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Vervoordeldonk MYL, Hengeveld PJ, Levin MD, Langerak AW. B cell receptor signaling proteins as biomarkers for progression of CLL requiring first-line therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:1031-1043. [PMID: 38619476 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2341151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The molecular landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been extensively characterized, and various potent prognostic biomarkers were discovered. The genetic composition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulin (IG) was shown to be especially powerful for discerning indolent from aggressive disease at diagnosis. Classification based on the IG heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) somatic hypermutation status is routinely applied. Additionally, BCR IGH stereotypy has been implicated to improve risk stratification, through characterization of subsets with consistent clinical profiles. Despite these advances, it remains challenging to predict when CLL progresses to requiring first-line therapy, thus emphasizing the need for further refinement of prognostic indicators. Signaling pathways downstream of the BCR are essential in CLL pathogenesis, and dysregulated components within these pathways impact disease progression. Considering not only genomics but the entirety of factors shaping BCR signaling activity, this review offers insights in the disease for better prognostic assessment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Disease Progression
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Y L Vervoordeldonk
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hengeveld
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Khodakarami A, Kashani MA, Nazer A, Kheshti AM, Rashidi B, Karpisheh V, Masjedi A, Abolhasani S, Izadi S, Bagherifar R, Hejazian SS, Mohammadi H, Movassaghpour A, Feizi AAH, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeted Silencing of NRF2 by rituximab-conjugated nanoparticles increases the sensitivity of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia cells to Cyclophosphamide. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:188. [PMID: 37528446 PMCID: PMC10391779 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting influential factors in resistance to chemotherapy is one way to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway overexpresses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and appears to have a significant part in their survival and chemotherapy resistance. Here we produced novel nanoparticles (NPs) specific for CD20-expressing CLL cells with simultaneous anti-Nrf2 and cytotoxic properties. METHODS Chitosan lactate (CL) was used to produce the primary NPs which were then respectively loaded with rituximab (RTX), anti-Nrf2 Small interfering RNA (siRNAs) and Cyclophosphamide (CP) to prepare the final version of the NPs (NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP). All interventions were done on both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs). RESULTS NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP had satisfying physicochemical properties, showed controlled anti-Nrf2 siRNA/CP release, and were efficiently transfected into CLL primary cells (both PBMCs and BMNCs). NP-Nrf2_siRNA-CP were significantly capable of cell apoptosis induction and proliferation prevention marked by respectively decreased and increased anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors. Furthermore, use of anti-Nrf2 siRNA was corresponding to elevated sensitivity of CLL cells to CP. CONCLUSION Our findings imply that the combination therapy of malignant CLL cells with RTX, CP and anti-Nrf2 siRNA is a novel and efficient therapeutic strategy that was capable of destroying malignant cells. Furthermore, the use of NPs as a multiple drug delivery method showed fulfilling properties; however, the need for further future studies is undeniable. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Khodakarami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Nazer
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bentolhoda Rashidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Masjedi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Shiva Abolhasani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Izadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Pavlasova G, Mraz M. The regulation and function of CD20: an "enigma" of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica 2021; 105:1494-1506. [PMID: 32482755 PMCID: PMC7271567 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.243543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, ofatumumab, or obinutuzumab improved the therapy of B-cell malignancies even though the precise physiological role and regulation of CD20 remains unclear. Furthermore, CD20 expression is highly variable between different B-cell malignancies, patients with the same malignancy, and even between intraclonal subpopulations in an individual patient. Several epigenetic (EZH2, HDAC1/2, HDAC1/4, HDAC6, complex Sin3A-HDAC1) and transcription factors (USF, OCT1/2, PU.1, PiP, ELK1, ETS1, SP1, NFκB, FOXO1, CREM, SMAD2/3) regulating CD20 expression (encoded by MS4A1) have been characterized. CD20 is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular function of CD20 has been linked to the signaling propensity of B-cell receptor (BCR). CD20 has also been shown to interact with multiple other surface proteins on B cells (such as CD40, MHCII, CD53, CD81, CD82, and CBP). Current efforts to combine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies with BCR signaling inhibitors targeting BTK or PI3K (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, idelalisib, duvelisib) or BH3-mimetics (venetoclax) lead to the necessity to better understand both the mechanisms of regulation and the biological functions of CD20. This is underscored by the observation that CD20 is decreased in response to the "BCR inhibitor" ibrutinib which largely prevents its successful combination with rituximab. Several small molecules (such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyl-transferase inhibitors, aurora kinase A/B inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, FOXO1 inhibitors, and bryostatin-1) are being tested to upregulate cell-surface CD20 levels and increase the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Herein, we review the current understanding of CD20 function, and the mechanisms of its regulation in normal and malignant B cells, highlighting the therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pavlasova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Marshall MJE, Stopforth RJ, Cragg MS. Therapeutic Antibodies: What Have We Learnt from Targeting CD20 and Where Are We Going? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 29046676 PMCID: PMC5632755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing classes of drugs in recent years and are approved for the treatment of a wide range of indications, from cancer to autoimmune disease. Perhaps the best studied target is the pan B-cell marker CD20. Indeed, the first mAb to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer treatment was the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab (Rituxan®). Since its approval for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1997, rituximab has been licensed for use in the treatment of numerous other B-cell malignancies, as well as autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. Despite having a significant impact on the treatment of these patients, the exact mechanisms of action of rituximab remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, numerous second- and third-generation anti-CD20 mAbs have since been developed using various strategies to enhance specific effector functions thought to be key for efficacy. A plethora of knowledge has been gained during the development and testing of these mAbs, and this knowledge can now be applied to the design of novel mAbs directed to targets beyond CD20. As we enter the "post-rituximab" era, this review will focus on the lessons learned thus far through investigation of anti-CD20 mAb. Also discussed are current and future developments relating to enhanced effector function, such as the ability to form multimers on the target cell surface. These strategies have potential applications not only in oncology but also in the improved treatment of autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Finally, potential approaches to overcoming mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD20 therapy are discussed, chiefly involving the combination of anti-CD20 mAbs with various other agents to resensitize patients to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. E. Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Prognostic impact of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA copy number at diagnosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2135-42. [PMID: 26539641 PMCID: PMC4811522 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA is detected in the blood of some persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) at diagnosis. Whether this is important in the development or progression of CLL is controversial. We interrogated associations between blood EBV-DNA copy number and biological and clinical variables in 243 new-diagnosed consecutive subjects with CLL. Quantification of EBV-DNA copies was done by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). All subjects had serological evidence of prior EBV-infection. However, only 24 subjects (10%) had a EBV-DNA-positive test at diagnosis. EBV-DNA-positive subjects at diagnosis had lower hemoglobin concentrations and platelet levels, higher thymidine kinase-1 and serum ferritin levels, un-mutated IGHV genes and a greater risk of Richter transformation compared with EBV-DNA-negative subjects. Percent CD20-, CD148- and ZAP70-positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each cluster designation were also increased in EBV-DNA-positive subjects at diagnosis. EBV-DNA test positivity was associated with a briefer time-to-treatment interval (HR 1.85; [95% confidence interval, 1.13, 3.03]; P=0.014) and worse survival (HR 2.77; [1.18, 6.49]; P=0.019). Reduction in EBV copies was significantly associated with therapy-response. A positive blood EBV-DNA test at diagnosis and sequential testing of EBV copies during therapy were significantly associated with biological and clinical variables, time-to-treatment, therapy-response and survival. If validated these data may be added to CLL prognostic scoring systems.
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Cordone I, Masi S, Carosi M, Vidiri A, Marchesi F, Marino M, Telera S, Pasquale A, Mengarelli A, Conti L, Pescarmona E, Pace A, Carapella CM. Brain stereotactic biopsy flow cytometry for central nervous system lymphoma characterization: advantages and pitfalls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:128. [PMID: 27567676 PMCID: PMC5002320 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain stereotactic biopsy (SB) followed by conventional histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard approach for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) diagnosis. Flow cytometry (FCM) characterization of fine-needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsies are increasingly utilized to diagnose lymphomas however, no biological data have been published on FCM characterization of fresh single cell suspension from PCNSL SB. The aim of this study was to establish the feasibility and utility of FCM for the diagnosis and characterization of brain lymphomas from a tissue samples obtained by a single SB disaggregation. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with a magnetic resonance suggestive for PCNSL entered the study. A median of 6 SB were performed for each patient. A cell suspension generated from manual tissue disaggregation of a single, unfixed, brain SB, was characterized by FCM. The FCM versus standard approach was prospectively compared. RESULTS FCM and IHC showed an high degree of agreement (89 %) in brain lymphoma identification. By FCM, 16 out of 18 PCNSL were identified within 2 h from biopsy. All were of B cell type, with a heterogeneous CD20 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), CD10 positive in 3 cases (19 %) with surface Ig light chain restriction documented in 11 cases (69 %). No false positive lymphomas cases were observed. Up to 38 % of the brain leukocyte population consisted of CD8 reactive T cells, in contrast with the CD4 positive lymphocytes of the peripheral blood samples (P < 0.001). By histopathology, 18 B-PCNSL, only one CD10 positive (5 %), 1 primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and 10 gliomas were diagnosed. A median of 6 days was required for IHC diagnosis. CONCLUSION Complementary to histopathology FCM can contribute to a better characterization of PCNSL, although necrosis and previous steroid treatment can represent a pitfall of this approach. A single brain SB is a valid source for accurate FCM characterization of both lymphoma and reactive lymphocyte population, routinely applicable for antigen intensity quantification and consistently documenting an active mechanism of reactive CD8 T-lymphocytes migration in brain lymphomas. Moreover, FCM confirmed to be more sensitive than IHC for the identification of selected markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Cordone
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Masi
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Marchesi
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Marino
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Telera
- Neurosurgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pasquale
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mengarelli
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pace
- Neuroncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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7
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Role of CD20 expression and other pre-treatment risk factors in the development of infusion-related reactions in patients with CLL treated with obinutuzumab. Leukemia 2016; 30:1763-6. [PMID: 26979130 PMCID: PMC4980557 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Fang C, Zhu DX, Wang L, Fan L, Xu J, Wu JZ, Lu TX, Li JY, Wu CP, Xu W. Association between polymorphism of CD20 gene and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Chinese population. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:11235-11243. [PMID: 26379930 PMCID: PMC4565313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab was widely used in clinical practice. Some chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients were primary or secondary resistance to rituximab, but the mechanism has not been yet clear. CD20 gene coding region was amplified by PCR in 92 cases of newly diagnosed CLL patients and 200 healthy donors. The expression of CD20 was conducted in peripheral blood specimens of CLL patients. Proportions of CD20 expression and fluorescence intensity were detected by flow cytometry. Exon-3 c.246C>T (rs17155019) and Exon-4 c.632C>T (rs2070770) were present in 4.35% (4/92) and 9.78% (9/92) of newly diagnosed CLL patients. The mutations were not found in remaining exons. The frequency of C/C genotype and C allele of rs2070770 were significantly higher than the normal control population (90.22% vs 81.00%, P=0.04; 95.11% vs 90%, P=0.04). There was no significant relationship between genotypes with CLL development (P>0.05), however, C allele of rs2070770 may be associated with CLL (P=0.04, OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.22-0.98). The expression CD20 mRNA, proportion and intensity of CD20 were no significant different between genotypes of two polymorphic loci (P>0.05). Low expression of CD20 for CLL was not associated with mutation of CD20 gene coding region. Other mechanisms, such as promoter methylation, may result in low expression of CD20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Dan-Xia Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia-Zhu Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Ting-Xun Lu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province HospitalNanjing 210029, China
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The mystery of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Why is it absent in Asians and what does this tell us about etiology, pathogenesis and biology? Blood Rev 2014; 29:205-13. [PMID: 25541495 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is common in persons of predominately European descent but rare in Asians. Why is unknown but is likely genetically-determined. Environmental factors may also operate but are likely to be less important. When CLL occurs in Asians it has different features than CLL in persons of predominately European descent. The reason(s) for this is also not understood. We reviewed data on CLL in Asians (mostly Han Chinese but also other ethnic groups) and compared these data with those from persons of predominately European descent with CLL. CLL incidence was about 5-10-fold less in Asians. Asians with CLL are younger, have atypical morphologic and immunologic features, an increased proportion of IGHV mutations and rearrangements and briefer freedom-from-progression than persons of predominately European descent with CLL. These observations provide clues to the etiology and biology of CLL. But the mystery continues; more research is needed.
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Zhang ZH, Chen S, Chen S, Liu Y, Qu JH. High levels of CD160 expression up-regulated counts of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and were associated with other clinical parameters in Chinese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:529-32. [PMID: 24882258 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.926345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen N, Lv X, Li P, Lu K, Wang X. Role of high expression of IL-9 in prognosis of CLL. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:716-721. [PMID: 24551294 PMCID: PMC3925918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common leukemia in adults, but its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is initially described as a growth factor secreted by helper T cells. Recently, the oncogenic activities of IL-9 were reported in some leukemia but not chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the expression of IL-9 from patients with CLL and to evaluate its correlation with clinical characteristics. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with CLL were analyzed using ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blot. ELISA analysis indicated IL-9 could be detected in 20 of 47 sera from CLL patients while none serum sample from healthy volunteers contained detectable levels of IL-9. There was a higher expression of IL-9 within PBMCs from patients with CLL compared with B cells of healthy blood donors using RT-PCR and western blot. The upregulated IL-9 was correlated to the clinical staging, ZAP-70 expression, β2 microglobulin expression and IgVH status of CLL patients (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that overexpression of IL-9 may contribute to the pathogenesis of CLL and is associated with some adverse prognostic parameters.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region
- Interleukin-9/blood
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Institute of Diagnostics, Shandong University, School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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