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Regulation of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Osteosarcoma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020398. [PMID: 36830767 PMCID: PMC9953423 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process that has been linked to the promotion of aggressive cellular features in many cancer types. It is characterized by the loss of the epithelial cell phenotype and a shift to a more mesenchymal phenotype and is accompanied by an associated change in cell markers. EMT is highly complex and regulated via multiple signaling pathways. While the importance of EMT is classically described for carcinomas-cancers of epithelial origin-it has also been clearly demonstrated in non-epithelial cancers, including osteosarcoma (OS), a primary bone cancer predominantly affecting children and young adults. Recent studies examining EMT in OS have highlighted regulatory roles for multiple proteins, non-coding nucleic acids, and components of the tumor micro-environment. This review serves to summarize these experimental findings, identify key families of regulatory molecules, and identify potential therapeutic targets specific to the EMT process in OS.
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2
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Lin H, Hao Y, Wan X, He J, Tong Y. Baicalein inhibits cell development, metastasis and EMT and induces apoptosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:49-57. [PMID: 31948366 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1713807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary tumor. Baicalein has broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects. This study aimed to study the specific molecular regulatory mechanism of baicalein in anti-osteosarcoma and the possible regulatory signaling network involved.Methods: In vitro experiment, MG-63 cells treated with 0, 50, 75, and 100 μM of baicalein. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis, and morphology were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), clone formation, wound healing, Transwell, flow cytometry, Hoechst staining, wound healing and microscopic observation. In addition, cycle, apoptosis and EMT-related proteins and p-ERK/ERK expression level were analyzed using western blotting. In vivo experiments were performed by BALB/c-nude mice model establishment to detect mice and tumor weight, tumor volume, positive rate and p-ERK/ERK expression when mice treated with 100 μM of baicalein.Results: Firstly, the IC50 of baicalein was 67.57 μM. Then, baicalein decreased cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and the expression of CDK2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, Bcl-2, N-cad, Vimentin, MMP-2, MMP-9, p-ERK/ERK, while increased G1 phase numbers, apoptosis and the expression level of p21, p27, cleaved caspase 3/9, Bax, E-cad, ZO-1 in a dose-dependent manner in MG-63 cells. Also, baicalein reduced the body weight, tumor weight and volume and relative expression level of p-ERK/ERK in vivo.Conclusion: Baicalein inhibits cell development, metastasis, and EMT progress and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma, and has a visible anti-osteosarcoma effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yongjun Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou City, China
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3
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de Azevedo JWV, de Medeiros Fernandes TAA, Fernandes JV, de Azevedo JCV, Lanza DCF, Bezerra CM, Andrade VS, de Araújo JMG, Fernandes JV. Biology and pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1099-1116. [PMID: 31966039 PMCID: PMC6955653 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone tumor of mesenchymal origin, most frequently occurring during the rapid growth phase of long bones, and usually located in the epiphyseal growth plates of the femur or the tibia. Its most common feature is genome disorganization, aneuploidy with chromosomal alterations, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes and of the cell cycle, and an absence of DNA repair. This suggests the involvement of surveillance failures, DNA repair or apoptosis control during osteogenesis, allowing the survival of cells which have undergone alterations during differentiation. Epigenetic events, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome remodeling and expression of non-coding RNAs have been identified as possible risk factors for the tumor. It has been reported that p53 target genes or those genes that have their activity modulated by p53, in addition to other tumor suppressor genes, are silenced in OS-derived cell lines by hypermethylation of their promoters. In osteogenesis, osteoblasts are formed from pluripotent mesenchymal cells, with potential for self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into various cell types. This involves complex signaling pathways and multiple factors. Any disturbance in this process can cause deregulation of the differentiation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the malignant phenotype. Therefore, the origin of OS seems to be multifactorial, involving the deregulation of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, epigenetic events and the production of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christiane Medeiros Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Vânia Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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4
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Cancer Stem Cells and Osteosarcoma: Opportunities and Limitations. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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5
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Zhao C, Zhang W, Zhu X, Xu Y, Yang K, Wei D, Liang S, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Chen X, Sun L, Yuan H, Shi X, Wang X, Liu M, Yang F, Wang J, Yang Z. TWIST2: A new candidate tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1647-1657. [PMID: 31433071 PMCID: PMC6771699 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in men worldwide; however, PCa incidence and mortality rates vary widely across geographic regions and ethnic groups. The current study was designed to elucidate the pivotal factors involved in PCa occurrence and development. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on the prostate tumor and adjacent normal tissues from Chinese PCa patients. Genes identified via genome-wide expression profile analysis were validated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Hypermethylation of CpG islands was assessed by nested methylation-specific PCR. Whole genome microarray analysis was performed using an Affymetrix GeneChip. RESULTS We identified nine possible abnormally expressed genes (P < .05) and then revealed TWIST2 as having strikingly lower expression in tumors than in control tissues (P < .01). Low messenger RNA expression levels of TWIST2 were associated with hypermethylation of CpG islands in its promoter region. In accordance with these findings, PCa tumor tissues showed markedly decreased TWIST2 protein expression compared to that in both normal and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Ectopic expression of TWIST2 in LNCap cells not only inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo but also induced transcriptional repression of a cell proliferation-related gene cohort, including androgen receptor signaling mediators, cyclins, homeobox genes, forkhead box genes, and SOX2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TWIST2 could function as a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of PCa by influencing the expression of target genes and that hypermethylation of the TWIST2 promoter in prostate tumors may be an underlying mechanism for TWIST2 transcriptional silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of PathologyBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Kuo Yang
- Department of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of UrologyBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Siying Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Fan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | | | - Xin Chen
- Department of UrologyBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Liang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Huiping Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of UrologyBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Basic Medical ScienceShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Fan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of UrologyBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ze Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of GeriatricsMinistry of HealthBeijingChina
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6
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Hernández-Camarero P, López-Ruiz E, Griñán-Lisón C, García MÁ, Chocarro-Wrona C, Marchal JA, Kenyon J, Perán M. Pancreatic (pro)enzymes treatment suppresses BXPC-3 pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell subpopulation and impairs tumour engrafting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11359. [PMID: 31388092 PMCID: PMC6684636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulation within the tumour is responsible for metastasis and cancer relapse. Here we investigate in vitro and in vivo the effects of a pancreatic (pro)enzyme mixture composed of Chymotrypsinogen and Trypsinogen (PRP) on CSCs derived from a human pancreatic cell line, BxPC3. Exposure of pancreatic CSCs spheres to PRP resulted in a significant decrease of ALDEFLUOR and specific pancreatic CSC markers (CD 326, CD 44 and CxCR4) signal tested by flow cytometry, further CSCs markers expression was also analyzed by western and immunofluorescence assays. PRP also inhibits primary and secondary sphere formation. Three RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays were used to study gene expression regulation after PRP treatment and resulted in, (i) epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibition; (ii) CSCs related genes suppression; (iii) enhanced expression of tumour suppressor genes; (iv) downregulation of migration and metastasis genes and (v) regulation of MAP Kinase Signalling Pathway. Finally, in vivo anti-tumor xenograft studies demonstrated high anti-tumour efficacy of PRP against tumours induced by BxPC3 human pancreatic CSCs. PRP impaired engrafting of pancreatic CSC’s tumours in nude mice and displayed an antigrowth effect toward initiated xenografts. We concluded that (pro)enzymes treatment is a valuable strategy to suppress the CSC population in solid pancreatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernández-Camarero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - Elena López-Ruiz
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - María Ángel García
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3 and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - Carlos Chocarro-Wrona
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain
| | - Julian Kenyon
- The Dove Clinic for Integrated Medicine, Twyford, SO21 1RG, UK.
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain. .,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, E-18016, Spain.
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7
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Redfern AD, Spalding LJ, Thompson EW. The Kraken Wakes: induced EMT as a driver of tumour aggression and poor outcome. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:285-308. [PMID: 29948647 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the shift of cells from an epithelial form to a contact independent, migratory, mesenchymal form. In cancer the change is linked to invasion and metastasis. Tumour conditions, including hypoxia, acidosis and a range of treatments can trigger EMT, which is implicated in the subsequent development of resistance to those same treatments. Consequently, the degree to which EMT occurs may underpin the entire course of tumour progression and treatment response in a patient. In this review we look past the protective effect of EMT against the initial treatment, to the role of the mesenchymal state, once triggered, in promoting disease growth, spread and future treatment insensitivity. In patients a correlation was found between the propensity of a treatment to induce EMT and failure of that treatment to provide a survival benefit, implicating EMT induction in accelerated tumour progression after treatment cessation. Looking to the mechanisms driving this detrimental effect; increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, stem cell induction, augmented angiogenesis, enhanced metastatic dissemination, and immune tolerance, can all result from treatment-induced EMT and could worsen outcome. Evidence also suggests EMT induction with earlier therapies attenuates benefits of later treatments. Looking beyond epithelial tumours, de-differentiation also has therapy-attenuating effects and reversal thereof may yield similar rewards. A range of potential therapies are in development that may address the diverse mechanisms and molecular control systems involved in EMT-induced accelerated progression. Considering the broad reaching effects of mesenchymal shift identified, successful deployment of such treatments could substantially improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Spalding
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Boregowda SV, Krishnappa V, Strivelli J, Haga CL, Booker CN, Phinney DG. Basal p53 expression is indispensable for mesenchymal stem cell integrity. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:679-692. [PMID: 29311623 PMCID: PMC5883824 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marrow-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve as a functional component of the perivascular niche that regulates hematopoiesis. They also represent the main source of bone formed in adult bone marrow, and their bifurcation to osteoblast and adipocyte lineages plays a key role in skeletal homeostasis and aging. Although the tumor suppressor p53 also functions in bone organogenesis, homeostasis, and neoplasia, its role in MSCs remains poorly described. Herein, we examined the normal physiological role of p53 in primary MSCs cultured under physiologic oxygen levels. Using knockout mice and gene silencing we show that p53 inactivation downregulates expression of TWIST2, which normally restrains cellular differentiation to maintain wild-type MSCs in a multipotent state, depletes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and suppresses ROS generation and PPARG gene and protein induction in response to adipogenic stimuli. Mechanistically, this loss of adipogenic potential skews MSCs toward an osteogenic fate, which is further potentiated by TWIST2 downregulation, resulting in highly augmented osteogenic differentiation. We also show that p53−/− MSCs are defective in supporting hematopoiesis as measured in standard colony assays because of decreased secretion of various cytokines including CXCL12 and CSF1. Lastly, we show that transient exposure of wild-type MSCs to 21% oxygen upregulates p53 protein expression, resulting in increased mitochondrial ROS production and enhanced adipogenic differentiation at the expense of osteogenesis, and that treatment of cells with FGF2 mitigates these effects by inducing TWIST2. Together, these findings indicate that basal p53 levels are necessary to maintain MSC bi-potency, and oxygen-induced increases in p53 expression modulate cell fate and survival decisions. Because of the critical function of basal p53 in MSCs, our findings question the use of p53 null cell lines as MSC surrogates, and also implicate dysfunctional MSC responses in the pathophysiology of p53-related skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddaraju V Boregowda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Veena Krishnappa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jacqueline Strivelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Christopher L Haga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Cori N Booker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute - Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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9
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Wang W, Fei Y, Tan C, Liang Z. K-ras mutation promotes ionizing radiation-induced invasion and migration of lung cancer in part via the Cathepsin L/CUX1 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:424-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Zhu Y, Zhang W, Wang P. Smoking and gender modify the effect of TWIST on patient survival in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85816-85827. [PMID: 29156759 PMCID: PMC5689649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TWIST is a critical factor for predicting prognosis in several human cancers. Here, we study the prognostic significance of TWIST1 and TWIST2 in Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as well as interactions of TWISTs with both gender and smoking in patient survival. METHODS upper quartile normalized RNA-seq V2 RSEM values of TWIST1 and TWIST2 expressions were retrieved from a TCGA HNSCC dataset. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to assess the associations of TWIST1 and TWIST2 with patient survival, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazards ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Survival analyses showed that high TWIST1 expression was associated with a poor overall survival at a borderline significance level, while a superior but not statistically significant overall survival was observed in high TWIST2 expression. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model showed a significantly elevated risk of death (HR=1.37, p = 0.038) in patients with high TWIST1 compared to low TWIST1, and a borderline significantly decreased risk of death (HR = 0.74, p = 0.055) in patients with high TWIST2 compared to low TWIST2. Further stratification analyses showed that increased risks of death were found significantly in male and borderline significantly in smoker patients with high TWIST1 compared to low one, and a significantly decreased risk of death in non-smoker patients with high TWIST2 compared to low one. CONCLUSIONS TWIST1 and TWIST2 are differentially associated with HNSCC patient survival. Gender and smoking could modify the effect of TWISTs on the risk of death in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77025, USA
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11
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Bulla SC, Badial PR, Silva RC, Lunsford K, Bulla C. Platelets Inhibit Migration of Canine Osteosarcoma Cells. J Comp Pathol 2016; 156:3-13. [PMID: 27890405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between platelets and tumour cells is important for tumour growth and metastasis. Thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet treatment negatively impact on cancer metastasis, demonstrating potentially important roles for platelets in tumour progression. To our knowledge, there is no information regarding the role of platelets in cancer progression in dogs. This study was designed to test whether canine platelets affected the migratory behaviour of three canine osteosarcoma cell lines and to give insights of molecular mechanisms. Intact platelets, platelet lysate and platelet releasate inhibited the migration of canine osteosarcoma cell lines. Addition of blood leucocytes to the platelet samples did not alter the inhibitory effect on migration. Platelet treatment also significantly downregulated the transcriptional levels of SNAI2 and TWIST1 genes. The interaction between canine platelets or molecules released during platelet activation and these tumour cell lines inhibits their migration, which suggests that canine platelets might antagonize metastasis of canine osteosarcoma. This effect is probably due to, at least in part, downregulation of genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bulla
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, USA.
| | - P R Badial
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, USA
| | - R C Silva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, USA
| | - K Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Animal Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - C Bulla
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, USA
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12
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Cathepsin L is involved in X-ray-induced invasion and migration of human glioma U251 cells. Cell Signal 2016; 29:181-191. [PMID: 27989700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An important therapeutic method of glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor, is radiotherapy. However, several studies reported recently that radiation could also promote the invasion and migration of malignant tumor. Herein, we have identified that a significant increase of migration and invasiveness of human glioma U251 cells undergoing X-ray was observed compared to controls, accompanied by the increase of cathepsin L (CTSL), which is a lysosomal cysteine protease overexpressed and secreted by tumor cells. To verify if there was a relationship between CTSL and the X-ray-induced glioma invasion, a CTSL specific inhibitor Z-FY-CHO or a short hairpin RNA interference was used to pretreat U251 cells. As a result, the cell invasion and migration was impaired via down-regulation of CTSL. Additionally, a marked reduction of the cell-signaling molecules Rho kinase was also detected compared with controls. We also found that CTSL is involved in EMT progress: both in vitro and in clinical specimens. Overall, our findings show that CTSL is an important protein which mediates cell invasion and migration of human glioma U251 cells induced by X-ray, and the inhibition of CTSL expression might diminish the invasion of U251 cells by reducing the activity of RhoA and CDC42 as well as EMT positive markers.
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13
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Jiang F, Zhang D, Li G, Wang X. Knockdown of DDX46 Inhibits the Invasion and Tumorigenesis in Osteosarcoma Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 25:417-425. [PMID: 27697093 PMCID: PMC7841134 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14747253292210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX46, a member of the DEAD-box (DDX) helicase family, is involved in the development of several tumors. However, the exact role of DDX46 in osteosarcoma and the underlying mechanisms in tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Thus, in the present study, we explored the role of DDX46 in osteosarcoma and the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of DDX46 in both mRNA and protein were greatly elevated in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of DDX46 obviously inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo. In addition, knockdown of DDX46 also significantly suppressed migration and invasion in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, knockdown of DDX46 substantially downregulated the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt in SaOS2 cells. In summary, the present results have revealed that DDX46 plays an important role in osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. Knockdown of DDX46 inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, DDX46 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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14
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Hou Y, Li X, Pan Z, Zu L, Fan Y, You J, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen P, Shen W, Zhou Q. [Nicotine Induced Lung Cancer Cells Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition
and Promote Its Vitro Invasion Potential]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2016; 19:169-76. [PMID: 27118643 PMCID: PMC5999818 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.04.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
背景与目的 我们的前期研究发现尼古丁能诱导肺癌细胞上皮间质转化。本研究的目的是探讨尼古丁诱导的上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)与肺癌侵袭之间的关系。 方法 应用不同浓度尼古丁处理肺腺癌A549细胞,应用Real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测EMT相关分子标志物E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)和波形蛋白(Vimentin)mRNA和蛋白表达水平,应用免疫荧光技术检测β-链蛋白(β-catenin)蛋白表达位置的变化,应用划痕实验和Transwell小室侵袭实验检测尼古丁对肺癌细胞迁移侵袭能力的影响。 结果 尼古丁明显下调肺癌细胞株A549 E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白水平表达(P < 0.01, P < 0.01),并具有浓度和时间依赖性;尼古丁明显上调肺癌细胞株A549 Vimentin mRNA和蛋白水平表达(P < 0.01, P < 0.01);尼古丁诱导肺癌细胞株A549细胞β-catenin蛋白发生核转移;划痕实验和侵袭实验观察到尼古丁处理的肺癌细胞株A549细胞的迁移和侵袭能力明显增强(P < 0.01, P < 0.01)。 结论 尼古丁能够诱导肺癌细胞发生EMT,并且促进肺癌细胞株A549细胞的体外侵袭潜能。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhenhua Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lingling Zu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yaguang Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiacong You
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Min Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peirui Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wang Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China;Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Galván JA, Helbling M, Koelzer VH, Tschan MP, Berger MD, Hädrich M, Schnüriger B, Karamitopoulou E, Dawson H, Inderbitzin D, Lugli A, Zlobec I. TWIST1 and TWIST2 promoter methylation and protein expression in tumor stroma influence the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like tumor budding phenotype in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:874-85. [PMID: 25528769 PMCID: PMC4359262 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor budding in colorectal cancer is likened to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized predominantly by loss of E-cadherin and up-regulation of E-cadherin repressors like TWIST1 and TWIST2. Here we investigate a possible epigenetic link between TWIST proteins and the tumor budding phenotype. TWIST1 and TWIST2 promoter methylation and protein expression were investigated in six cell lines and further correlated with tumor budding in patient cohort 1 (n = 185). Patient cohort 2 (n = 112) was used to assess prognostic effects. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) of tumor epithelium and stroma from low- and high-grade budding cancers was performed. In colorectal cancers, TWIST1 and TWIST2 expression was essentially restricted to stromal cells. LCM results of a high-grade budding case show positive TWIST1 and TWIST2 stroma and no methylation, while the low-grade budding case was characterized by negative stroma and strong hypermethylation. TWIST1 stromal cell staining was associated with adverse features like more advanced pT (p = 0.0044), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0301), lymphatic vessel invasion (p = 0.0373), perineural invasion (p = 0.0109) and worse overall survival time (p = 0.0226). Stromal cells may influence tumor budding in colorectal cancers through expression of TWIST1. Hypermethylation of the tumor stroma may represent an alternative mechanism for regulation of TWIST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Galván
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Melina Helbling
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Experimental Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin D Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Hädrich
- Departments of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schnüriger
- Departments of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Karamitopoulou
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heather Dawson
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Inderbitzin
- Departments of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Tiefenau Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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16
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Yao C, Li P, Song H, Song F, Qu Y, Ma X, Shi R, Wu J. CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis Upregulates Twist to Induce EMT in Human Glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3948-3953. [PMID: 26179613 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 have been extensively reported to be associated with tumorigenesis. In addition, Twist signaling induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in glioblastoma development. In the present study, in vitro assays were used to investigate the role of CXCR4 and Twist in human glioblastoma. We explored the impact of CXCR4 and Twist on human glioblastoma using in vitro protein and gene assays. We found the administration of CXCL12 upregulated the expression of p-ERK, p-AKT, Twist, N-cadherin, and MMP9 in U87 cells, whereas the increase of E-cadherin protein was affected. Subsequently, Twist activity and EMT signaling were directly influenced by PD98059 and LY294002. Most importantly, the genetic silencing of Twist inhibited CXCL12-induced EMT occurrence, including proliferation, migration, and tumor formation of U87 cells. In conclusion, CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway activates ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling to upregulate Twist pathway, leading to the progression of EMT in human glioblastoma. Our study creates a new stage for molecule-targeted therapy of human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Yao
- Glioma Surgery Division, Neurological Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12#, Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huishu Song
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxi Song
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yalan Qu
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ranran Shi
- School of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Glioma Surgery Division, Neurological Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12#, Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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17
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Yamaguchi SI, Ueki A, Sugihara E, Onishi N, Yaguchi T, Kawakami Y, Horiuchi K, Morioka H, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Muto A, Toyama Y, Saya H, Shimizu T. Synergistic antiproliferative effect of imatinib and adriamycin in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-expressing osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:875-82. [PMID: 25940371 PMCID: PMC4520639 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary solid malignant tumor of bone. Its prognosis remains poor in the substantial proportion of patients who do not respond to chemotherapy and novel therapeutic options are therefore needed. We previously established a mouse model that mimics the aggressive behavior of human OS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based screening of such mouse tumor lysates identified platelet-derived growth factor–BB (PDGF-BB) as an abundant soluble factor, the gene for which was expressed dominantly in surrounding non-malignant cells of the tumor, whereas that for the cognate receptor (PDGF receptor β) was highly expressed in OS cells. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induced activation of both MEK–ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–protein kinase B signaling pathways and promoted survival in OS cells deprived of serum, and these effects were blocked by the PDGF receptor inhibitor imatinib. However, these actions of PDGF-BB and imatinib were mostly masked in the presence of serum. Whereas imatinib alone did not manifest an antitumor effect in mice harboring OS tumors, combined treatment with imatinib and adriamycin exerted a synergistic antiproliferative effect on OS cells in vivo. These results suggest that treatment of OS with imatinib is effective only when cell survival is dependent on PDGF signaling or when imatinib is combined with another therapeutic intervention that renders the tumor cells susceptible to imatinib action, such as by inducing cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka I Yamaguchi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Ueki
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Core research for evolutionary science and technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Morioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Muto
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Core research for evolutionary science and technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsune Shimizu
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Core research for evolutionary science and technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Li G, Yang Y, Xu S, Ma L, He M, Zhang Z. Slug signaling is up-regulated by CCL21/CCR7 [corrected] to induce EMT in human chondrosarcoma. Med Oncol 2015; 32:478. [PMID: 25556164 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) [corrected] and its ligand CCL21 have been extensively reported to be associated with tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, Slug signaling induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in chondrosarcoma development. In the present study, we explored the functions of CCL21/CCR7 [corrected] in Slug-mediated EMT in the chondrosarcoma. We analyzed protein expression of CCR7 [corrected] and Slug in human chondrosarcoma samples. Effects of CCR7 [corrected] on chondrosarcoma cells were assessed by in vitro assays. Additionally, CCR7 [corrected] pathways were further investigated by pharmacological and genetic approaches. We found that the altered CCR7 [corrected] (81.7 %) and Slug (85.0 %) expression in human chondrosarcoma tissues were significantly associated with grade, recurrence, and 5-year overall survival. According to in vitro assays, CCL21 stimulation induced the expression of phosph-ERK, phosph-AKT, Slug and N-cadherin in SW1353 cells, while the expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated. Furthermore, Slug signaling modulated E- to N-cadherin switch, which was influenced by the kinase inhibitor PD98059 and LY294002. In addition, the genetic silencing of Slug inhibited the capacity of migration and invasion of SW1353 cells. In conclusion, CCL21/CCR7 [corrected] pathway activates ERK and PI3K/AKT signallings to up-regulate Slug pathway, leading to the occurrence of EMT process in human chondrosarcoma. This study lays a new foundation for molecule-targeted therapy of human chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Longgang Orthopedics Hospital of Shenzhen, 243# Yangmeigang, Longgang Street, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, China
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19
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Yuan X, Wu H, Han N, Xu H, Chu Q, Yu S, Chen Y, Wu K. Notch signaling and EMT in non-small cell lung cancer: biological significance and therapeutic application. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:87. [PMID: 25477004 PMCID: PMC4267749 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer cells acquire enhanced ability of migration and invasion, stem cell like characteristics and therapeutic resistance. Notch signaling regulates cell-cell connection, cell polarity and motility during organ development. Recent studies demonstrate that Notch signaling plays an important role in lung cancer initiation and cross-talks with several transcriptional factors to enhance EMT, contributing to the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Correspondingly, blocking of Notch signaling inhibits NSCLC migration and tumor growth by reversing EMT. Clinical trials have showed promising effect in some cancer patients received treatment with Notch1 inhibitor. This review attempts to provide an overview of the Notch signal in NSCLC: its biological significance and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Shiying Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Building 303, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China.
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20
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Zhang X, Ma W, Cui J, Yao H, Zhou H, Ge Y, Xiao L, Hu X, Liu BH, Yang J, Li YY, Chen S, Eaves CJ, Wu D, Zhao Y. Regulation of p21 by TWIST2 contributes to its tumor-suppressor function in human acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2014; 34:3000-10. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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TNFα promotes osteosarcoma progression by maintaining tumor cells in an undifferentiated state. Oncogene 2013; 33:4236-41. [PMID: 24336323 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is frequently associated with tumorigenesis in elderly people. By contrast, young people without chronic inflammation often develop tumors considered independent of chronic inflammation but driven instead by mutations. Thus, whether inflammation has a significant role in tumor progression in tumors driven by mutations remains largely unknown. Here we show that TNFα is required for the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma, the most common tumor in children and adolescents. We show that transplantation of AX osteosarcoma cells, which harbor mutations driving c-Myc overexpression and Ink4a-deficiency, in wild-type mice promotes lethal tumorigenesis accompanied by ectopic bone formation and multiple metastases, phenotypes seen in osteosarcoma patients. Such tumorigenesis was completely abrogated in TNFα-deficient mice. AX cells have the capacity to undergo osteoblastic differentiation; however, that activity was significantly inhibited by TNFα treatment, suggesting that TNFα maintains AX cells in an undifferentiated state. TNFα inhibition of AX cell osteoblastic differentiation occurred through ERK activation, and a pharmacological TNFα inhibitor effectively inhibited both AX cell tumorigenesis and increased osteoblastic gene expression and increased survival of tumor-bearing mice. Lethal tumorigenesis of AX cells was also abrogated in IL-1α/IL-1β doubly deficient mice. We found that both TNFα and IL-1 maintained AX cells in an undifferentiated state via ERK activation. Thus, inflammatory cytokines are required to promote tumorigenesis even in mutation-induced tumors, and TNFα/IL-1 and ERK may represent therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.
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22
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Yang G, Yuan J, Li K. EMT transcription factors: implication in osteosarcoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:697. [PMID: 23975634 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, is a deadly disorder. Its etiology is complex, and treatment is mostly obscure. The transcription factors (TFs) involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) have significant role in osteosarcoma. A number of evidence suggests that overexpression of EMT-TFs, such as Twist, Snails and Zebs, is involved in complex pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Recent research studies have showed some extent of promise in osteosarcoma treatment by targeting these EMT-TFs. However, success in research on osteosarcoma-EMT-TFs axis is just in primary stage, and a long way to go. Targeting Twist, Snail or Zeb by specific molecules or chemotherapeutic agents may provide a new dimension in osteosarcoma treatment by controlling metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87-Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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23
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Ishikawa T, Shimizu T, Ueki A, Yamaguchi SI, Onishi N, Sugihara E, Kuninaka S, Miyamoto T, Morioka H, Nakayama R, Kobayashi E, Toyama Y, Mabuchi Y, Matsuzaki Y, Yamaguchi R, Miyano S, Saya H. Twist2 functions as a tumor suppressor in murine osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:880-8. [PMID: 23557174 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the malignant progression of cancer cells including acquisition of the ability to undergo metastasis. However, whereas EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TF) are known to play an important role in the malignant progression of epithelial tumors, their role in mesenchymal tumors remains largely unknown. We show that expression of the gene for Twist2 is downregulated in human osteosarcoma and correlates inversely with tumorigenic potential in mouse osteosarcoma. Forced expression of Twist2 in highly tumorigenic murine osteosarcoma cells induced a slight inhibition of cell growth in vitro but markedly suppressed tumor formation in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of Twist2 in osteosarcoma cells with a low tumorigenic potential promoted tumor formation in vivo, suggesting that Twist2 functions as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, Twist2 induced expression of fibulin-5, which has been reported as a tumor suppressor. Medium conditioned by mouse osteosarcoma cells overexpressing Twist2 inhibited expression of the MMP9 gene as well as invasion in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and forced expression of Twist2 in osteosarcoma cells suppressed MMP9 gene expression in tumor tissue. Data from the present study suggest that Twist2 inhibits formation of a microenvironment conducive to tumor growth and thereby attenuates tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ishikawa
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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