1
|
Silveira THRE, Pereira DA, Pereira DA, Calmasini FB, Burnett AL, Costa FF, Silva FH. Impact of intravascular hemolysis on functional and molecular alterations in the urinary bladder: implications for an overactive bladder in sickle cell disease. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1369120. [PMID: 39100273 PMCID: PMC11294091 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1369120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) display an overactive bladder (OAB). Intravascular hemolysis in SCD is associated with various severe SCD complications. However, no experimental studies have evaluated the effect of intravascular hemolysis on bladder function. This study aimed to assess the effects of intravascular hemolysis on the micturition process and the contractile mechanisms of the detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) in a mouse model with phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolysis; furthermore, it aimed to investigate the role of intravascular hemolysis in the dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) signaling and in increasing oxidative stress in the bladder. Mice underwent a void spot assay, and DSM contractions were evaluated in organ baths. The PHZ group exhibited increased urinary frequency and increased void volumes. DSM contractile responses to carbachol, KCl, α-β-methylene-ATP, and EFS were increased in the PHZ group. Protein expression of phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (Ser-1177), phosphorylated neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) (Ser-1417), and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) (Ser-239) decreased in the bladder of the PHZ group. Protein expression of oxidative stress markers, NOX-2, 3-NT, and 4-HNE, increased in the bladder of the PHZ group. Our study shows that intravascular hemolysis promotes voiding dysfunction correlated with alterations in the NO signaling pathway in the bladder, as evidenced by reduced levels of p-eNOS (Ser-1177), nNOS (Ser-1417), and p-VASP (Ser-239). The study also showed that intravascular hemolysis increases oxidative stress in the bladder. Our study indicates that intravascular hemolysis promotes an OAB phenotype similar to those observed in patients and mice with SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalila Andrade Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Danillo Andrade Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Beraldi Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur L. Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Fábio Henrique Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amjad Q, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Shakoori AR. Cancer Cell-Type-Dependent Modifications of Metastatic Parameters by SLIT2-ROBO1 and RHOA cAMP Signaling in Response to TGFβ1 and FGF2. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:35-49. [PMID: 39072408 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2024054055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a multistep process involving structural and functional alterations that are required for cancer metastasis, as well as loss of epithelial markers (e.g., E-cadherin/CDH1) and gain of mesenchymal markers (e.g., N-cadherin/CDH2, vimentin/VIM). Pathological events modify cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix adhesion and extra cellular matrix integrity leading to cell migration, evasion from the primary tumor and augmented invasiveness in the metastatic niche. This transformation is modulated by multiple paracrine factors (e.g., chemokines, growth factor), as well as SLIT2-ROBO1 signaling that collectively regulate expression of RHO GTPases (e.g., RHOA) and EMT marker genes. Yet, the roles of SLIT proteins in cancer remain enigmatic. In some cancer types, SLIT2 is anti-tumorigenic, while in other cancers it contributes towards the metastatic phenotype. Here we investigated the ambivalent metastatic activity of SLIT2 by analyzing how cAMP/RHOA signal transduction modulates SLIT-ROBO controlled metastatic parameters in response to the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) and paracrine factors (TGF-β/TGFβ1 and FGF2). Upon SLIT2 administration cell migration and proliferation increases in colon cancer cells and decreases in cervical cancer cells, while altering cell morphology and proliferation in both cancer types. These effects are reinforced by TGF-β/TGFβ1 and FGF2, but attenuated by elevation of cAMP with IBMX, depending on the cancer cell type. Our data indicate that SLIT2 represents a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Amjad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; Cancer Research Centre, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Abdul Rauf Shakoori
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; Cancer Research Center, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rimbert S, Moreira JB, Xapelli S, Lévi S. Role of purines in brain development, from neuronal proliferation to synaptic refinement. Neuropharmacology 2023:109640. [PMID: 37348675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic system includes P1 and P2 receptors, which are activated by ATP and its metabolites. They are expressed in adult neuronal and glial cells and are crucial in brain function, including neuromodulation and neuronal signaling. As P1 and P2 receptors are expressed throughout embryogenesis and development, purinergic signaling also has an important role in the development of the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, we present the expression pattern and activity of purinergic receptors and of their signaling pathways during embryonic and postnatal development of the nervous system. In particular, we review the involvement of the purinergic signaling in all the crucial steps of brain development i.e. in neural stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and migration as well as in astrogliogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Then, we review data showing a crucial role of the ATP and adenosine signaling pathways in the formation of the peripheral neuromuscular junction and of central GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Finally, we examine the consequences of deregulation of the purinergic system during development and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting it at adult stage in diseases with reactivation of the ATP and adenosine pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solen Rimbert
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - João B Moreira
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France; Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes (iMM - JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes (iMM - JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabine Lévi
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Son HS, Moon SY, Kwon J, Kim JH. Effect of β3-adrenoceptor agonist on the micromotion of bilateral major pelvic ganglion-excised rat bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2023; 42:530-538. [PMID: 36633527 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Micromotion is an autonomous intramural movement of the bladder, and is believed to be an initial step in the generation of urinary urgency. Therefore, controlling micromotion may be a novel target in overactive bladder (OAB) treatment. However, developing micromotion treatment has been limited by the absence of a standardized animal model. We attempted to create a micromotion animal model and investigated the effectiveness of a β3 -adrenoceptor agonist (CL316,243) on micromotion. METHODS Bilateral major pelvic ganglia (MPGs) were excised in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats, resulting in an almost completely denervated bladder. On postoperative Day 7, cystometry was performed. Rats were divided into three treatment groups: CL316,243; β3- adrenoceptor antagonist (SR59230A) pretreated CL316,243; and a nonselective antimuscarinic agent (oxybutynin). Changes in micromotion were evaluated after the intra-arterial administration of each agent. RESULTS Low-amplitude oscillations in intravesical pressure (micromotion) were observed 1 week after MPGs excision. Micromotion frequency significantly (p = 0.003) decreased (2.17 ± 3.54 times/5 min) with CL316,243 compared with vehicle (6.33 ± 1.97 times/5 min). Micromotion amplitude also decreased with CL316,243 (1.15 ± 1.93 cmH2 O) compared with vehicle (5.96 ± 5.12 cmH2 O), approaching conventional significance (p = 0.090). No significant decreases in frequency or amplitude were observed with oxybutynin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of the β3 -adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 effectively controlled micromotion in bilateral MPGs-excised, almost completely denervated rat bladders. This result indicates that β3 -adrenoceptor agonist may affect the bladder directly, suggesting that it might be effective for overall OAB, regardless of the presence or level of neurological deficits. Bilateral MPGs-excised rats are considered a plausible micromotion animal model suitable for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seo Son
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Moon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbeom Kwon
- Department of Urology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karakus S, Musicki B, Navati MS, Friedman JM, Davies KP, Burnett AL. NO-Releasing Nanoparticles Ameliorate Detrusor Overactivity in Transgenic Sickle Cell Mice via Restored NO/ROCK Signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:214-219. [PMID: 32144123 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with overactive bladder (OAB). Detrusor overactivity, a component of OAB, is present in an SCD mouse, but the molecular mechanisms for this condition are not well-defined. We hypothesize that nitric oxide (NO)/ ras homolog gene family (Rho) A/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) dysregulation is a mechanism for detrusor overactivity and that NO-releasing nanoparticles (NO-nps), a novel NO delivery system, may serve to treat this condition. Male adult SCD transgenic, combined endothelial NO synthases (eNOSs) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) gene-deficient (dNOS-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice were used. Empty nanoparticle or NO-np was injected into the bladder, followed by cystometric studies. The expression levels of phosphorylated eNOS (Ser-1177), protein kinase B (Akt) (Ser-473), nNOS (Ser-1412), and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) (Thr-696) were assessed in the bladder. SCD and dNOS-/- mice had a greater (P < 0.05) number of voiding and nonvoiding contractions compared with WT mice, and they were normalized by NO-np treatment. eNOS (Ser-1177) and AKT (Ser-473) phosphorylation were decreased (P < 0.05) in the bladder of SCD compared with WT mice and reversed by NO-np. Phosphorylated MYPT1, a marker of the RhoA/ROCK pathway, was increased (P < 0.05) in the bladder of SCD mice compared with WT and reversed by NO-np. nNOS phosphorylation on positive (Ser-1412) regulatory site was decreased (P < 0.05) in the bladder of SCD mice compared with WT and was not affected by NO-np. NO-nps did not affect any of the measured parameters in WT mice. In conclusion, dysregulation of NO and RhoA/ROCK pathways is associated with detrusor overactivity in SCD mice; NO-np reverses these molecular derangements in the bladder and decreases detrusor overactivity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Voiding abnormalities commonly affect patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) but are problematic to treat. Clarification of the science for this condition in an animal model of SCD may lead to improved interventions for it. Our findings suggest that novel topical delivery of a vasorelaxant agent nitric oxide into the bladder of these mice corrects overactive bladder by improving deranged bladder physiology regulatory signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karakus
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mahantesh S Navati
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joel M Friedman
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kelvin P Davies
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (S.K., B.M., A.L.B.); and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (M.S.N., J.M.F., K.P.D.) and Urology (K.P.D.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Musicki B, Anele UA, Campbell JD, Karakus S, Shiva S, Silva FH, Burnett AL. Dysregulated NO/PDE5 signaling in the sickle cell mouse lower urinary tract: Reversal by oral nitrate therapy. Life Sci 2019; 238:116922. [PMID: 31634463 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide (NO) has a critical, but not well understood, influence in the physiology of the lower urinary tract. We evaluated the effect of NO/phosphodiesterase (PDE)5 signaling in voiding dysfunction in the sickle cell disease (SCD) mouse, characterized by low NO bioavailability. MAIN METHODS Adult SCD (Sickle) and wild-type (WT) male mice were treated daily with sodium nitrate (10 mM) or vehicle. After 18 days, blood was obtained for nitrite measurement, urethra was collected for organ bath study, and bladder and urethra were collected for Western blot analysis of PDE5 phosphorylation (Ser-92) (activated form). Non-anesthetized mice underwent evaluation of urine volume by void spot assay. eNOS phosphorylation (Ser-1177) and nNOS phosphorylation (Ser-1412) (positive regulatory sites) were evaluated in the bladder and urethra of untreated mice. KEY FINDINGS Sickle mice exhibited decreased eNOS, nNOS, and PDE5 phosphorylation in the bladder and urethra, decreased plasma nitrite levels, increased relaxation of phenylephrine-contracted urethral tissue to an NO donor sodium nitroprusside, and increased total urine volume, compared with WT mice. Nitrate treatment normalized plasma nitrite levels, relaxation of urethra to sodium nitroprusside, PDE5 phosphorylation in the urethra and bladder, and urine volume in Sickle mice. SIGNIFICANCE Derangement in PDE5 activity associated with basally low NO bioavailability in the bladder and urethra contributes to the molecular basis for voiding abnormalities in Sickle mice. Inorganic nitrate supplementation normalized voiding in Sickle mice through mechanisms likely involving upregulation of PDE5 activity. These findings suggest that interventions targeting dysregulatory NO/PDE5 signaling may ameliorate overactive bladder in SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Uzoma A Anele
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Campbell
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Serkan Karakus
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Fabio H Silva
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibition of Rho kinase by GSK 269962 reverses both corticosterone-induced detrusor overactivity and depression-like behaviour in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
8
|
Bertollotto GM, de Oliveira MG, Alexandre EC, Calmasini FB, Passos GR, Antunes E, Mónica FZ. Inhibition of Multidrug Resistance Proteins by MK 571 Enhances Bladder, Prostate, and Urethra Relaxation through cAMP or cGMP Accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:138-146. [PMID: 30108158 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biologic effect of cAMP and cGMP is terminated by phosphodiesterases and multidrug resistance proteins MRP4 and MRP5, which pump cyclic nucleotides out of the cell. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the role of MRP inhibitor, MK 571 (3-[[[3-[(1E)-2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]propanoic acid), in the bladder, prostate, and urethra of male mice by means of functional assays, protein expression, and cyclic nucleotide quantification. The cumulative addition of MK 571 (1-30 µM) produced only small relaxation responses (approximately 25%) in all studied tissues. In the bladder, isoprenaline/fenoterol and forskolin concentration-dependently relaxed and MK 571 (20 µM) increased the maximal response values by 37% and 24%, respectively. When MK 571 was coincubated with fenoterol or forskolin, intracellular levels of cAMP and protein expression of phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP) Ser157 were significantly greater compared with bladders stimulated with fenoterol or forskolin alone. In the prostate and urethra, sodium nitroprusside concentration-dependently relaxed and MK 571 (20 µM) significantly increased relaxation responses by 70% and 56%, respectively, accompanied by greater intracellular levels of cGMP and protein expression of p-VASP Ser239 in the prostate. Tadalafil and BAY 41-2272 (5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]-4-pyrimidinamine) also relaxed the prostate and urethra, respectively, and MK 571 markedly enhanced this response. The stable analog of cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) induced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in the prostate and urethra, and MK 571 significantly increased the relaxation response. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show that efflux transporters are physiologically active in the bladder, prostate, and urethra to control intracellular levels of cAMP or cGMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria Bertollotto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Costa Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Beraldi Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Reolon Passos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Zakia Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|