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aniko Szabo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Laura Samples
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mazyar Shadman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Farrukh T. Awan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Alexandra E. Rojek
- David and Etta Jonas Center for Cellular Therapy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter A. Riedell
- David and Etta Jonas Center for Cellular Therapy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Madiha Iqbal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Timothy S. Fenske
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Sawa Ito
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mehdi Hamadani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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3
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Chong EA, Chong ER, Therwhanger D, Nasta SD, Landsburg DJ, Barta SK, Svoboda J, Gerson JN, Ghilardi G, Paruzzo L, Fraietta JA, Weber E, Stefano N, Porter DL, Frey NV, Garfall AL, Ruella M, Schuster SJ. Bendamustine as Lymphodepletion for Brexucabtagene Autoleucel Therapy of Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:726.e1-726.e8. [PMID: 38494076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel) is an autologous CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy approved for treatment of relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). During a fludarabine shortage, we used bendamustine as an alternative to standard cyclophosphamide/fludarabine (cy/flu) lymphodepletion (LD) prior to brexu-cel. We assessed MCL patient outcomes as well as CAR T-cell expansion and persistence after brexu-cel following bendamustine or cy/flu LD at our center. This was a retrospective single institution study that utilized prospectively banked blood and tissue samples. Clinical efficacy was assessed by 2014 Lugano guidelines. CAR T-cell expansion and persistence in peripheral blood were assessed on day 7 and at ≥month 6 for patients with available samples. Seventeen patients received bendamustine and 5 received cy/flu. For the bendamustine cohort, 14 (82%) received bridging therapy and 4 (24%) had CNS involvement. Fifteen patients (88%) developed CRS with 4 (24%) ≥grade 3 events. Six (35%) patients developed ICANS with 4 (24%) events ≥grade 3. No patient had ≥grade 3 cytopenias at day 90. Best objective (BOR) and complete response (CRR) rates were 82% and 65%, respectively. At 24.5 months median follow-up, 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) was 45%, 24-month PFS was 25%, and median duration of response was 19 months. Median OS was not reached. BOR was 25% (1/4) for patients with CNS involvement. CAR transgene expansion after bendamustine LD was observed on day 7 in all (4/4) patients tested and persisted at ≥6 months (2/2), regardless of response. Bendamustine LD before brexu-cel for MCL is feasible and safe with a lower frequency and shorter duration of cytopenias than reported for cy/flu. Both CAR T-cell expansion and persistence were observed after bendamustine LD. Outcomes appear comparable to the real world outcomes reported with cy/flu LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Emeline R Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dylan Therwhanger
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunita D Nasta
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Landsburg
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan K Barta
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jakub Svoboda
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Gerson
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guido Ghilardi
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Weber
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Natalie Stefano
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alfred L Garfall
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Ryan CE, Kumar A. Dismantling relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Blood Rev 2024:101221. [PMID: 38906740 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advancements in the general field of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, effective treatment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains a challenge. The development of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors has revolutionized the field and these agents are now the mainstay of R/R MCL management. However, BTK inhibitors are not curative, and as they are increasingly being incorporated into frontline regimens, the shifting treatment landscape for R/R disease presents new challenges. Here we review data for commonly employed treatment strategies including BTK inhibitors, the BCL2-inhibitor venetoclax, lenalidomide-based regimens, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. We additionally review data for promising novel agents including antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies before highlighting some emerging targeted agents that continue to bring promise for improved outcomes in R/R MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anita Kumar
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Lionel AC, Gurumurthi A, Fetooh A, Eldaya R, Ahmed S, Iyer SP, Nastoupil LJ, Westin J, Nair R, Fayad L, Malpica L, Tummala S, Flowers C, Neelapu SS, Wang ML, Jain P. Efficacy and safety of brexucabtagene autoleucel CAR T-cell therapy with BTK inhibitors in the treatment of relapsed mantle cell lymphoma with central nervous system involvement. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:669-673. [PMID: 38248629 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2304622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anath C Lionel
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashwath Gurumurthi
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Fetooh
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rami Eldaya
- Department of Neuroradiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Swaminathan P Iyer
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Loretta J Nastoupil
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Westin
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ranjit Nair
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Fayad
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Malpica
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Tummala
- Department of Neuro-oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Flowers
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Lewis KL, Cheah CY. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for mantle cell lymphoma with central nervous system involvement: Progress, but not perfect. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:701-703. [PMID: 37743427 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L Lewis
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Chan Y Cheah
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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