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Qiu M, Chang L, Tang G, Ye W, Xu Y, Tulufu N, Dan Z, Qi J, Deng L, Li C. Activation of the osteoblastic HIF-1α pathway partially alleviates the symptoms of STZ-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus via RegIIIγ. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01257-4. [PMID: 38945950 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway coordinates skeletal bone homeostasis and endocrine functions. Activation of the HIF-1α pathway increases glucose uptake by osteoblasts, which reduces blood glucose levels. However, it is unclear whether activating the HIF-1α pathway in osteoblasts can help normalize glucose metabolism under diabetic conditions through its endocrine function. In addition to increasing bone mass and reducing blood glucose levels, activating the HIF-1α pathway by specifically knocking out Von Hippel‒Lindau (Vhl) in osteoblasts partially alleviated the symptoms of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), including increased glucose clearance in the diabetic state, protection of pancreatic β cell from STZ-induced apoptosis, promotion of pancreatic β cell proliferation, and stimulation of insulin secretion. Further screening of bone-derived factors revealed that islet regeneration-derived protein III gamma (RegIIIγ) is an osteoblast-derived hypoxia-sensing factor critical for protection against STZ-induced T1DM. In addition, we found that iminodiacetic acid deferoxamine (SF-DFO), a compound that mimics hypoxia and targets bone tissue, can alleviate symptoms of STZ-induced T1DM by activating the HIF-1α-RegIIIγ pathway in the skeleton. These data suggest that the osteoblastic HIF-1α-RegIIIγ pathway is a potential target for treating T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Leilei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, 388 Zuchongzhi Road, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenkai Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nijiati Tulufu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhou Dan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Fu J, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Zhou S, Fang Y, Li Y, Yuan L, Chen L, Xiang C. Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Stem Cells Protect against Tacrolimus-Induced Islet Dysfunction via Cystathionine β-Synthase Mediated IL-6/STAT3 Inactivation. Biomolecules 2024; 14:671. [PMID: 38927074 PMCID: PMC11201965 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes imposes a huge burden worldwide. Islet transplantation is an alternative therapy for diabetes. However, tacrolimus, a kind of immunosuppressant after organ transplantation, is closely related to post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted interest for their potential to alleviate diabetes. In vivo experiments revealed that human menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) treatment improved tacrolimus-induced blood glucose, body weight, and glucose tolerance disorders in mice. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the potential therapeutic targets of MenSCs. In this study, we illustrated that cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) contributed to tacrolimus -induced islet dysfunction. Using β-cell lines (MIN6, β-TC-6), we demonstrated that MenSCs ameliorated tacrolimus-induced islet dysfunction in vitro. Moreover, MenSC reduced the tacrolimus-induced elevation of CBS levels and significantly enhanced the viability, anti-apoptotic ability, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and glycolytic flux of β-cells. We further revealed that MenSCs exerted their therapeutic effects by inhibiting CBS expression to activate the IL6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. In conclusion, we showed that MenSCs may be a potential strategy to improve tacrolimus-induced islet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sining Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yangxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yifei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Innovative Precision Medicine (IPM) Group, Hangzhou 311215, China;
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (J.F.); (Q.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China
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Li SL, Zhou H, Liu J, Yang J, Jiang L, Yuan HM, Wang MH, Yang KS, Xiang M. Restoration of HMGCS2-mediated ketogenesis alleviates tacrolimus-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01300-0. [PMID: 38760545 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus, one of the macrolide calcineurin inhibitors, is the most frequently used immunosuppressant after transplantation. Long-term administration of tacrolimus leads to dyslipidemia and affects liver lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the mode of action and underlying mechanisms of this adverse reaction. Mice were administered tacrolimus (2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 10 weeks, then euthanized; the blood samples and liver tissues were collected for analyses. We showed that tacrolimus administration induced significant dyslipidemia and lipid deposition in mouse liver. Dyslipidemia was also observed in heart or kidney transplantation patients treated with tacrolimus. We demonstrated that tacrolimus did not directly induce de novo synthesis of fatty acids, but markedly decreased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in AML12 cells. Furthermore, we showed that tacrolimus dramatically decreased the expression of HMGCS2, the rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis, with decreased ketogenesis in AML12 cells, which was responsible for lipid deposition in normal hepatocytes. Moreover, we revealed that tacrolimus inhibited forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) nuclear translocation by promoting FKBP51-FoxO1 complex formation, thus reducing FoxO1 binding to the HMGCS2 promoter and its transcription ability in AML12 cells. The loss of HMGCS2 induced by tacrolimus caused decreased ketogenesis and increased acetyl-CoA accumulation, which promoted mitochondrial protein acetylation, thereby resulting in FAO function inhibition. Liver-specific HMGCS2 overexpression via tail intravenous injection of AAV8-TBG-HMGCS2 construct reversed tacrolimus-induced mitochondrial protein acetylation and FAO inhibition, thus removing the lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Collectively, this study demonstrates a novel mechanism of liver lipid deposition and hyperlipidemia induced by long-term administration of tacrolimus, resulted from the loss of HMGCS2-mediated ketogenesis and subsequent FAO inhibition, providing an alternative target for reversing tacrolimus-induced adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Min Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng-Heng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke-Shan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Alavi M, Mejia-Bautista A, Tang M, Bandovic J, Rosenberg AZ, Bialkowska AB. Krüppel-like Factor 5 Plays an Important Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5427. [PMID: 38001687 PMCID: PMC10670257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis results in the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and poses a risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Our previous study demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is necessary for forming acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) in acute pancreatitis. Here, we investigated the role of KLF5 in response to chronic injury in the pancreas. Human tissues originating from chronic pancreatitis patients showed increased levels of epithelial KLF5. An inducible genetic model combining the deletion of Klf5 and the activation of KrasG12D mutant expression in pancreatic acinar cells together with chemically induced chronic pancreatitis was used. The chronic injury resulted in increased levels of KLF5 in both control and KrasG12D mutant mice. Furthermore, it led to numerous ADM and PanIN lesions and extensive fibrosis in the KRAS mutant mice. In contrast, pancreata with Klf5 loss (with or without KrasG12D) failed to develop ADM, PanIN, or significant fibrosis. Furthermore, the deletion of Klf5 reduced the expression level of cytokines and fibrotic components such as Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Tgfb1, Timp1, and Mmp9. Notably, using ChIP-PCR, we showed that KLF5 binds directly to the promoters of Il1b, Il6, and Tgfb1 genes. In summary, the inactivation of Klf5 inhibits ADM and PanIN formation and the development of pancreatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alavi
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Ana Mejia-Bautista
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Meiyi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Jela Bandovic
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21217, USA;
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
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Shin JH, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Seeley RJ. Reg3γ: current understanding and future therapeutic opportunities in metabolic disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1672-1677. [PMID: 37524871 PMCID: PMC10474034 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating family member gamma, Reg3γ (the mouse homolog of human REG3A), belonging to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), functions as a part of the host immune system to maintain spatial segregation between the gut bacteria and the host in the intestine via bactericidal activity. There is emerging evidence that gut manipulations such as bariatric surgery, dietary supplementation or drug treatment to produce metabolic benefits alter the gut microbiome. In addition to changes in a wide range of gut hormones, these gut manipulations also induce the expression of Reg3γ in the intestine. Studies over the past decades have revealed that Reg3γ not only plays a role in the gut lumen but can also contribute to host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of Reg3γ, its role in various metabolic functions, and new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Li S, Yuan H, Yang K, Li Q, Xiang M. Pancreatic sympathetic innervation disturbance in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2023; 250:109319. [PMID: 37024024 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic sympathetic innervation can directly affect the function of islet. The disorder of sympathetic innervation in islets during the occurrence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been reported to be controversial with the inducing factor unclarified. Several studies have uncovered the critical role that sympathetic signals play in controlling the local immune system. The survival and operation of endocrine cells can be regulated by immune cell infiltration in islets. In the current review, we focused on the impact of sympathetic signals working on islets cell regulation, and discussed the potential factors that can induce the sympathetic innervation disorder in the islets. We also summarized the effect of interference with the islet sympathetic signals on the T1D occurrence. Overall, complete understanding of the regulatory effect of sympathetic signals on islet cells and local immune system could facilitate to design better strategies to control inflammation and protect β cells in T1D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huimin Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Keshan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Perisciatic Nerve Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Spinal Oxidative Stress and Improves Peripheral Mitochondrial Dynamic Equilibrium in a Neuropathic Pain Mouse Model in an AMPK-Dependent Manner. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6889676. [PMID: 35769812 PMCID: PMC9236761 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6889676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NPP) is a debilitating clinical condition that presently has few effective treatments. NPP is caused by uncontrolled central oxidative stress and inflammation. Preliminary studies indicate that dexmedetomidine (DEX), an agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, is beneficial for treating NPP. In this paper, the effects of administering DEX around injured nerves in a chronic constriction injury- (CCI-) induced neuropathic pain mouse model are investigated. According to the results, the perineural DEX significantly reversed the decline in the mechanical threshold and thermal latency in CCI mice (
). In the peripherally affected ischiadic nerve, the perineuronal DEX upregulated the expressions of pAMPK, OPA1, and SNPH but not Drp1 or KIF5B. The aforementioned effects of administering DEX can be partially reversed by compound C, a selective and reversible inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, it was found that perineural DEX significantly inhibited the CCI-induced upregulation of the immediate early gene c-Fos, overexpression of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), attenuation of the NADH dehydrogenase complexes I, II, III, and IV, and the repression of ATP, SOD, and GSH in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC) (
). These findings indicate that perineuronal DEX protected the injured ischiadic nerves and attenuated neuropathic pain via AMPK activation to improve energy supply in the peripheral injured nerves, alleviate the inflammatory factor release, and inhibit oxidative stress in the DHSC.
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