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Miki T, Yamamoto S, Liu C, Torikai K, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Kawai T. Highly sensitive two-dimensional profiling of N-linked glycans by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and dual stacking capillary gel electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:342990. [PMID: 39142768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications in proteins. As the N-glycan profiles in biological samples are diverse and change according to the pathological condition, various profiling methods have been developed, such as liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and mass spectrometry. However, conventional analytical methods have limitations in sensitivity and/or resolution, hindering the discovery of minor but specific N-glycans that are important both in the basic glycobiology research and in the medical application as biomarkers. Therefore, a highly sensitive and high-resolution N-glycan profiling method is required. RESULTS In this study, we developed a novel two-dimensional (2D) separation system, which couples hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) via large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS). Owing to the efficient preconcentration efficiency of LDIS, limit of detection reached 12 pM (60 amol, S/N = 3) with good calibration curve linearity (R2 > 0.999) in the 2D analysis of maltoheptaose. Finally, 2D profiling of N-glycans obtained from standard glycoproteins and cell lysates were demonstrated. High-resolution 2D profiles were successfully obtained by data alignment using triple internal standards. N-glycans were well distributed on the HILIC/CGE 2D plane based on the glycan size, number of sialic acids, linkage type, and so on. As a result, specific minor glycans were successfully identified in HepG2 and HeLa cell lysates. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY In conclusion, the HILIC/CGE 2D analysis method showed sufficient sensitivity and resolution for identifying minor but specific N-glycans from complicated cellular samples, indicating the potential as a next-generation N-glycomics tool. Our novel approach for coupling LC and CE can also dramatically improve the sensitivity in other separation modes, which can be a new standard of 2D bioanalysis applicable not only to glycans, but also to other diverse biomolecules such as metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, 4 University Str., Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
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Koganemaru S, Fuchigami H, Yamashita H, Morizono C, Sunakawa H, Kawazoe A, Nakamura Y, Kuboki Y, Shitara K, Yano T, Doi T, Yasunaga M. Quantitative Analysis of the Concentration of Trifluridine in Tumor Hypoxic Regions Using a Novel Platform Combining Functional Endoscopy and Mass Spectrometry. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:62-70. [PMID: 37803526 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic regions in solid tumors are highly resistant to drugs and thus represents an obstacle in drug discovery. Currently, however, there are technical barriers in sampling human hypoxic tumors and examining drug delivery with high sensitivity and accuracy. Herein, we present a new platform combining functional endoscopy and highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assess drug delivery to hypoxic regions. Because oxygen saturation endoscopic imaging (OXEI), a functional endoscopy, can evaluate lesions and hypoxia in real-time by simultaneously acquiring a pseudocolor map of oxygen saturation and conventional endoscopic images, this platform can be used to evaluate drug delivery with human samples from hypoxic regions. As the first clinical application of this platform, the relationship between hypoxic regions and the concentration of trifluridine (FTD) incorporated into DNA was evaluated in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with FTD/tipiracil (FTD/TPI; n = 13) by obtaining and analysis of tissue samples by OXEI and LC-MS and vascular maturity index by CD31/α-SMA staining ex vivo. The results showed that the concentration of FTD was significantly higher in the normoxic region than in the hypoxic region (P < 0.05) and there were significantly more immature vessels in hypoxic regions than in normoxic regions (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the platform was sufficiently sensitive to evaluate differences in drug anabolism in different oxygenic regions of human tumor tissue. This new platform allows quantitative drug analysis in hypoxic regions and is expected to initiate a new era of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Koganemaru
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Fuchigami
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Chihiro Morizono
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hironori Sunakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Akihito Kawazoe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kuboki
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kohei Shitara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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McWhorter R, Bonavida B. The Role of TAMs in the Regulation of Tumor Cell Resistance to Chemotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:97-125. [PMID: 38989740 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2024053667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the predominant cell infiltrate in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). TAMs are central to fostering pro-inflammatory conditions, tumor growth, metastasis, and inhibiting therapy responses. Many cancer patients are innately refractory to chemotherapy and or develop resistance following initial treatments. There is a clinical correlation between the level of TAMs in the TME and chemoresistance. Hence, the pivotal role of TAMs in contributing to chemoresistance has garnered significant attention toward targeting TAMs to reverse this resistance. A prerequisite for such an approach requires a thorough understanding of the various underlying mechanisms by which TAMs inhibit response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Such mechanisms include enhancing drug efflux, regulating drug metabolism and detoxification, supporting cancer stem cell (CSCs) resistance, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inhibiting drug penetration and its metabolism, stimulating angiogenesis, impacting inhibitory STAT3/NF-κB survival pathways, and releasing specific inhibitory cytokines including TGF-β and IL-10. Accordingly, several strategies have been developed to overcome TAM-modulated chemoresistance. These include novel therapies that aim to deplete TAMs, repolarize them toward the anti-tumor M1-like phenotype, or block recruitment of monocytes into the TME. Current results from TAM-targeted treatments have been unimpressive; however, the use of TAM-targeted therapies in combination appears promising These include targeting TAMs with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, chemokine receptor inhibitors, immunotherapy, and loaded nanoparticles. The clinical limitations of these strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
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Kawai T. Unique applications of capillary electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1433-1434. [PMID: 37635170 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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