α and β Catalytic Subunits of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulate Formoterol-induced Inflammatory Gene Expression Changes in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Comparison of the Genomic Activity of an EP4-Receptor and β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist in BEAS-2B Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: In Search of Compartmentalized, cAMP-Dependent Gene Expression

It has been proposed that inhaled E-prostanoid 4 (EP4)-receptor agonists could represent a new class of bronchodilators for the treatment of asthma that are as effective as β 2-adrenoceptor agonists. However, the genomic impact of such drugs is unknown despite being potentially deleterious to respiratory health. Herein, we used mRNA-seq to compare the transcriptomic responses produced by 2-[3-[(1R,2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxy-5-[2-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]pent-1-enyl]-5-oxo-cyclopentyl]sulphanylpropylsulphanyl] acetic acid (ONO-AE1-329; an EP4-receptor agonist) and vilanterol (a β 2-adrenoceptor agonist) in BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cells. We also determined if an increase in cAMP mediated by different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) promoted distinct transcriptional signatures by expanding this inquiry to include the adenosine A2B- and I-prostanoid receptor agonists, 2-[[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-pyridinyl]thio]-acetamide (Bay60-6583) and taprostene, respectively. Maximally-effective concentrations of ONO-AE1-329 and vilanterol significantly regulated (q ≤ 0.05; ≥1.5-/≤0.67-fold) 232 and 320 genes, respectively of which 217 were shared. Spearman analysis showed these gene expression changes to be highly rank order correlated, indicating that the functional overlap between the two interventions should be considerable. Unexpectedly, the genomic effects of ONO-AE1-329, vilanterol, Bay 60-6583, and taprostene were also highly rank order correlated. This finding suggests that cAMP generated by any GPCR would initiate the same transcriptional program. Nevertheless, relative to vilanterol, ONO-AE1-329 typically behaved as a partial agonist that varied across transcripts. These data indicate that each ONO-AE1-329-regulated gene differs in sensitivity to cAMP and is defined by a unique receptor occupancy-response relationship. Moreover, if this relatively modest genomic response in BEAS-2B cells is retained in vivo, then inhaled EP4-receptor agonists could represent an alternative, and possibly safer, class of bronchodilators. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The genomic consequences of β 2-adrenoceptor agonists in asthma are often overlooked despite being potentially harmful to lung health. We determined that ONO-AE1-329, an EP4-receptor agonist and effective bronchodilator, produced gene expression changes in BEAS-2B cells that were typically modest relative to the β 2-adrenoceptor agonist vilanterol. Furthermore, ONO-AE1-329 behaved as a partial agonist that varied across transcripts. If this genomic activity is reproduced in vivo, then EP4-receptor agonists could represent an alternative, and possibly safer, class of bronchodilators.

The β-Blocker Carvedilol and Related Aryloxypropanolamines Promote ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in HEK293 Cells with K A Values Distinct From Their Equilibrium Dissociation Constants as β 2-Adrenoceptor Antagonists: Evidence for Functional Affinity

The determination of affinity by using functional assays is important in drug discovery because it provides a more relevant estimate of the strength of interaction of a ligand to its cognate receptor than radioligand binding. However, empirical evidence for so-called, "functional affinity" is limited. Herein, we determined whether the affinity of carvedilol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist used to treat heart failure that also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, differed between these two pharmacological activities. Four structurally related β-adrenoceptor antagonists (alprenolol, carazolol, pindolol, propranolol) that also activated ERK1/2 were included as comparators to enhance our understanding of how these drugs work in the clinical setting. In HEK293 cells stably expressing the human β 2-adrenoceptor carvedilol and related aryloxypropanolamines were partial agonists of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with potencies ([A]50s) that were lower than their equilibrium dissociation constants (K Bs) as β 2-adrenoceptor antagonists. As the [A]50 of a partial agonist is a good approximation of its K B, then these data indicated that the affinities of carvedilol and related ligands for these two activities were distinct. Moreover, there was a significant negative rank order correlation between the [A]50 of each ligand to activate ERK1/2 and their intrinsic activities (i.e., as intrinsic activity for ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased, so did affinity). Genome editing revealed that the transducer that coupled the β 2-adrenoceptor to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to carvedilol and other β 2-adrenoceptor antagonists was Gαs. Collectively, these data support the concept of "functional affinity" and indicate that the ability of the β 2-adrenoceptor to recruit Gαs may influence the affinity of the activating ligand. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In HEK293 cells overexpressing the human β2-adrenoceptor carvedilol and four related aryloxypropanolamines behaved as β2-adrenoceptor antagonists and partial agonists of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with rank orders of affinity that were distinct. These data imply that carvedilol and other β-blockers can stabilize the β2-adrenoceptor in different affinity conformations that are revealed when functionally distinct responses are measured. This is the basis for the pharmacological concept of "functional affinity."