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Shepherd L, O'Carroll RE, Ferguson E. Assessing the influence of affective attitudes, demography and blood donor status on organ donor registration active decisions in opt-out systems. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:825-835. [PMID: 37968921 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231208531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to opt-in systems, relatively little is known about what influences whether or not people register a decision about organ donation in opt-out systems. We address this gap in the literature. Participants (N = 756) living in a country with opt-out consent (Wales, UK) provided information on demographics and blood donor status. Participants indicated whether they had opted-in or opted-out (i.e. active decision), or not registered a decision under the assumption of deemed consent. Subsequently, their negative emotional beliefs (or affective attitudes) towards organ donation were measured. Opting-in was associated with being younger, having donated blood and holding superstitious beliefs about donation (jinx). Disgust (ick factor) deterred opting-in, and bodily integrity concerns increased opting-out. Positive affective attitudes increased opting-in and deterred opting-out. Actively opting-in increases the likelihood of organs being transplanted, thus, modifying affective attitudes and targeting blood donors should enhance the number of donors available under opt-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eamonn Ferguson
- University of Nottingham, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, UK
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Pagani S, Hunter SC, Lawrence D, Elliott MA. Evaluating Mentors in Violence Prevention: A Longitudinal, Multilevel Assessment of Outcome Changes. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1390-1404. [PMID: 37097430 PMCID: PMC10127949 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to increase understanding of the effectiveness of bystander programmes targeting gender-based violence in the United Kingdom. There is also a need to utilise a robust theoretical models of decision-making while doing so. Changes were examined in bystanders' attitudes, beliefs, motivations towards intervening, and intervention behavior in situations of gender-based violence. To achieve this, a quantitative examination of Mentors in Violence Prevention was conducted. There were 1396 participants (50% female, 50% male) who were aged 11 to 14 years old (M = 12.25, SD = 0.84) attending high school at the first time point. Participants were attending 17 schools (53% Mentors in Violence Prevention and 47% control) in Scotland. Outcome variables were assessed approximately one year apart using questionnaires. Multilevel linear regressions revealed that Mentors in Violence Prevention did not change outcomes reflecting bystanders' attitudes, beliefs, motivations towards intervening, or intervention behavior in gender-based violence. Discrepancies between the current findings and those of other evaluations may be due to other studies including small numbers of schools that may be more motivated to implement the program. This study also identified two key issues that need to be addressed at stakeholder level before concluding that Mentors in Violence Prevention is ineffective at targeting gender-based violence. That the program has moved towards a more gender-neutral approach in the United Kingdom could explain the null results of this study. Furthermore, the current findings could be attributed to a failure to adequately address the theoretical model underpinning the program in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pagani
- University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon C Hunter
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - David Lawrence
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Mark A Elliott
- University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK
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Pagani S, Hunter SC, Elliott MA. Evaluating the Mentors in Violence Prevention Program: A Process Examination of How Implementation Can Affect Gender-Based Violence Outcomes. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4390-4415. [PMID: 35904283 PMCID: PMC9850381 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is a global public health issue and major human rights concern. It is also a type of violence that is disproportionately experienced by women and girls. This study is the first to examine multiple implementation process (dosage, fidelity, and adaptation) effects on changes in anticipated outcomes of a school-based bystander program targeting gender-based violence, Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP). Data were collected from two participant groups: mentees (students receiving MVP) and mentors (students delivering MVP), across nine participating high schools. The mentee sample comprised 698 students (about 48.9% males and 49.7% females), aged 11 to 14 years old (M = 11.86, SD = 0.64). The mentor sample comprised 118 students (17.80% males, 82.20% females), aged 15 to 18 years old (M = 16.42, SD = 0.60). Anticipated outcomes were changes in bystanders' attitudes, social influences, control perceptions, intentions, willingness, and intervention behavior, measured using mentees' self-reports at two time points approximately 1 year apart. Implementation processes were measured using mentors' self-reports. Analyses revealed no effects for any of the implementation variables across changes in any of the outcomes measured. These results highlight important implications for the implementation of the MVP program going forward, given its widespread implementation in the United Kingdom. Possible ways that MVP may be enhanced in future are discussed. For example, furthering understanding into how gender-based violence and bystander intervention are addressed and framed during MVP lessons would give more insight into how the current implementation of the program can be improved to maximize its potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon C. Hunter
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow,
UK
- University of Western Australia,
Crawley WA, Australia
- Simon C. Hunter, Glasgow Caledonian
University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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Pagani S, Hunter SC, Elliott MA. Bystander intervention among secondary school pupils: Testing an augmented Prototype Willingness Model. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1221-1244. [PMID: 35322436 PMCID: PMC9790461 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study augmented the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to assess reactive and deliberative decision-making underpinning bystander intervention in gender-based violence contexts. There were 2079 participants (50% male, 49% female, and 1% unreported), aged 11-15 years old (M = 12.32, SD = 0.91), attending 19 secondary schools across Scotland. Participants self-reported the augmented PWM variables, then their intervention behaviour approximately 1 month later. Path analyses mostly supported the predicted relationships between positive and negative bidimensional attitudes, subjective norms, prototype perceptions, perceived behavioural control, and self-efficacy on intentions and willingness. Willingness predicted positive (speaking with a teacher) and negative (doing nothing) intervention in less serious violence. Self-efficacy predicted negative intervention in more serious violence. Subjective norms positively moderated the attitudes-intentions relationship. Overall, the results suggested that reactive (willingness) more so than deliberative (intention) decision-making account for intervention when young people witness gender-based violence. Additionally, the findings highlight the complexity of bystander intervention decision-making, where adding control perceptions, bidimensional attitudes, and moderators have independent contributions. Furthermore, self-comparison to the typical bystander who positively intervenes (prototype perceptions) was the strongest predictor of intentions and willingness, highlighting in a novel way the importance of image and group membership on decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon C. Hunter
- Glasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgowUK,University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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Venema RM. Making Judgments: How Blame Mediates the Influence of Rape Myth Acceptance in Police Response to Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:2697-2722. [PMID: 27495113 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516662437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As research continues to describe negative experiences and high case attrition within sexual assault cases reported to the police, it is important to better understand the role of first-responding police officers. This study surveyed a sample of sworn police officers ( N = 174) from one department in a midsized city in the Great Lakes region to examine the effect of individual police officer characteristics, rape myth acceptance (RMA), attributions of blame, and case characteristics from a hypothetical vignette, on officer perceptions of a "good" case and behavioral intentions. Results found that although RMA predicts both perceptions of the case and behavioral intentions to respond in ways indicative of perceived seriousness, RMA is mediated by attributions of suspect blame. Victim alcohol use was found to decrease an officer's likelihood of responding more vigorously, showing less likelihood of calling a detective or arresting the suspect, if identified. Future research should begin to connect not only case characteristics but also individual police officer characteristics, attitudes, and attributions of blame, with real case outcomes, in addition to hypothetical scenarios.
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McCartan R, Elliott MA, Pagani S, Finnegan E, Kelly SW. Testing the effects of explicit and implicit bidimensional attitudes on objectively measured speeding behaviour. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:630-651. [PMID: 29601645 PMCID: PMC6055675 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bidimensional attitudes have been shown to independently predict behaviour, with the positive dimension of attitude being a stronger predictor of behaviour than the negative dimension (e.g., Elliott, Brewster, et al., 2015, Br. J. Psychol, 106, 656). However, this positivity bias has been demonstrated with explicit attitude measures only and explicit attitude measures tap deliberative processes rather than automatic processes, which are known to be important in the execution of many behaviours. The aim of this study was to test whether implicit bidimensional attitudes can account for variance in speeding behaviour over and above explicit bidimensional attitudes and whether the positivity bias that is typically found with explicit attitudes generalizes to implicit attitudes. A total of 131 drivers completed a questionnaire measuring their explicit bidimensional attitudes towards speeding. They also completed Implicit Association Tests measuring their implicit bidimensional attitudes. Two weeks later, speeding behaviour was measured using a driving simulator. Explicit attitudes accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in subsequent speeding behaviour. Implicit attitudes accounted for a statistically significant increment to explained variance. The positive dimension of both explicit and implicit attitudes predicted speeding behaviour but the negative dimensions did not. Theoretical implications for understanding the potential attitudinal causes of behaviour and practical implications for behaviour‐change interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McCartan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark A Elliott
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stefania Pagani
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eimear Finnegan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steve W Kelly
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Time perspectives and convenience food consumption among teenagers in Vietnam: The dual role of hedonic and healthy eating values. Food Res Int 2017; 99:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Elliott MA, McCartan R, Brewster SE, Coyle D, Emerson L, Gibson K. An application of the prototype willingness model to drivers' speeding behaviour. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Elliott
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Rebecca McCartan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Sarah E. Brewster
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Dionne Coyle
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Lindsey Emerson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Kayleigh Gibson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
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Andrade L, Zazpe I, Santiago S, Carlos S, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA. Ten-Year Changes in Healthy Eating Attitudes in the SUN Cohort. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:319-329. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1278566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Andrade
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro Nutribalance, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Itziar Zazpe
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pamplona
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Santiago
- University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Carlos
- University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pamplona
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pamplona
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel-Angel Martínez-González
- University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pamplona
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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