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Jiang F, Xue Y, Zhang Q, Ma T, Li Y, Yu X. GL-V9 induce apoptosis of CML cells via MAPK signaling pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34030. [PMID: 39100445 PMCID: PMC11295560 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
GL-V9, a derivative of wogonin, has shown potent antitumor effects in various cancers, yet its impact on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) remains unexplored. In this study, we found that GL-V9 significantly decreased the viability of CML cells. Annexin V/PI staining demonstrated that GL-V9 induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. The JC-1 assay indicated a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in cells treated with GL-V9. Additionally, GL-V9 altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in CML cells. Through transcriptomic sequencing and Western blot analysis, we further revealed that GL-V9 activated the MAPK pathway. These results suggest that GL-V9 is a promising therapeutic candidate for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yangyang Xue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yongming Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Hou Y, Li J, Li X, Lv Y, Yuan C, Tian J, Liu X. Cross-border regulation of the STK39/MAPK14 pathway by Lycium barbarum miR166a to inhibit triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:2683-2698. [PMID: 39006277 PMCID: PMC11236659 DOI: 10.62347/aqew8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Lycium barbarum miRNA166a (Lb-miR166a) on human gene expression regulation during the therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the distribution and composition of miRNA in Lycium barbarum fruit. Lb-miR166a was introduced into TNBC MB-231 cells by lentiviral transfection to study its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatic and dual-luciferase assays identified the target gene of Lb-miR166a. The role of STK39 in TNBC progression was elucidated through clinical data analysis combined with cellular studies. The influence of Lb-miR166a on the STK39/MAPK14 pathway was confirmed using a target-specific knockout MB-231 cell line. RESULTS Lb-miR166a was found to be highly expressed in Lycium barbarum. It inhibited MB-231 cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and promoted apoptosis. STK39 was overexpressed in TNBC and was associated with increased invasiveness and poorer patient prognosis. Gene enrichment analysis and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that Lb-miR166a regulates STK39 expression cross-border and inhibits MAPK14 phosphorylation, impacting the phosphorylation of downstream target genes. CONCLUSION The downregulation of STK39 and subsequent inhibition of MAPK14 phosphorylation by Lb-miR166a leads to reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for TNBC treatment, highlighting possible clinical applications of Lb-miR166a in managing this aggressive cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hou
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Special Technical Diagnosis and Treatment, Ning’an HospitalYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ye Lv
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinlan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region HospitalYinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Zhang Q, Wang L, Yu L, Yu Q, Xue L, Shen Z. Tectoridin inhibits the growth of bladder cancer by regulating PI3K/MAPK pathway through RAB27B. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1106-1116. [PMID: 38441297 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common and malignant tumor of the urinary tract, and its treatment options are limited. Tectoridin (TEC) has antitumor activity against prostate and colon cancer, but its effects on BC are poorly understood. BC cells were treated with increasing concentrations of TEC, and its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and apoptosis were assessed. Xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate the influences of TEC on BC tumor growth. Western blot analysis was conducted to explore the downstream pathways affected by TEC. TEC treatment decreased BC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 ≈ 25 μM), and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness while promoting apoptosis. Clinical analysis revealed high expression of RAB27B in BC tumor tissues, particularly in advanced stages, correlating with an unfavorable prognosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TEC suppressed the PI3K/MAPK pathway by targeting RAB27B, and overexpression of RAB27B counteracted the antitumor effects of TEC. In xenograft models, TEC administration suppressed tumor growth, reduced tumor volume, inhibited cell proliferation, and suppressed the PI3K/MAPK pathway, highlighting its potential as an inhibitor of tumor growth. TEC suppresses BC tumor growth by targeting RAB27B and inactivating the PI3K/MAPK signaling and may provide a promising therapeutic target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Leiyu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quansheng Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liuqing Xue
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Cheng G, Zhou Z, Li S, Yang S, Wang Y, Ye Z, Ren C. Predicting bladder cancer survival with high accuracy: insights from MAPK pathway-related genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10482. [PMID: 38714855 PMCID: PMC11076554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a critical role in tumor development and immunotherapy. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary to comprehend the relationship between the MAPK pathway and the prognosis of bladder cancer (BLCA), as well as its influence on the tumor immune microenvironment. To create prognostic models, we screened ten genes associated with the MAPK pathway using COX and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. These models were validated in the Genomic Data Commons (GEO) cohort and further examined for immune infiltration, somatic mutation, and drug sensitivity characteristics. Finally, the findings were validated using The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database and through Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the prognosis-related genes of the MAPK pathway. The high-risk group had poorer overall survival than the low-risk group and showed increased immune infiltration compared to the low-risk group. Additionally, the nomograms built using the risk scores and clinical factors exhibited high accuracy in predicting the survival of BLCA patients. The prognostic profiling of MAPK pathway-associated genes represents a potent clinical prediction tool, serving as the foundation for precise clinical treatment of BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhuo Ye
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chuanchuan Ren
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Wang M, Yu F, Zhang Y, Li P. Novel insights into Notch signaling in tumor immunity: potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352484. [PMID: 38444855 PMCID: PMC10912471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved system of cell-to-cell communication that participates in various biological processes, such as stem cell maintenance, cell fate decision, cell proliferation and death during homeostasis and development. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been associated with many aspects of cancer biology, such as maintenance of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), cancer cell metabolism, angiogenesis and tumor immunity. Particularly, Notch signaling can regulate antitumor or pro-tumor immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, Notch signaling has drawn significant attention in the therapeutic development of cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on the role of Notch signaling pathway in remodeling tumor immune microenvironment. We describe the impact of Notch signaling on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Furthermore, we summarize the results of relevant preclinical and clinical trials of Notch-targeted therapeutics and discuss the challenges in their clinical application in cancer therapy. An improved understanding of the involvement of Notch signaling in tumor immunity will open the door to new options in cancer immunotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Schallenberg S, Dragomir MP, Anders P, Ebner B, Volz Y, Eismann L, Rodler S, Casuscelli J, Buchner A, Klauschen F, Stief C, Horst D, Schulz GB. Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Molecular Subtypes in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer-An Extensive Multiregional Immunohistochemical Analysis. Eur Urol Focus 2023; 9:788-798. [PMID: 37076398 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular bladder cancer (BC) subtypes define distinct biological entities and were shown to predict treatment response in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. The extent of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) might affect subtyping of individual patients. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively assess the ITH of molecular subtypes in a cohort of muscle-invasive BC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 251 patients undergoing radical cystectomy were screened. Three cores of the tumor center (TC) and three cores of the invasive tumor front (TF) of each patient were assembled in a tissue microarray. Molecular subtypes were determined employing 12 pre-evaluated immunohistochemical markers (FGFR3, CCND1, RB1, CDKN2A, KRT5, KRT14, FOXA1, GATA3, TUBB2B, EPCAM, CDH1, and vimentin). A total of 18 072 spots were evaluated, of which 15 002 spots were assessed based on intensity, distribution, or combination. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Allocation to one of five different molecular subtypes-urothelial like, genomically unstable, small-cell/neuroendocrine like, basal/squamous cell carcinoma like, and mesenchymal like-was conducted for each patient for the complete tumor, individual cores, TF, and TC separately. The primary objective was to assess the ITH between the TF and TC (n = 208 patients). The secondary objective was the evaluation of multiregion ITH (n = 191 patients). An analysis of the composition of ITH cases, association with clinicopathological parameters, and prognosis was conducted. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS ITH between the TF and TC was seen in 12.5% (n = 26/208), and ITH defined by at least two different subtypes of any location was seen in 24.6% (n = 47/191). ITH was more frequent in locally confined (pT2) versus advanced (pT ≥3) BC stages (38.7% vs 21.9%, p = 0.046), and pT4 BC presented with significantly more basal subtypes than pT2 BC (26.2% vs 11.5%, p = 0.049). In our cohort, there was no association of subtype ITH with prognosis or accumulation of specific molecular subtypes in ITH cases. The key limitations were missing transcriptomic and mutational genetic validation as well as investigation of ITH beyond subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Several molecular subtypes can be found in nearly every fourth case of muscle-invasive BC, when using immunohistochemistry. ITH must be given due consideration for subtype-guided strategies in BC. Genomic validation of these results is needed. PATIENT SUMMARY Different molecular subtypes can be found in many cases of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This might have implications for individualized, subtype-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schallenberg
- Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihnea-Paul Dragomir
- Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Anders
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benedikt Ebner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yannic Volz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lennert Eismann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Severin Rodler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Buchner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BIFOLD-Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Munich Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Tan Z, Chen X, Zuo J, Fu S, Wang H, Wang J. Comprehensive analysis of scRNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq reveals dynamic changes in the tumor immune microenvironment of bladder cancer and establishes a prognostic model. J Transl Med 2023; 21:223. [PMID: 36973787 PMCID: PMC10044739 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic management of bladder cancer (BLCA) remains a great challenge for clinicians. Recently, bulk RNA-seq sequencing data have been used as a prognostic marker for many cancers but do not accurately detect core cellular and molecular functions in tumor cells. In the current study, bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were combined to construct a prognostic model of BLCA. METHODS BLCA scRNA-seq data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Bulk RNA-seq data were obtained from the UCSC Xena. The R package "Seurat" was used for scRNA-seq data processing, and the uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) were utilized for downscaling and cluster identification. The FindAllMarkers function was used to identify marker genes for each cluster. The limma package was used to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affecting overall survival (OS) in BLCA patients. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify BLCA key modules. The intersection of marker genes of core cells and genes of BLCA key modules and DEGs was used to construct a prognostic model by univariate Cox and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) analyses. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics, immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity between the high and low-risk groups were also investigated. RESULTS scRNA-seq data were analyzed to identify 19 cell subpopulations and 7 core cell types. The ssGSEA showed that all 7 core cell types were significantly downregulated in tumor samples of BLCA. We identified 474 marker genes from the scRNA-seq dataset, 1556 DEGs from the Bulk RNA-seq dataset, and 2334 genes associated with a key module identified by WGCNA. After performing intersection, univariate Cox, and LASSO analysis, we obtained a prognostic model based on the expression levels of 3 signature genes, namely MAP1B, PCOLCE2, and ELN. The feasibility of the model was validated by an internal training set and two external validation sets. Moreover, patients with high-risk scores are predisposed to experience poor OS, a larger prevalence of stage III-IV, a greater TMB, a higher infiltration of immune cells, and a lesser likelihood of responding favorably to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION By integrating scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data, we constructed a novel prognostic model to predict the survival of BLCA patients. The risk score is a promising independent prognostic factor that is closely correlated with the immune microenvironment and clinicopathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Urology, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Urological Disease Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Baoshan City, No. 13, Zhengyang South Road, Longyang District, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieming Zuo
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Suzhou University, No.188, Shi Zi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Urology, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Urological Disease Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Urology, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Urological Disease Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Urology, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Urological Disease Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Basic and Clinical Research of Bladder Cancer in Yunnan Universities, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347, Dianmian Street, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Fan J, Ding Y, Huang H, Xiong S, He L, Guo J. High expression of ABCF1 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in bladder cancer. BMC Urol 2023; 23:37. [PMID: 36932399 PMCID: PMC10022215 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCF1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, is involved in the malignant progression of tumors. However, the role of ABCF1 in bladder cancer is poorly understood. In our study, we explored the differential expression of ABCF1 in bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues based on bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemical results. GSEA was performed to ascertain the potential related signaling pathways of ABCF1. The relationship between ABCF1 expression and bladder cancer progression was analyzed using the GSE13507 dataset. In addition, the differential expression of ABCF1 in the cell lines was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) and Western blotting. ABCF1 was upregulated in bladder cancer, and the high expression of ABCF1 was closely related to sex (P = 0.00056), grade (P = 0.00049), T stage (P = 0.00007), and N stage (P = 0.0076). High expression of ABCF1 was correlated with poor overall survival in bladder cancer patients (P < 0.001). In addition, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that high ABCF1 expression was an independent factor for poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Therefore, ABCF1 expression is closely related to the progression of bladder cancer and can be used as a potential indicator of poor prognosis and a therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaWen Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Ding
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - HaoXuan Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - ShiDa Xiong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ju Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Jiang K, Wu L, Yin X, Tang Q, Yin J, Zhou Z, Yu H, Yan S. Prognostic implications of necroptosis-related long noncoding RNA signatures in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:1036098. [PMID: 36531246 PMCID: PMC9755502 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1036098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the sixth most common cancer in men, with an increasing incidence of morbidity and mortality. Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death and plays a critical role in the biological processes of bladder cancer (BLCA). However, current studies focusing on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and necroptosis in cancer are limited, and there is no research about necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs) in BLCA. Methods: We obtained the RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information of BLCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The seven determined prognostic NLRs were analyzed by several methods and verified by RT-qPCR. Then, a risk signature was established based on the aforementioned prognostic NLRs. To identify it, we evaluated its prognostic value by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Moreover, the relationships between risk signature and clinical features, functional enrichment, immune landscape, and drug resistance were explored as well. Results: We constructed a signature based on seven defined NLRs (HMGA2-AS1, LINC02489, ETV7-AS1, EMSLR, AC005954.1, STAG3L5P-PVRIG2P-PILRB, and LINC02178). Patients in the low-risk cohort had longer survival times than those in the high-risk cohort, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of risk signature was higher than other clinical variables. Functional analyses, the infiltrating level of immune cells and functions, ESTIMATE score, and immune checkpoint analysis all indicated that the high-risk group was in a relatively immune-activated state. In terms of treatments, patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to immunotherapy, especially anti-PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and conventional chemotherapy. Conclusion: The novel NLR signature acts as an invaluable tool for predicting prognosis, immune microenvironment, and drug resistance in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuying Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senxiang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Chen YR, Wang SC, Huang SP, Su CC, Liu PL, Cheng WC, Chuu CP, Chen JK, Bao BY, Lee CH, Ke CC, Wu HE, Chang HH, Yeh HC, Li CY. Protodioscin inhibits bladder cancer cell migration and growth, and promotes apoptosis through activating JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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11
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Chen G, Chen Y, Xu R, Zhang G, Zou X, Wu G. Impact of SOX2 function and regulation on therapy resistance in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020675. [PMID: 36465380 PMCID: PMC9709205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a malignant disease with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It is mainly classified as non-muscle-invasive BC and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC). Often, MIBC is chemoresistant, which, according to cancer stem cells (CSCs) theory, is linked to the presence of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Sex-determining region Y- (SRY) Box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), which is a molecular marker of BCSCs, is aberrantly over-expressed in chemoresistant BC cell lines. It is one of the standalone prognostic factors for BC, and it has an inherently significant function in the emergence and progression of the disease. This review first summarizes the role of SRY-related high-mobility group protein Box (SOX) family genes in BC, focusing on the SOX2 and its significance in BC. Second, it discusses the mechanisms relevant to the regulation of SOX2. Finally, it summarizes the signaling pathways related to SOX2 in BC, suggests current issues to be addressed, and proposes potential directions for future research to provide new insights for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiquan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gengqing Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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12
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Fang Z, Yang X, Wei X, Yang Y, Yi C, Song D. EDARADD silencing suppresses the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:382.e15-382.e24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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13
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Ledderose S, Rodler S, Eismann L, Ledderose G, Ledderose C. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict survival in ≥ pT2 urothelial bladder cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154037. [PMID: 35908386 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with improved survival in several types of cancers, including genitourinary cancers. However, multiple different scoring methods used to assess TILs complicate the comparison of different studies and are not always suitable for daily practice. In 2014, the International TILs Working Group (ITWG) proposed a simple and robust assessment method for a more standardized evaluation of TILs. Here, we validated this system in muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer (MIBC). Patient history and histologic specimens from 203 patients with MIBC were retrospectively analyzed. The stromal TIL (sTIL) score was determined using the ITWG system and 3 groups were defined according to the degree of stromal lymphocytic infiltration: low (0-10%), intermediate (10-55%) and high (55-100%). Associations between sTIL score, clinicopathological variables, tumor-specific survival (TSS), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. High stromal lymphocytic infiltration was associated with significantly higher OS, TSS and DFS when compared to low grade sTILs. The survival benefit remained statistically significant in multivariate analyses, confirming that sTILs are a strong independent positive prognostic factor in patients with MIBC. In summary, the degree of sTILs as defined by the ITWG robustly predicts survival in MIBC patients. Prospective studies with larger case numbers are needed to determine whether sTILs should be included in staging guidelines and how they could aid in therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ledderose
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany.
| | - Severin Rodler
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Lennert Eismann
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Ledderose
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Tang H, Li X, Jiang L, Liu Z, Chen L, Chen J, Deng M, Zhou F, Zheng X, Liu Z. RITA1 drives the growth of bladder cancer cells by recruiting TRIM25 to facilitate the proteasomal degradation of RBPJ. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3071-3084. [PMID: 35701858 PMCID: PMC9459252 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, but it lacks effective targeted therapy due to its elusive molecular mechanism. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the molecular mechanisms that mediate BC progression. By performing a tumor tissue–based gene microarray and shRNA library screening, we found that recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) interacting and tubulin associated 1 (RITA1) is crucial for the growth of BC cells. Moreover, RITA1 is aberrantly highly expressed in BC tissues and is also correlated with poor prognosis in patients with BC. Mechanistically, we determined that RITA1 recruits tripartite motif containing 25 (TRIM25) to ubiquitinate RBPJ to accelerate its degradation via proteasome, which leads to the transcriptional inhibition of Notch1 downstream targets. Our results suggest that aberrant high expression of RITA1 drives the growth of BC cells via the RITA1/TRIM25/RBPJ axis and RITA1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huancheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefu Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Deng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianchong Zheng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuowei Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Pandey P, Khan F, Qari HA, Oves M. Rutin (Bioflavonoid) as Cell Signaling Pathway Modulator: Prospects in Treatment and Chemoprevention. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1069. [PMID: 34832851 PMCID: PMC8621917 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex ailment orchestrated by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Recent research has displayed a deep interest in developing plant-based cancer therapeutics for better management of the disease and limited side effects. A wide range of plant-derived compounds have been reported for their anticancer potential in the quest of finding an effective therapeutic approach. Rutin (vitamin P) is a low-molecular weight flavonoid glycoside (polyphenolic compound), abundantly present in various vegetables, fruits (especially berries and citrus fruits), and medicinal herbs. Numerous studies have delineated several pharmacological properties of rutin such as its antiprotozoal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antiallergic, vasoactive, cytoprotective, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, and antiplatelet properties. Specifically, rutin-mediated anticancerous activities have been reported in several cancerous cell lines, but the most common scientific evidence, encompassing several molecular processes and interactions, including apoptosis pathway regulation, aberrant cell signaling pathways, and oncogenic genes, has not been thoroughly studied. In this direction, we attempted to project rutin-mediated oncogenic pathway regulation in various carcinomas. Additionally, we also incorporated advanced research that has uncovered the notable potential of rutin in the modulation of several key cellular functions via interaction with mRNAs, with major emphasis on elucidating direct miRNA targets of rutin as well as the process needed to transform these approaches for developing novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India;
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India;
| | - Huda A. Qari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Oves
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Sulforaphane Impact on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Bladder Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115938. [PMID: 34073079 PMCID: PMC8197880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the influence of SFN on ROS and ROS-related pathways and appraises a possible role of SFN in bladder cancer treatment.
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17
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Schulz GB, Elezkurtaj S, Börding T, Schmidt EM, Elmasry M, Stief CG, Kirchner T, Karl A, Horst D. Therapeutic and prognostic implications of NOTCH and MAPK signaling in bladder cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1987-1996. [PMID: 33686706 PMCID: PMC8088911 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways that drive bladder cancer (BC) progression may be promising and specific targets for systemic therapy. Here, we investigated the clinical significance and targetability of NOTCH and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling for this aggressive malignancy. We assessed NOTCH1 and MAPK activity in 222 stage III and IV BC specimens of patients that had undergone radical cystectomy, and tested for clinical associations including cancer-specific and overall survival. We examined therapeutic effects of NOTCH and MAPK repression in a murine xenograft model of human bladder cancer cells and evaluated tumor growth and tumor cell plasticity. In BC, NOTCH1 and MAPK signaling marked two distinct tumor cell subpopulations. The combination of high NOTCH1 and high MAPK activity indicated poor cancer-specific and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. Inhibition of NOTCH and MAPK in BC xenografts in vivo depleted targeted tumor cell subpopulations and revealed strong plasticity in signaling pathway activity. Combinatorial inhibition of NOTCH and MAPK signaling most strongly suppressed tumor growth. Our findings indicate that tumor cell subpopulations with high NOTCH and MAPK activity both contribute to tumor progression. Furthermore, we propose a new concept for BC therapy, which advocates specific and simultaneous targeting of these different tumor cell subpopulations through combined NOTCH and MAPK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Schulz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa Börding
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Manal Elmasry
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Karl
- Department of Urology, Barmherzige Brüder, Munich, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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