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Wahl L, Lee R, Olewnik Ł, Iwanaga J, Georgiev GP, Ravi KS, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS. Atavistic muscles in human anatomy: Evolutionary origins and clinical implications. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:321-331. [PMID: 35212413 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and variations of human anatomy are of great interest to physicians and anatomists. Variations can be categorized as vestigial, accessory or atavistic structures. Vestigial muscles are frequently encountered structures that are normally present but have become rudimentary through evolution. Muscles that disappeared during evolution sometimes arise again, although rarely; such muscles are referred to as atavistic. They arise from failure of suppression of genetic loci. Some common atavistic muscles seen clinically are the extensor digitorum brevis manus, chondroepitrochlearis and plantaris. Atavistic muscles appear more frequently in the upper limb than in any other region of the human body. One explanation for the appearance of these muscles, mainly within the upper limbs, is based on the evolution of the complex upper extremities formed in humans today. Often, the presence of atavistic muscles is asymptomatic, but they can compromise the function of normal anatomical structures and complicate clinical situations if their presence is unknown. They can cause complications if they are confused with soft tissue pathology, if they compress or displace surrounding structures, or if they require an additional blood supply during times of exercise and stress. The purpose of this paper was to describe the common atavistic muscles, their hypothesized evolutionary origins, their potential complications and possible treatments for the diagnosing clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wahl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
| | - Georgi P Georgiev
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Queen Giovanna-ISUL, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kumar Satish Ravi
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Virbhadra, Rishikesh, India
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada.,Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA.,Department of Surgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
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Barger N, Martín JS, Boyle EK, Richmond M, Diogo R. The Visible Ape Project: A free, comprehensive, web-based anatomical atlas for scientists and veterinarians designed to raise public awareness about apes. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:160-170. [PMID: 34002426 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Visible Ape Project (VAP) is a free online platform providing unprecedented access to a suite of resources designed to comprehensively illustrate and educate about the anatomy of our closest relatives, the apes. It contains photographs, magnetic resonance images, and computed tomography scans, as well as three-dimensional models that can be manipulated to explore homologies and variations in soft and hard tissues in hylobatids, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Based at Howard University, a historically black university, it aims to reach communities underrepresented in anthropology and evolutionary biology, providing educational materials appropriate for K-12 and college classrooms in both English and Spanish. Accordingly, VAP incorporates outreach activities to disseminate science and promote awareness of apes, forming partnerships with veterinarians and conservationists in Africa and Asia. In this paper, we present an introduction to the website to illustrate how this accessible, evolving resource can support evolutionary anthropology and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Barger
- Anatomy Department, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Eve K Boyle
- Anatomy Department, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Marli Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Anatomy Department, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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3
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Caparros M, Prat S. A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution. iScience 2021; 24:102359. [PMID: 33898948 PMCID: PMC8054162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a methodological phylogenetic reconstruction approach combining Maximum Parsimony and Phylogenetic Networks methods for the study of human evolution applied to phenotypic craniodental characters of 22 hominin species. The approach consists in selecting and validating a tree-like most parsimonious scenario out of several parsimony runs based on various numerical constraints. An intermediate step from tree to network methods is implemented by running an analysis with a reduced apomorphous character dataset that generates multiple parsimonious trees. These most parsimonious trees are then used as input for a Phylogenetic Networks analysis that results in consensus and reticulate networks. We show here that the phylogenetic tree-like definition of the genus Homo is a relative concept linked to craniodental characters that come in support of hypothetical Last Common Ancestors of the most parsimonious scenario and infer that the Homo reticulate network concords with recent findings in paleogenomic research regarding its mode of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Caparros
- UMR 7194 "Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique" CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l’Homme, Palais de Chaillot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Prat
- UMR 7194 "Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique" CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l’Homme, Palais de Chaillot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France
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Campbell RM, Vinas G, Henneberg M, Diogo R. Visual Depictions of Our Evolutionary Past: A Broad Case Study Concerning the Need for Quantitative Methods of Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Art-Science Collaborations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flip through scientific textbooks illustrating ideas about human evolution or visit any number of museums of natural history and you will notice an abundance of reconstructions attempting to depict the appearance of ancient hominins. Spend some time comparing reconstructions of the same specimen and notice an obvious fact: hominin reconstructions vary in appearance considerably. In this review, we summarize existing methods of reconstruction to analyze this variability. It is argued that variability between hominin reconstructions is likely the result of unreliable reconstruction methods and misinterpretation of available evidence. We also discuss the risk of disseminating erroneous ideas about human evolution through the use of unscientific reconstructions in museums and publications. The role an artist plays is also analyzed and criticized given how the aforementioned reconstructions have become readily accepted to line the halls of even the most trusted institutions. In conclusion, improved reconstruction methods hold promise for the prediction of hominin soft tissues, as well as for disseminating current scientific understandings of human evolution in the future.
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Ziermann JM, Boughner JC, Esteve-Altava B, Diogo R. Anatomical comparison across heads, fore- and hindlimbs in mammals using network models. J Anat 2021; 239:12-31. [PMID: 33629373 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional adult phenotypes: but, how? The analysis of modularity with Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA) is used to quantitatively determine phenotypic modules based on the physical connection among anatomical elements, an approach that is valuable to understand developmental and evolutionary constraints. We created anatomical network models of the head, forelimb, and hindlimb of two taxa considered to represent a 'generalized' eutherian (placental: mouse) and metatherian (marsupial: opossum) anatomical configuration and compared them with our species, which has a derived eutherian configuration. In these models, nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical connection. Here, we aimed to identify: (1) the commonalities and differences in modularity between species, (2) whether modules present a potential phylogenetic character, and (3) whether modules preferentially reflect either developmental or functional aspects of anatomy, or a mix of both. We predicted differences between networks of metatherian and eutherian mammals that would best be explained by functional constraints, versus by constraints of development and/or phylogeny. The topology of contacts between bones, muscles, and bones + muscles showed that, among all three species, skeletal networks were more similar than musculoskeletal networks. There was no clear indication that humans and mice are more alike when compared to the opossum overall, even though their musculoskeletal and skeletal networks of fore- and hindlimbs are slightly more similar. Differences were greatest among musculoskeletal networks of heads and next of forelimbs, which showed more variation than hindlimbs, supporting previous anatomical studies indicating that in general the configuration of the hindlimbs changes less across evolutionary history. Most observations regarding the anatomical networks seem to be best explained by function, but an exception is the adult opossum ear ossicles. These ear bones might form an independent module because the incus and malleus are involved in forming a functional primary jaw that enables the neonate to attach to the teat, where this newborn will complete its development. Additionally, the human data show a specialized digit 1 module (thumb/big toe) in both limb types, likely the result of functional and evolutionary pressures, as our ape ancestors had highly movable big toes and thumbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSI), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Schwarz GM, Hirtler L. Ectopic tendons of the pectoralis minor muscle as cause for shoulder pain and motion inhibition-Explaining clinically important variabilities through phylogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218715. [PMID: 31226146 PMCID: PMC6588231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OJECTIVE Clinical consequences of ectopic tendons of the pectoralis minor muscle (PMM) for shoulder pain and range-of-motion limitation have been demonstrated. For better understanding the existence of such ectopic tendons, a phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed. METHODS Forty-five shoulders of anatomical specimens were dissected and examined. Insertions areas of PMM were measured and occurring aberrant tendons were identified. Their relationship with the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) described and samples of the ligament were collected and histologically stained. RESULTS The prevalence of PMM variations was 37.84%. Shoulders with variations showed a statistically significant smaller coracopectoral distance (p<0.001) and larger insertion areas (p<0.003) than shoulders without. A strong negative correlation between these two variables (p<0.001, r = -0.620) was shown. CONCLUSIONS The presented results prompted the conclusion that the CHL may be in fact the remnant of the pectoralis minor tendon (PMT), which migrated from the humerus to the coracoid process through the process of phylogenetic evolution. Variations of PMTs are significantly more common than in previous studies. Imaging techniques appear to be insufficiently sensitive for reliably detecting ectopic tendons. Especially in patients experiencing shoulder pain and stiffness in whom the commoner pathologies have been ruled out the possibility of ectopic PMT should be kept in mind and ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert M. Schwarz
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
- * E-mail:
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First use of anatomical networks to study modularity and integration of heads, forelimbs and hindlimbs in abnormal anencephalic and cyclopic vs normal human development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7821. [PMID: 31127169 PMCID: PMC6534581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ill-named "logic of monsters" hypothesis of Pere Alberch - one of the founders of modern evo-devo - emphasized the importance of "internal rules" due to strong developmental constraints, linked teratologies to developmental processes and patterns, and contradicted hypotheses arguing that birth defects are related to a chaotic and random disarray of developmental mechanisms. We test these hypotheses using, for the first time, anatomical network analysis (AnNA) to study and compare the musculoskeletal modularity and integration of both the heads and the fore- and hindlimbs of abnormal cyclopic trisomy 18 and anencephalic human fetuses, and of normal fetal, newborn, and adult humans. Our previous works have shown that superficial gross anatomical analyses of these specimens strongly support the "logic of monsters" hypothesis, in the sense that there is an 'order' or 'logic' within the gross anatomical patterns observed in both the normal and abnormal individuals. Interestingly, the results of the AnNA done in the present work reveal a somewhat different pattern: at least concerning the musculoskeletal modules obtained in our AnNA, we observe a hybrid between the "logic of monsters" and the "lack of homeostasis" hypotheses. For instance, as predicted by the latter hypothesis, we found a high level of left-right asymmetry in the forelimbs and/or hindlimbs of the abnormal cyclopic trisomy 18 and anencephalic human fetuses. That is, a network analysis of the organization of/connection between the musculoskeletal structures of these fetuses reveals a more "chaotic" pattern than that detected by superficial gross anatomical comparisons. We discuss the broader developmental, evolutionary, and medical implications of these results.
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Musculoskeletal study of cebocephalic and cyclopic lamb heads illuminates links between normal and abnormal development, evolution and human pathologies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:991. [PMID: 30700788 PMCID: PMC6353885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is part of the emerging field of Evolutionary Developmental Pathology, dedicated to study the links between normal and abnormal development, evolution and human pathologies. We analyzed the head musculoskeletal system of several ‘natural mutant’ newborn lambs displaying various degrees of abnormality, from mild defects to cebocephaly and to cyclopia, and compared them with humans. Interestingly, muscle defects are less marked than osteological ones, and contrarily to the latter they tend to display left-right assymetries. In individuals with cebocephalic and even cyclopic skulls almost all head muscles are normal. The very few exceptions are some extraocular muscles and facial muscles that normally attach to osteological structures that are missing in the abnormal heads: such muscles are instead attached to the ‘nearest topological neighbor’ of the missing osteological structure, a pattern also found in cyclopic humans. These observations support Alberch’s ill-named “logic of monsters” - as a byproduct of strong developmental/topological constraints anatomical patterns tend to repeat themselves, even severe malformations displayed by distantly related taxa. They also support the idea that mammalian facial muscles reverted to an ancestral ‘nearest-neighbor’ muscle-bone type of attachment seen in non-vertebrate animals and in vertebrate limbs, but not in other vertebrate head muscles.
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Quinto-Sánchez M, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Gomez-Valdes J, Cintas C, Navarro P, Cerqueira CCSD, Paschetta C, de Azevedo S, Ramallo V, Acuña-Alonzo V, Adhikari K, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Hünemeier T, Everardo P, de Avila F, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Rosique J, Ruiz-Linares A, Gonzalez-Jose R. Developmental pathways inferred from modularity, morphological integration and fluctuating asymmetry patterns in the human face. Sci Rep 2018; 8:963. [PMID: 29343858 PMCID: PMC5772513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial asymmetries are usually measured and interpreted as proxies to developmental noise. However, analyses focused on its developmental and genetic architecture are scarce. To advance on this topic, studies based on a comprehensive and simultaneous analysis of modularity, morphological integration and facial asymmetries including both phenotypic and genomic information are needed. Here we explore several modularity hypotheses on a sample of Latin American mestizos, in order to test if modularity and integration patterns differ across several genomic ancestry backgrounds. To do so, 4104 individuals were analyzed using 3D photogrammetry reconstructions and a set of 34 facial landmarks placed on each individual. We found a pattern of modularity and integration that is conserved across sub-samples differing in their genomic ancestry background. Specifically, a signal of modularity based on functional demands and organization of the face is regularly observed across the whole sample. Our results shed more light on previous evidence obtained from Genome Wide Association Studies performed on the same samples, indicating the action of different genomic regions contributing to the expression of the nose and mouth facial phenotypes. Our results also indicate that large samples including phenotypic and genomic metadata enable a better understanding of the developmental and genetic architecture of craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Avinguda de l'Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Jorge Gomez-Valdes
- Posgrado en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Celia Cintas
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Caio Cesar Silva de Cerqueira
- Superintendência da Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo. Equipe de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Paschetta
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Azevedo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Licenciatura en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Everardo
- Licenciatura en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Antropología, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco de Avila
- Licenciatura en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Giovani Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Facultad Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-Jose
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
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Diogo R. Links between the discovery of primates and anatomical comparisons with humans, the chain of being, our place in nature, and racism. J Morphol 2017; 279:472-493. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine, Numa Adams Building, Room 1001, 520 W St. NW; Washington DC 20059
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11
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Alghamdi MA, Ziermann JM, Gregg L, Diogo R. A detailed musculoskeletal study of a fetus with anencephaly and spina bifida (craniorachischisis), and comparison with other cases of human congenital malformations. J Anat 2017; 230:842-858. [PMID: 28266009 PMCID: PMC5442139 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Few descriptions of the musculoskeletal system of humans with anencephaly or spina bifida exist in the literature. Even less is published about individuals in which both phenomena occur together, i.e. about craniorachischisis. Here we provide a detailed report on the musculoskeletal structures of a fetus with craniorachischisis, as well as comparisons with the few descriptions for anencephaly and with musculoskeletal anomalies found in other congenital malformations. We focused in particular on the comparison with trisomies 13, 18, and 21 because neural tube defects have been associated with such chromosomal defects. Our results showed that many of the defects found in the fetus with craniorachischisis are similar not only to anomalies previously described in the available works on musculoskeletal phenotypes seen in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida, but also to a wide range of other different conditions/syndromes including trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and cyclopia. The fact that similar anomalies are seen commonly not only in a wide range of different syndromes, but also as variants of the normal human population and as the 'normal' phenotype of other animals, supports Pere Alberch's unfortunately named idea of a 'logic of monsters'. That is, it supports the idea that development is so constrained that both in 'normal' and abnormal development one sees certain outcomes being produced again and again because ontogenetic constraints only allow a few possible outcomes, thus also leading to cases where the anatomical defects of some organisms are similar to the 'normal' phenotype of other organisms. In fact, this applies not only to specific anomalies but also to general patterns, such as the fact that in pathological conditions affecting different regions of the body, one consistently sees more defects on the upper limbs than on the lower limbs. Such general patterns are, again, seen in the fetus examined for this study, which had 29 muscle anomalies on the right upper limb and 22 muscle anomalies on the left upper limb, vs. seven muscle anomalies on the right lower limb and two on the left lower limb. It is therefore hoped that this work, which is part of our effort to describe and compile information on human musculoskeletal defects found in a wide range of conditions, will contribute not only to a better understanding of craniorachischisis in particular and of human congenital malformations in general, but also to broader discussions on the fields of comparative anatomy, and developmental and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A. Alghamdi
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Lydia Gregg
- Division of Interventional NeuroradiologyDepartment of Art as Applied to MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
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12
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Diogo R, Guinard G, Diaz RE. Dinosaurs, Chameleons, Humans, and Evo-Devo Path: Linking Étienne Geoffroy's Teratology, Waddington's Homeorhesis, Alberch's Logic of "Monsters," and Goldschmidt Hopeful "Monsters". JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:207-229. [PMID: 28422426 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the rise of evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) in the 1980s, few authors have attempted to combine the increasing knowledge obtained from the study of model organisms and human medicine with data from comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology in order to investigate the links between development, pathology, and macroevolution. Fortunately, this situation is slowly changing, with a renewed interest in evolutionary developmental pathology (evo-devo-path) in the past decades, as evidenced by the idea to publish this special, and very timely, issue on "Developmental Evolution in Biomedical Research." As all of us have recently been involved, independently, in works related in some way or another with evolution and developmental anomalies, we decided to join our different perspectives and backgrounds in the present contribution for this special issue. Specifically, we provide a brief historical account on the study of the links between evolution, development, and pathologies, followed by a review of the recent work done by each of us, and then by a general discussion on the broader developmental and macroevolutionary implications of our studies and works recently done by other authors. Our primary aims are to highlight the strength of studying developmental anomalies within an evolutionary framework to understand morphological diversity and disease by connecting the recent work done by us and others with the research done and broader ideas proposed by authors such as Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Waddington, Goldschmidt, Gould, and Per Alberch, among many others to pave the way for further and much needed work regarding abnormal development and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Geoffrey Guinard
- UMR CNRS 5561, Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California.,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California
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Esteve-Altava B. In search of morphological modules: a systematic review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1332-1347. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
- Department of Anatomy; College of Medicine, Howard University; 520 W Street, NW, Numa Adams Building Washington DC 20059 USA
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Diogo R, Esteve-Altava B, Smith C, Boughner JC, Rasskin-Gutman D. Anatomical Network Comparison of Human Upper and Lower, Newborn and Adult, and Normal and Abnormal Limbs, with Notes on Development, Pathology and Limb Serial Homology vs. Homoplasy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140030. [PMID: 26452269 PMCID: PMC4599883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How do the various anatomical parts (modules) of the animal body evolve into very different integrated forms (integration) yet still function properly without decreasing the individual's survival? This long-standing question remains unanswered for multiple reasons, including lack of consensus about conceptual definitions and approaches, as well as a reasonable bias toward the study of hard tissues over soft tissues. A major difficulty concerns the non-trivial technical hurdles of addressing this problem, specifically the lack of quantitative tools to quantify and compare variation across multiple disparate anatomical parts and tissue types. In this paper we apply for the first time a powerful new quantitative tool, Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA), to examine and compare in detail the musculoskeletal modularity and integration of normal and abnormal human upper and lower limbs. In contrast to other morphological methods, the strength of AnNA is that it allows efficient and direct empirical comparisons among body parts with even vastly different architectures (e.g. upper and lower limbs) and diverse or complex tissue composition (e.g. bones, cartilages and muscles), by quantifying the spatial organization of these parts-their topological patterns relative to each other-using tools borrowed from network theory. Our results reveal similarities between the skeletal networks of the normal newborn/adult upper limb vs. lower limb, with exception to the shoulder vs. pelvis. However, when muscles are included, the overall musculoskeletal network organization of the upper limb is strikingly different from that of the lower limb, particularly that of the more proximal structures of each limb. Importantly, the obtained data provide further evidence to be added to the vast amount of paleontological, gross anatomical, developmental, molecular and embryological data recently obtained that contradicts the long-standing dogma that the upper and lower limbs are serial homologues. In addition, the AnNA of the limbs of a trisomy 18 human fetus strongly supports Pere Alberch's ill-named "logic of monsters" hypothesis, and contradicts the commonly accepted idea that birth defects often lead to lower integration (i.e. more parcellation) of anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Diego Rasskin-Gutman
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Diogo R, Smith CM, Ziermann JM. Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1357-74. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | | | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
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Esteve-Altava B, Diogo R, Smith C, Boughner JC, Rasskin-Gutman D. Anatomical networks reveal the musculoskeletal modularity of the human head. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8298. [PMID: 25656958 PMCID: PMC5389032 DOI: 10.1038/srep08298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic evolution is a key mechanism that promotes robustness and evolvability in living beings. For the human head, to have a modular organization would imply that each phenotypic module could grow and function semi-independently. Delimiting the boundaries of head modules, and even assessing their existence, is essential to understand human evolution. Here we provide the first study of the human head using anatomical network analysis (AnNA), offering the most complete overview of the modularity of the head to date. Our analysis integrates the many biological dependences that tie hard and soft tissues together, arising as a consequence of development, growth, stresses and loads, and motion. We created an anatomical network model of the human head, where nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical articulations. The analysis of the human head network uncovers the presence of 10 musculoskeletal modules, deep-rooted in these biological dependences, of developmental and evolutionary significance. In sum, this study uncovers new anatomical and functional modules of the human head using a novel quantitative method that enables a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary anatomy of our lineage, including the evolution of facial expression and facial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard Univ. College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Howard Univ. College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Diego Rasskin-Gutman
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Specialize or risk disappearance - empirical evidence of anisomerism based on comparative and developmental studies of gnathostome head and limb musculature. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:964-78. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Marta Linde-Medina
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester; Manchester M3 9PT U.K
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Is evolutionary biology becoming too politically correct? A reflection on the scala naturae, phylogenetically basal clades, anatomically plesiomorphic taxa, and 'lower' animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:502-21. [PMID: 24917249 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The notion of scala naturae dates back to thinkers such as Aristotle, who placed plants below animals and ranked the latter along a graded scale of complexity from 'lower' to 'higher' animals, such as humans. In the last decades, evolutionary biologists have tended to move from one extreme (i.e. the idea of scala naturae or the existence of a general evolutionary trend in complexity from 'lower' to "higher" taxa, with Homo sapiens as the end stage) to the other, opposite, extreme (i.e. to avoid using terms such as 'phylogenetically basal' and 'anatomically plesiomorphic' taxa, which are seen as the undesired vestige of old teleological theories). The latter view tries to avoid any possible connotations with the original anthropocentric idea of a scala naturae crowned by man and, in that sense, it can be regarded as a more politically correct view. In the past years and months there has been renewed interest in these topics, which have been discussed in various papers and monographs that tend to subscribe, in general, to the points defended in the more politically correct view. Importantly, most evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of tetrapods and other vertebrates, and therefore most discussions on the scala naturae and related issues have been based on hard tissue and, more recently, on molecular data. Here we provide the first discussion of these topics based on a comparative myological study of all the major vertebrate clades and of myological cladistic and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of bony fish and tetrapods, including Primates. We specifically (i) contradict the notions of a scala naturae or evolutionary progressive trends leading to more complexity in 'higher' animals and culminating in Homo sapiens, and (ii) stress that the refutation of these old notions does not necessarily mean that one should not keep using the terms 'phylogenetically basal' and particularly 'anatomically plesiomorphic' to refer to groups such as the urodeles within the Tetrapoda, or the strepsirrhines and lemurs within the Primates, for instance. This review will contribute to improving our understanding of these broad evolutionary issues and of the evolution of the vertebrate Bauplans, and hopefully will stimulate future phylogenetic, evolutionary and developmental studies of these clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A
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