Safety and diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous biopsy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Diagnosing upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A review of the role of diagnostic ureteroscopy and novel developments over last two decades

Objective

The role of ureteroscopy in the diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma is yet to be fully determined. We aimed to provide an up to date evaluation of its role and the emerging technologies in the field.

Methods

A literature search of the last two decades (from 24th May, 2001 to 24th May, 2021) was carried out identifying 147 papers for potential inclusion within this narrative review.

Results

Diagnostic ureteroscopy is undeniably useful in its ability to visualise and biopsy indeterminate lesions, and to risk stratify malignant lesions that may be suitable for kidney sparing surgery. However, an increased risk of intravesical recurrence following nephroureterectomy when a prior diagnostic ureteroscopy has been performed, inadequate sampling at biopsy, complications from the procedure, and difficult ureteric access are all potential drawbacks. Furthermore, whilst generally an accurate diagnostic procedure, it risks missing carcinoma in-situ lesions. Despite this, evidence shows that routine use of ureteroscopy changes the management of patients in a large proportion of cases, preventing unnecessary surgery or facilitating kidney sparing surgery. The overall rate of complications is low, and improved biopsy techniques and the use of tissue biomarkers for improved staging and grading are encouraging. The risks of delays to definitive management and post-ureteroscopy intravesical recurrence do not seem to affect survival, and trials are in progress to determine whether intravesical therapy can mitigate the latter. Further promising techniques are being investigated to improve shortcomings, particularly in relation to improved diagnosis of carcinoma in situ and preoperative staging.

Conclusion

Ureteroscopy has a role in the diagnosis of upper tract malignancy, though whether it should be used routinely is yet to be determined.

Percutaneous Nephroureteral Stent Placement and Antegrade Forceps Biopsy of Ureteral Obstruction

PURPOSE

To evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous transluminal ureteral biopsy (PTUB) combined with percutaneous nephroureteral stent placement for ureteral obstruction under fluoroscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From September 2011 to July 2021, 37 patients (27 men and 10 women; median age, 65.0 years) who experienced ureteroscopic biopsy failure or refused or were unable to undergo ureteroscopic biopsy underwent PTUB for ureteral obstruction during nephroureteral stent placement under fluoroscopic guidance. Data on technical success, early adverse events, and radiation dose were collected. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) of PTUB were analyzed.

RESULTS

The technical success of PTUB was 89.2%, with a mean irradiation dose of 76.9 mGy·cm2 ± 12.2. A total of 67.6% (25/37) of the cases were correctly diagnosed with malignancy, whereas 8 cases were confirmed to be true negatives. There were 4 false negatives and no false positives. PTUB had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and OA of 86.2% (25/29), 100% (8/8), 100% (25/25), 66.7% (8/12), and 89.2% (33/37), respectively. Eleven patients (29.7%) experienced Grade 1 adverse events (transient aggravated hematuria).

CONCLUSIONS

PTUB appears to be a safe and effective alternative to ureteroscopic biopsy for ureteral obstruction.

Route of Administration for UGN-101 and Impact on Oncological and Safety Outcomes

BACKGROUND

UGN-101 can be used for chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The gel can be administered via a retrograde route through a ureteral catheter or an antegrade route via a nephrostomy tube.

OBJECTIVE

To report outcomes of UGN-101 by route of administration.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

We performed a retrospective review of 132 patients from 15 institutions who were treated with UGN-101 for low-grade UTUC via retrograde versus antegrade administration.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Survival outcomes are reported per patient. Treatment, complications, and recurrence outcomes are reported per renal unit. Statistical analysis was performed for primary endpoints of oncological response and ureteral stricture occurrence.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

A total of 136 renal units were evaluated, comprising 78 retrograde and 58 antegrade instillations. Median follow-up was 7.4 mo. There were 120 cases (91%) of biopsy-proven low-grade UTUC. Tumors were in the renal pelvis alone in 89 cases (65%), in the ureter alone in 12 cases (9%), and in both in 35 cases (26%). Seventy-six patients (56%) had residual disease before UGN-101 treatment. Chemoablation with UGN-101 was used in 50/78 (64%) retrograde cases and 26/58 (45%) antegrade cases. A complete response according to inspection and cytology was achieved in 31 (48%) retrograde and 30 (60%) antegrade renal units (p = 0.1). Clavien grade 3 ureteral stricture occurred in 21 retrograde cases (32%) and only six (12%) antegrade cases (p < 0.01). Limitations include treatment bias, as patients in the antegrade group were more likely to undergo endoscopic mechanical ablation before UGN-101 instillation.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary results show a significantly lower rate of stricture occurrence with antegrade administration of UGN-101, with no apparent impact on oncological efficacy.

PATIENT SUMMARY

We compared results for two different delivery routes for the drug UGN-101 for treatment of cancer in the upper urinary tract. For the antegrade route, a tube is inserted through the skin into the kidney. For the retrograde route, a catheter is inserted past the bladder into the upper urinary tract. Our results show a lower rate of narrowing of the ureter (the tube draining urine from the kidney into the bladder) using the antegrade route, with no difference in cancer control.

Imaging in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Review

Medical imaging is a critical tool in the detection, staging, and treatment planning of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the different imaging techniques and modalities available clinically. This includes multidetector computed tomography (CT), multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and positron emission tomography (PET) for the detection, staging, and management of UTUC. In addition, we review the imaging techniques that are being developed and are on the horizon but have not yet made it to clinical practice. Firstly, we review the imaging findings of primary UTUC and the techniques across multiple modalities. We then discuss imaging findings of metastatic disease. Lastly, we describe the role of imaging in the surveillance after resection of primary UTUC based upon current guidelines.

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) Diagnosis and Risk Stratification: A Comprehensive Review

Diagnosis and risk stratification are cornerstones of therapeutic decisions in the management of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Diagnostic modalities provide data that can be integrated, to provide nomograms and stratification tools to predict survival and adverse outcomes. This study reviews cytology, ureterorenoscopy and the novel tools and techniques used with it (including photodynamic diagnosis, narrow-band imaging, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser endomicroscopy), and biopsy. Imaging modalities and novel biomarkers are discussed in another article. Patient- and tumor-related prognostic factors, their association with survival indices, and their roles in different scores and predictive tools are discussed. Patient-related factors include age, sex, ethnicity, tobacco consumption, surgical delay, sarcopenia, nutritional status, and several blood-based markers. Tumor-related prognosticators comprise stage, grade, presentation, location, multifocality, size, lymphovascular invasion, surgical margins, lymph node status, mutational landscape, architecture, histologic variants, and tumor-stroma ratio. The accuracy and validation of pre-operative predictive tools, which incorporate various prognosticators to predict the risk of muscle-invasive or non-organ confined disease, and help to decide on the surgery type (radical nephroureterectomy, or kidney-sparing procedures) are also investigated. Post-operative nomograms, which help decide on adjuvant chemotherapy and plan follow-up are explored. Finally, a revision of the current stratification of UTUC patients is endorsed.

Retroperitoneal urothelial carcinoma arising after bladder diverticulectomy: a case report

BACKGROUND

Urothelial carcinoma arises from the inner urothelial membrane of the renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder and often causes macrohematuria. Here, we report a rare case in which the patient developed non-symptomatic urothelial carcinoma anatomically outside the bladder wall 17 years after bladder diverticulectomy.

CASE PRESENTATION

An 82-year-old male patient previously underwent gastrectomy for stomach cancer and partial hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Follow-up computed tomography revealed a tumor in the retroperitoneal space, where a bladder diverticulum was removed 17 years earlier. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging suggested that the tumor was malignant with rectal invasion. Subsequent computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy revealed that the tumor was urothelial carcinoma. The patient underwent two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by pelvic exenteration with pelvic lymph node dissection. He is currently receiving adjuvant therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and has had no recurrence for 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is a helpful tool for predicting both tumor malignancy and invasion before a pathologically confirmed diagnosis. Although this case is rare, urologists should be aware of the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma after bladder diverticulectomy in cases of incomplete resection of the diverticulum.

Salvage Percutaneous Cryoablation for Bleeding Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

PURPOSE

Endoscopic access and treatment of bleeding upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCS) is sometimes difficult and inefficient as resection and/or laser coagulation are often incomplete. We report two cases of successful cryoablation of bleeding UTUCs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study evaluated an adjunctive method in using cryoablation as a hemostatic technique. Cryoprobes were inserted inside the affected calices and a standard renal cryoablation protocol was used. Track ablation was performed during the pullback of the cryoprobes to prevent tumor seeding and bleeding.

RESULTS

Cryoablation of the bleeding upper urinary tract tumors allowed to efficiently resolve macrohematuria in both patients and to provide prolonged remission in one patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Taking advantage of the microcirculatory stasis and the hemostatic properties of cryoablation, we achieved palliative cessation of refractory macrohematuria while sparing nephrons, without the need for renal embolization in patients with bleeding UTUCs.

Cutaneous seeding of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder after placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device in a dog with bilateral ureteral obstruction

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 12-year-old spayed female Jack Russell Terrier was presented with pollakiuria and stranguria.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder trigone and urethra was diagnosed via CT, cystoscopic, and histologic examinations. Azotemia developed 2 weeks following diagnosis, secondary to bilateral ureteral obstruction.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

Percutaneous antegrade ureteral stenting was unsuccessful; therefore, a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device with 2 nephrostomy and 1 cystostomy catheters was surgically placed. Two months following placement of the SUB device, the dog developed a firm, multilobulated cutaneous mass at the site of the subcutaneous access port of the SUB device. Results of cytologic examination of cells aspirated from the mass were consistent with TCC. Within 1 month of confirmation of TCC of the cutaneous mass, the mass was ulcerated and infected, and the dog was euthanized because of signs of pain and perceived poor quality of life.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Seeding of neoplastic cells is a known complication of needle aspiration or biopsy or surgery in people and dogs with carcinomas. The occurrence of TCC at the SUB port site suggested caution with the placement of a SUB device in dogs with obstructive TCC.

The Consequences of Inadvertent Radical Nephrectomy in the Treatment of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine factors associated with performing inadvertent radical nephrectomy (RN) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and to assess the impact of radical nephrectomy on overall survival (OS) compared to radical nephroureterectomy (NU).

METHODS

Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), patients with UTUC of the renal pelvis who were diagnosed with renal cortical tumors and underwent RN (n = 820) with subsequent surgical pathology demonstrating urothelial carcinoma were identified. These patients were compared to those diagnosed with renal pelvis tumors who appropriately underwent NU (n = 16,464) between 2005 and 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine patient, facility and tumor-related factors associated with undergoing RN. The impact of surgery (RN vs NU) on OS was determined by Cox-regression after propensity score matching.

RESULTS

A total of 4.7% patients with UTUC underwent inadvertent RN. Black race (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.62, 95%CI 1.23-2.13), larger tumors, advanced tumor stage, and high-grade tumors (P < 0.0001) were associated with RN. However, surgery at a facility performing a higher volume of NU/year was associated with lower odds of having RN performed (aOR 0.85, 95%CI 0.75-0.97). After propensity score matching, the 5-year OS was 39.9% for those undergoing RN vs 49.9% for those undergoing NU (hazard ratio 1.45, 95%CI 1.30-1.62).

CONCLUSION

Inadvertent RN is not uncommon, occurring in almost 5% of patients with UTUC in the NCDB. Patients who underwent RN had significantly worse OS as compared to those treated with NU. These data highlight that accurate diagnosis of UTUC is paramount and clinicians should not hesitate to perform further workup when imaging findings are equivocal.

Diagnosis, management, and follow-up of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: an interdisciplinary collaboration between urology and radiology

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a common and lethal malignancy. Patients diagnosed with this illness often face invasive workups, morbid therapies, and prolonged post-operative surveillance. UTUC represents approximately 5-10% of urothelial malignancies in the United States and affect 4600-7800 new patients annually. Various environmental exposures as well as smoking have been implicated in the development of UTUC. The diagnosis and workup of UTUC relies on heavily on imaging studies, a close working relationship between Urologists and Radiologists, and invasive procedures such as ureteroscopy. Treatments range from renal-sparing endoscopic surgery to radical extirpative surgery depending on the specific clinical situation. Follow-up is crucial as UTUC has a high recurrence rate. Here we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, management strategies, and follow-up of UTUC from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Percutaneous Image-guided Core Needle Biopsy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To better understand the safety and diagnostic yield of percutaneous core-needle biopsy (PCNB) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

METHODS

Of 444 patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for UTUC between 2009 and 2017 at our institution, 42 who had PCNB prior to RNU were identified for analysis. Endpoints included safety, diagnostic yield, and concordance with RNU pathology. PCNB specimens were deemed histologically concordant with RNU specimens for cases when cytologic evaluation of biopsy specimen and corresponding pathologic evaluation of RNU specimen both made a histologic diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma.

RESULTS

Median tumor size was 3.8 cm (1.2-10.2 cm). All lesions arose from the pelvicalyceal system. CT-guidance was utilized in 52% (n = 22), and ultrasound-guidance in 48% (n = 20). Relative to RNU pathology, 95% of PCNBs demonstrated histologic concordance. Histologic grade was provided in 69% (n = 29) of PCNBs, with a 90% (n = 26) concordance with surgical pathology. Grades 1-2 and 3 complications occurred in 14.3% (n = 6) and 2.4% (n = 1), respectively. At a median follow-up of 28.2 months (range, 1.2-97.1 months) after biopsy, no cases of radiographic tract seeding were identified.

CONCLUSION

In our cohort of 42 patients undergoing RNU for UTUC, PCNB appeared a safe diagnostic tool with high histologic yield and grade concordance. With greater than 2 years of follow-up, no cases of tract seeding were identified.

[Biopsy techniques in the upper urinary tract for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma: systematic review]

BACKGROUND

The diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsies in the upper urinary tract is limited by technical difficulties during extraction and small sample size.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the impact of different techniques and instruments on the histopathologic quality and diagnostic yield of extracted samples as well as the predictive value of clinical grading and staging on final pathologic stage at radical nephroureterectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this systematic review, we searched PubMed and Embase databases for original publications and meeting abstracts according to the PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

Overall, we included 23 studies which comprised a total of 1547 biopsies for the investigation of diagnostic yield and 778 patients for the assessment of grade and stage concordance. We found that the median diagnostic yields of big retrograde 2F [french] forceps, antegrade 3F forceps and baskets in combination with forceps were 92% (range 83-100), 72% (50-90) and 91% (78-94), respectively. Median rates of grade concordance and upgrading across all techniques ranged between 78-89% and 5-16%, respectively, without relevant differences.

CONCLUSIONS

The choice of biopsy technique affects the ability to diagnose upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The correct determination of pathologic grading is comparable between different techniques. The combination of biopsy forceps and baskets during ureterorenoscopy seems to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy.

Percutaneous ureteral biopsy: safety and diagnostic yield

PURPOSE

To evaluate safety and diagnostic yield of percutaneous CT-guided biopsy of extrarenal upper urinary tract lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective review of our institutional database of image-guided biopsies yielded 44 CT-guided percutaneous biopsies in 44 unique patients that targeted ureteral (30, 68%) or other non-renal upper urinary tract lesions (14, 32%) between January 1, 2000 and May 1, 2017. Indications, pre-biopsy imaging, biopsy technique, peri-procedural antithrombotic use, complications including bleeding defined by Society of Interventional Radiology criteria, pathology results, and subsequent imaging were reviewed up to 3 months after the procedure to evaluate safety and diagnostic yield.

RESULTS

Mean patient age was 66 (range 27-88) and 23/44 patients were male. The majority (34/44) of lesions were sampled with an 18-gauge biopsy device via a 17-gauge introducer needle, and the remaining 10/44 lesions were sampled with a 19/20 gauge system. The mean number of core samples obtained was 4 (range 2-10). No major complications occurred. Specifically, no patient developed a urine leak or urinary obstruction. Minor complications occurred in 3/44 (7%) biopsies, all retroperitoneal hemorrhages that did not require transfusion or other intervention. Biopsy was adequate for pathologic examination in 41 of 44 (93%) cases. Among patients undergoing surgical resection, biopsy diagnosis was concordant with surgical pathology in 9/10 (90%) cases and discordant in 1/10 (10%).

CONCLUSION

CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of upper urinary tract lesions can be performed safely, with high diagnostic yield, and with a high rate of concordance on subsequent surgical pathology.

Intrarenal urothelial cancers confused as infiltrative renal masses: Report of 22 cases and literature review

Distinguishing infiltrative renal masses (IRMs) from intrarenal urothelial cancers (IUCs) is critically important, but may be challenging for any radiologist or urologist. The present study aimed to summarize the clinical, imaging and pathological characteristics of IRM, which were postoperatively confirmed as IUC. The analysis was performed using the records of 22 patients who were preoperatively diagnosed with IRM but the results of percutaneous biopsies or postoperative pathological analyses led to diagnoses of urothelial cancers (UCs) from January 2011 to December 2017. The demographic data, computed tomography (CT) imaging features and pathological characteristics were evaluated. The present study also reviewed the literature concerning the IRM and IUC. The mean age of patients was 62 years and 86.4% of them were >55 years. The sex and tumor side distributions were equal. Hematuria and/or flank pain were observed in 86.4% of patients. All patients exhibited endophytic solid renal masses with unclear tumor boundaries on CT images. The kidneys of 81.8% of patients maintained their normal shape while mild alternations were observed in 18.2% of cases. A total of 81.8% of patients maintained the reniform shape and 18.2% exhibited mild contour change. Of all patients, all tumors exhibited less or equal attenuation on unenhanced CT images and they were mildlyimproved on enhanced CT. A total of 6 cases were confirmed by biopsy, when patients underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy instead of radical nephrectomy. The remaining 16 patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy but the postoperative pathological diagnoses revealed the presence of UCs. All postoperatively confirmed cancers were stages T3 and T4 (62.5 and 37.5%, respectively). UCs should be suspected in middle aged or elderly middle-elderly patients presenting renal masses with endophytic solid unclear tumor boundary on unenhanced and slightly enhanced CT images, accompanied with hematuria and/or flank pain. Preoperative biopsy is preferred for complicated cases.

Case Report of Percutaneous Tract Seeding of Renal Pelvic Tumor: 8-Year Journey

A 58-year-old female presented with renal colic and was found to have renal transitional cell carcinoma at the time of percutaneous surgery. She developed percutaneous tract seeding that clinically presented as subcutaneous skin nodules. After local treatment with surgical excision and radiation treatment, the patient developed retroperitoneal recurrence 5 years later. Percutaneous tract seeding is rare. There is no general consensus on prevention of tract seeding during percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumors. Various recommendations from the literature are discussed.